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Abstract: The novel concentration system, Cross Linear (CL) system has been newly invented by Tokyo Institute of Technology. From a simulation study on how cosine effect varies with latitude, declination angle, hour angle, and tan μ (the ratio of the receiver height and the distance from mirror position to the receiver position for the receiver/mirror configuration of the CL system), it was found that the cosine factor of CL system increases with an increase in the latitude. The higher cosine factor with around 0.95 in winter months is obtained by CL system even at high latitudes. The CL system can eliminate the end loss and increase the optical efficiency compared to Trough and LFR (Linear Fresnel Reflector system). This seems to solve the problems in the concentration systems of Trough and LFR; the lower concentration efficiency (lower cosine factor) in the winter months. In addition, a higher temperature around 650°C can be obtained with the CL system, due to the high concentration degree of CL solar reflection method. Thus, the CL system can achieve both high concentration temperature and high collection efficiency in both winter and summer seasons, even at high latitudes. Therefore the CL system seems to be the only CSP system suitable for the CSP-sites at high latitudes such as Mongolia (outer and inner), southern areas of Spain and Australia, and northern area of India. Due to the promising CL system, a joint collaboration between Japanese and Indian industries, institutes and universities has been launched to build solar plant based on CL technology. Also, the CL system also seems to be applicable for the CPV, because the coma tic aberration is very small during 9am to 3pm during the sunlight duration. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Background: In a rat tolerogenic model of orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT), recipient serum after OLT (post-OLT serum) possesses strong immunosuppressive activity. This study aimed to identify immunosuppressive factors present in early post-OLT serum. Methods: Immunosuppressive activity was evaluated in vitro by inhibition of the mixed-lymphocyte reaction (MLR). Autoantigens recognized by MLR-inhibitory IgG were identified by the internal protein sequencing. Results: Recipient post-OLT serum inhibited MLR, and OLT-inducible IgG was the major immunosuppressive factor. IgG from post-OLT sera (2 to 3 weeks) specifically reacted to 31; 34; and 73-kd autoantigens on spleen cells. The internal sequences of the 31- and 34-kd antigens coincided completely with those of histone H1 molecules. Immunodepletion of anti-histone H1 antibodies (Abs) from early post-OLT serum abolished the MLR-inhibitory activity. Furthermore, rabbit polyclonal Ab-directed histone H1 not only significantly suppressed rat and human MLR but also prolonged survival of heart allografts. Flow-cytometric analysis revealed that some live PVG splenocytes were stained with antihistone H1 Abs, and that these positive cells increased on Con A stimulation. Western blot analysis indicated that several cross-reactive antigens against anti-histone H1 Abs were found in their membrane fraction. Conclusions: In this study we provide evidence that autoreactive Abs, against histone H1 are a major OLT-induced graft survival factor, and may play at least a part in overcoming the acute rejection phase to establish solid allograft tolerance. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]