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This review study delves into the use of Biomimicry in sustainable architecture, examining its ethical, philosophical, and psychological implications. The paper explores different approaches to Biomimicry, the intersection of Biomimicry with sustainable construction technologies, passive cooling strategies, emulation of sustainable ecosystems, net-zero construction techniques, and innovative 3D-printed homes. The main aim of this study is to provide an overview of sustainable construction technologies and highlight Biomimicry's role in developing passive cooling solutions and sustainable ecosystems. Additionally, integrating Biomimicry principles into net-zero construction techniques emphasizes the potential of architecture to contribute to a carbon-neutral future. The paper also discusses how using Biomimicry in 3D-printed homes can help compensate for the need for rapid urbanization while being aligned with maintaining the planet's health. Synthesizing the impact of Biomimicry on sustainable architecture, emphasizing the ethical responsibilities of architects, and the broader philosophical implications of adopting nature-inspired design principles have been explored. The knowledge gaps found from this study inspire a paradigm shift in architectural thinking, promoting a balance between technological progress and a deep respect for nature, and a commitment to creating a sustainable and ethically responsible built environment. • Biomimicry as a tool for sustainable construction has been discussed. • Different approaches to biomimicry have been considered. • Benefits of using Bio-Inspired techniques in 3D printed homes. • Consideration of ethical, philosophical, and psychological aspects of biomimicry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Suitability of various pretreatment methods for particular biomass. • Impact of pelletization, torrefaction & HTC on properties of biomass. • Effect of torrefaction & HTC on gasification for bio-H 2 yield improvement. • Framework of technoeconomic analysis of system for bio-H 2 production. • Knowledge gaps & challenges to improve process for enhanced bio-H 2 yield. Energy demands and immense environmental degradation have extorted for production of low-carbon and carbon–neutral fuels. Abundantly available lignocellulosic biomass is second-generation feedstock which has potential to produce biofuels. Among all biofuels, biohydrogen is carbon neutral and sustainable biofuel which can be produced by thermochemical conversion routes mainly gasification. However, there are still numerous unsolved challenges related to physicochemical properties of lignocellulosic biomass. To tackle these issues, physical, chemical and thermal pretreatment methods can be employed to improve these properties and further strengthen usability of biomass for biohydrogen production. Pelletization, torrefaction and hydrothermal carbonization pretreatment have shown significant results for treating biomass and biohydrogen enhancement. This study reviews physical and thermal pretreatment and its effect on biohydrogen yield. Framework of techno-economic analysis of processes is provided for examining feasibility of required pretreatments. This sustainable approach will help to reduce emissions and promote concept of bioenergy with carbon capture and storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Systematic integrated system would provide proper utilization of waste. • Coupled AD and pyrolysis processes will promote concept of circular bioeconomy. • Elaboration of integrated system by suitable kinetic and mathematical models. • Framework of techno-economic analysis for integrated system is discussed. Agricultural and food waste have become major issue affecting the environment and climate owing to growing population. However, such wastes have potential to produce renewable fuels which will help to meet energy demands. Numerous valorization pathways like anaerobic digestion, pyrolysis, composting and landfilling have been employed for treating such wastes. However, it requires integrated system that could utilize waste and promote circular bioeconomy. This review explores integration of anaerobic digestion and pyrolysis for treating agricultural and food waste. Proposed system examines the production of biochar and pyro-oil by pyrolysis of digestate. The use of this biochar for stabilizing anaerobic digestion process, biogas purification and soil amendment will promote the circular bioeconomy. Kinetic models and framework of techno-economic analysis of system were discussed and knowledge gaps have been identified for future research. This system will provide sustainable approach and offer carbon capture and storage in form of biochar in soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This work presents the biodiesel production from eucalyptus oil. • The properties of biodiesel-diesel and butanol-biodiesel blends were analyzed. • The experiments were performed to analyze the performance and emission characteristics of the diesel engine. • Butanol-eucalyptus biodiesel-diesel blends were resulted for less NO x emission as compared to diesel. The rising demands of energy and strict regulations of government associated with toxic gases emitted from utilization of conventional fuels are motivating towards biofuels mainly biodiesel. However, some constraints for employing biodiesel as substitution fuel are higher viscosity, nitrogen oxides (NO x) and carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions. The main intention of this work is to explore biodiesel production and examine the influence of butanol (Bu)-biodiesel (B)-diesel fuels on the diesel engine. In present work, biodiesel (B) is prepared from eucalyptus oil and B20 (20%biodiesel-80%diesel), B100 (neat biodiesel), B20-5Bu (20%biodiesel-75%diesel-5%butanol), B20-10Bu (20%biodiesel-70%diesel-10%butanol) and B20-15Bu (20%biodiesel-65%diesel-15%butanol) prepared fuel samples are tested with varying engine load at 1500 rpm in diesel engine. Approximately 92% yield of biodiesel is obtained with base-catalyzed transesterification method at pre-determined methanol-oil ratio (8:1) and 0.1% (wt) sodium hydroxide (NaOH) catalyst at 65 °C reaction temperature for 3 hrs. It is found that slight increase in brake power (BP) and higher brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) are attained with butanol-biodiesel-diesel fuels, while brake thermal efficiency (BTE) is decreased. At full load, the results are indicated that 10% and 20% average reduction in carbon mono-oxide (CO); 36.7% and 46% unburnt hydrocarbon (HC) emissions are declined for B20 and B100 respectively. Moreover, the NO x and CO 2 emissions are found to be increased than diesel. B20-5Bu, B20-10Bu and B20-15Bu shows 23.55%, 21.9% and 25.16% average decrease in NO x emission at great extent, due to cooling effect of butanol. Finally, it is proclaimed that butanol-diesel-biodiesel can become a promising fuel as same as diesel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food waste has been become the major concern due to changing the lifestyle and urbanization which needs proper management. Thus, a basic computational investigation of anaerobic digestion is proposed to forecast the quantity of biogas generated from food waste owing to potential of food waste as an energy resource. Numerous models are available, though the majority depend on algebraic equations rather than biochemical equations and necessitate several input parameters alongside computational duration. This study predicts the biomethane potential of food waste having nine different categories. This research presents a streamlined model that forecasts the quantity of produced biogas from food waste energy viability investigations, such as sizing bioreactors that may help to process organic waste. The approach is applicable to alternative raw materials and can be replicated for comparable use cases, aiming to broaden the implementation of anaerobic digestion systems as an environmentally friendly energy resource. The estimation of biogas has been examined by employing theoretical equations and experimental techniques. Further, cumulative biogas yield was measured for all samples in which cooked vegetables provided higher energy production potential, whereas fruit pulp exhibits the lowest energy production potential followed by 426 ml/gmVS, and 207 ml/gmVS respectively. From biogas compositional analysis, the highest quality biomethane was observed in fruit pulp whereas the lowest quality methane was observed in vegetable waste which is 59% and 44% respectively. It can be analysed that this model will help to promote the food waste management and a platform for buyers and energy producers' industries. • Food waste a major concern due to changing lifestyle and urbanization. • Tool development to estimate the biomethane potential of different type of food waste. • Algebraic equations rather than biochemical equations. • Streamlined model that forecasts the quantity of produced biogas from food waste. • Developed tool will help to promote the food waste management effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nano additives act as cofactors and enzymes in enhancing the microbial activity for conversion of organic matter into methane, leading to increased biogas production. This study focusses on the combined impact of thermal and alkaline pretreatment of substrates followed by application of nanoparticles at different dosage of 0, 3, 5 and 7 mg/kg of solid substrates on a blend of substrates to utilize organic content of biomass for enhanced biogas production and promoting waste-to-energy for a clean environment. Biomethane potential tests were performed at thermophilic conditions (55 °C ± 0.5) in batch bottles using pearl millet straw, sugarcane bagasse and food waste for 15 day's retention period. The coupled pretreatment showed 2-fold increment in lignin removal and nanoparticles enhanced generation of biogas up to 60 % when compared with untreated substrates. The biogas produced from pearl millet straw and sugarcane bagasse were observed to be 92 mL/gTS and 84 mL/gTS respectively. However, methanogenesis stage was inhibited at higher dose of 7 mg/kg solid substrate. The biogas yield from Ca(OH) 2 treated biomass was 5 % higher than KOH treated substrate. Ca(OH) 2 treated pearl millet straw produced average methane content of 74 mL/gTS which was 10 % higher than sugarcane bagasse. [Display omitted] • Coupled pretreatment and silver nanoparticle effect for PMS and SB was examined. • Anaerobic co-digestion of PMS and SB with food waste for enhanced biomethane yield. • Enhanced lignin removal upto 2-fold with coupled treatment of PMS and SB. • Ca(OH) 2 treated PMS with 5 mg/kg solid substrate showed highest methane yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]