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Nitrogen-doped porous carbon synthesised from garlic peel by a simple and cost-effective method has been employed as an anode material for the sodium ion (SIB) as well as lithium ion batteries (LIB). The synthesised material has been found to be mesoporous with a high specific surface area (SSA) ∼1710 m 2 g −1 , as calculated with Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) isotherm. Further, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) analysis reveal the existence of interconnected micro-pores and voids. The N-doped garlic peel carbon (GPC) exhibits excellent rate capability as well as steady state cycling performance towards sodium and lithium ion shuttlings. Discharge capacities of about 142, 89, 58, 37 mAh g −1 have been achieved at various current densities such as 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 A g −1 respectively in a CR-2032 type Na-ion cell. Similarly, the Li-ion cell delivered reversible capacities of about 320, 280, 215 and 145 mAh g −1 at different current densities of 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 and 8.0 A g −1 respectively. The high electrochemical performance of the N-doped GPC is mainly attributed to the existence of nitrogen in the carbon matrix and mesoporous structure coupled with a high surface area for accommodating large number of Li/Na ions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Performance of nitrogen doped porous carbon, obtained from fish scale, has been investigated as an anode material for lithium ion battery in an ionic liquid (IL) electrolyte containing N-butyl,N,N,N-triethylammonium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide (N 2224 -TFSI) and in conventional medium. The N-doped fish scale hierarchical carbon (FSHC) exhibits large surface area (1980 m 2 g −1 ) with uniform pore distribution. The representative anode material shows steady state reversible capacities of ∼500 and 480 mAh g −1 at a current density of 75 mA g −1 and discharge capacities of ∼224.7 and 232.5 mAh g −1 at 2000 mA g −1 in the IL and organic electrolytes respectively for the investigated 75 cycles. Such performance indicates a coulombic efficiency of ∼90 % coupled with a superior capacity retention of about 80%. Post-mortem of the cell containing N-doped FSHC electrode cycled at high current density shows excellent stability in both electrolytes, as confirmed by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM) and X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD). The enhanced electrochemical performance of the N-doped FSHC as a high capacity anode for lithium-ion batteries could be mainly attributed to the high specific surface area and hierarchical porous structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]