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Multi-use distributed active power modulation devices, including energy storage, have the potential to transform the dynamic performance and resilience of modern power systems. Rapid response characteristics relative to traditional power delivery equipment paired with traditional uses (arbitrage, reserve, etc.) make storage an obvious choice for multi-use operation, adding value for asset owners while augmenting stability for reliable operation. Limitations to distributed power control are investigated to provide guidance for those interested in separated sensors and actuators. Substantive distance between the sensor/actuator pair results in non-minimum phase (NMP) which complicates the control design, reducing feedback system effectiveness. It is shown that wide-area control (WAC) is limited by the presence of NMP induced by closed right-half plane (CRHP) zeros - a consequence of sensors placed at locations separated from modulation bus(es). Such geographic separation may be driven by economics, asset owner jurisdiction, technology and/or policy, and is therefore unavoidable. This work suggests that system designers must perform a collocation study before control design and testing. A well-known WAC architecture using synchrophasors as sensors and energy storage devices for active power injection is presented as a detailed case study. • Collocated sensor–actuators pose difficulties which may force modest separation. • Closed right-half plane (CRHP) zeros may result due to such separation. • Noncollocated sensor–actuator pairs may reduce performance and threaten stability. • Bandwidth and performance limitations regarding collocation are determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Developing automated methods for data collection and analysis that can facilitate nuclear nonproliferation assessment is an important research area with significant consequences for the effective global deployment of nuclear energy. Facility modeling that can integrate and interpret observations collected from monitored facilities in order to ascertain their functional details will be a critical element of these methods. Although improvements are continually sought, existing facility modeling tools can characterize all aspects of reactor operations and the majority of nuclear fuel cycle processing steps, and include algorithms for data processing and interpretation. Assessing nonproliferation status is challenging because observations can come from many sources, including local and remote sensors that monitor facility operations, as well as open sources that provide specific business information about the monitored facilities, and can be of many different types. Although many current facility models are capable of analyzing large amounts of information, they have not been integrated in an analyst-friendly manner. This paper addresses some of these facility modeling capabilities and illustrates how they could be integrated and utilized for nonproliferation analysis. The inverse problem of inferring facility conditions based on collected observations is described, along with a proposed architecture and computer framework for utilizing facility modeling tools. After considering a representative sampling of key facility modeling capabilities, the proposed integration framework is illustrated with several examples. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]