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Abstract In smart distribution network, optimal planning of Energy Storage Systems (ESS) can lead to voltage profile improvement, network loss reduction and increasing the profit of distribution company (DISCO). This paper proposes the application of Modified Differential Evolution Algorithm (MDEA) which is very strong global search capability for maximizing the DISCO profit over the planning. The objective function is the difference between the benefit which is the energy arbitrage in a deregulated market and the costs which are investment cost, operation and maintenance cost. The implementation of MDEA is performed on a 30-bus radial distribution network. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed MDEA application significantly increases the profit without any violation of network constraints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This paper presents a new methodology for solving multi-stage distribution substations expansion planning (MSDSEP) problem. The proposed method can determine the optimal location, capacity, associated service area and construction timing of substations with aiming to the maximum profit for supplying the forecasted demand. The objective function is of the difference between benefit and cost of expansion. The present worth of revenue from selling energy is considered as the expansion benefit while the present worth of cost from purchased energy, investment cost for installing and/or upgrading substations and the construction cost of medium voltage (MV) feeders are considered as the expansion cost. Moreover, the technical constraints consist of network radiality, voltage drop, expansion capacity and operation capacity of substations. The developed method generates the binary variables for deciding connection between load points to substations and the integer variables for deciding expansion capacity of substations. While the dynamic bacterial foraging algorithm (DBFA) process is used for searching the best binary variable and the best integer variable. The effectiveness of proposed method is demonstrated on the distribution system of Tabriz city Iran which compared with single-stage distribution substations expansion planning DSEP (SSDSEP). The results showed that MSDSEP can provide more economical solution than SSDSEP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, the increase in high areal density of hard disk drive with the small bit cells affects the structural variation in the magnetic recording head. Therefore, the structural size effect on the altered temperature in the tunneling magetoresistance (TMR) head with the MgO-based magnetic tunnel junction structure was investigated. Results indicate that the temperature increment in the MgO layer and the antiferromagetic layer decreases significantly with decreasing the thickness of the MgO barrier. This is because the generated heat during the current flow is proportional to the TMR resistance which can be estimated by the resistance of the MgO barrier layer. The efficiency of the write/read process with the thermal effect in the magnetic recording head is the important parameter realized for development of the storage technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A planar microwave sensor based on a coplanar waveguide (CPW) loaded with a circular split ring resonator (SRR) was developed for the detection and estimation of salts, sugars and organic acids in aqueous solution. The magnitudes of the spectra at resonance frequencies of 2.3–2.6 GHz were shown to provide a rapid and reliable way to measure concentrations of materials such as sucrose, sorbitol, glucose, fructose, CaCl 2 , NaCl, KCl, MgCl 2 , Na 2 CO 3 and citric acid. We generated linear and nonlinear regression prediction models built from correlations between the magnitudes of the transmission coefficient (S 21 ) and concentration of materials using coefficient of determination (R 2 ). Principle component analysis (PCA) method was used for discrimination of liquid solution samples. The studies clearly showed sample concentrations in the range from 4 to 20% (w/V) were correlated with the magnitude of S 21 and could be detected by using the proposed sensor. Aqueous solution samples could be discriminated into two groups based on magnitude of the spectra of S 21 of different solutions at various concentrations. The proposed device can be used to distinguish between organic and inorganic materials in aqueous solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]