33 results on '"Smith, Stephen R"'
Search Results
2. Transfer of polychlorinated, polybrominated and mixed-halogenated dioxins, furans and biphenyls, polychlorinated naphthalenes and alkanes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and chlorobenzenes to the milk of dairy cattle from controlled ingestion of industrial and municipal bioresources recycled to agricultural land
- Author
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Rigby, Hannah, Dowding, Alan, Fernandes, Alwyn, Humphries, David, Petch, Rupert G., Reynolds, Christopher K., Rose, Martin, and Smith, Stephen R.
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- 2023
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3. Predictors of prognosis and risk of acute renal failure in patients with Rocky Mountain spotted fever
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Conlon, Peter J., Procop, Gary W., Fowler, Vance, Eloubeidi, Mohamed Ali, Smith, Stephen R., and Sexton, Daniel J.
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Rocky Mountain spotted fever -- Prognosis ,Acute renal failure -- Risk factors ,Health ,Health care industry - Abstract
BACKGROUND: Acute renal failure has long been associated with severe Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF). Despite many descriptions of the protean manifestations of this disease, relatively little is known concerning the risk factors for acute renal failure. Only a few studies have examined the outcome of patients infected with Rickettsia rickettsii who develop renal insufficiency, and these studies had methodological problems. OBJECTIVE: To study the incidence, risk factors, and outcomes of acute renal failure in a large group of hospitalized patients with definite or probable RMSF. METHODS: The clinical records of 114 patients with definite or probable RMSF were retrospectively reviewed to identify clinical and biochemical abnormalities at the time of admission that were associated with the development of acute renal failure and subsequent mortality. Renal failure was defined as a serum creatinine (Cr) above 2 mg/dL. Logistic regression was used to study the association between these variables and the outcomes during hospitalization: death and the development of acute renal failure. RESULTS: The mortality rate in this series was 14%; 19% of the patients developed acute renal failure. The development of acute renal failure increased the odds ratio (OR) of dying by a factor of 17 (P = 0.0001). Factors at the time of hospitalization that were associated at a univariate level with subsequent mortality included elevated serum Cr, increased age, increased level of AST, increased level of bilirubin, decreased serum sodium and platelet count, the presence of neurological involvement, and being male. Both the presence of neurological involvement and an elevated serum Cr at presentation were independently associated with increased mortality by multivariate analysis. Three patients developed acute renal failure that required hemodialysist and only 1 of these 3 patients survive ultimately discharged with a normal serum Cr. Factors at presentation that were associated with the development of acute renal failure included increased bilirubin, increasing age, thrombocytopenia, and the presence of neurological involvement. Both age and decreased platelet count at presentation were independently associated with the development of acute renal failure by multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: Acute renal failure was a frequent complication of RMSF in this series of patients from a tertiary referral medical center. The presence of acute renal failure was strongly associated with death. Clinical and biochemical variables are useful in predicting which patients will develop acute renal failure. 1996 by Excerpta Medica, Inc. Am J Med. 1996;101:621-626.
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- 1996
4. Therapeutic laparoscopy in trauma
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Smith, Stephen R., Fry, William R., Morabito, Diane J., Koehler, Richard H., and Organ, Claude H., Jr.
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Abdomen -- Medical examination ,Wounds and injuries -- Care and treatment ,Emergency medicine -- Health aspects ,Health - Published
- 1995
5. A multi-level biogas model to optimise the energy balance of full-scale sewage sludge conventional and THP anaerobic digestion.
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Liu, Jin and Smith, Stephen R.
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SEWAGE sludge , *ANAEROBIC digestion , *RF values (Chromatography) - Abstract
Anaerobic digestion (AD) is a long-established method for treating wastewater sludge and has been extensively researched, but there remains a lack of generic or practical modelling tools to guide operators and maximise the energy output. Detailed kinetic models have been developed, but are too complex as practical tools for industrial level application. A multi-level model of biogas yield (BY) was therefore developed based on operational data from 72 full-scale sites in the UK showing a wide range of AD performance. The model focused on the controllable operational parameters that are currently monitored at full-scale, including: temperature, hydraulic retention time and dry solids content in the feed sludge. The model effectively described performance variations in BY of full-scale processes, and provides a practical management tool to aid decision support to improve AD efficiency and net energy balance. Image 1 • Up to 7 years of operational data from 72 full-scale AD sites was examined. • A practical, operationally based sewage sludge MAD biogas model was developed. • AD performance was significantly correlated to major operational process variables. • Effects of operational parameters on BY with THP are equivalent to conventional MAD. • Optimisation strategies are proposed to improve the overall AD energy balance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2020
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6. A critical review of the physiological, ecological, physical and chemical factors influencing the microbial degradation of concrete by fungi.
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Jiang, Liying, Pettitt, Tim R., Buenfeld, Nick, and Smith, Stephen R.
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REINFORCED concrete ,CONCRETE ,CRACKING of concrete ,FUNGAL colonies ,FILAMENTOUS fungi ,WOOD decay ,ASPERGILLUS niger ,ASPERGILLUS - Abstract
Concrete is the most extensively used material in construction and is generally relatively resistant, but under certain environmental conditions it is susceptible to microbially influenced degradation (MID) by bacteria, algae and fungi. Filamentous fungi, including Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus niger and Cladosporium sphaerospermum , are widely detected on corroded concrete surfaces. However, in contrast to bacteria, the extent of, and factors influencing, fungal influenced degradation (FID) of concrete are poorly understood. The extensive presence and survival ability of fungi in concrete may be explained by their remarkable environmental adaptability and capacity to modify potentially extreme environments, including alkaline pH conditions found in concrete, facilitating its exploitation by, and growth of, the organism. Furthermore, fungi produce dormant, resistant spores that remain viable and survive for long periods of time, cellular autolysis conserves resources to maintain viability and growth in low nutrient conditions, and the mycelial network facilitates the transport of nutrients, substrates, water and oxygen (O 2) within fungal colonies. The concrete environment is rich in calcium (Ca), which is essential for hyphal growth, and the requirement for this important nutrient may explain why fungi grow in and exploit concrete as a resource. The identified mechanisms responsible for the FID of concrete, include: (1) the formation and leaching of soluble Ca salts from the reaction of organic acids secreted by fungal cells with Ca in concrete; (2) expansion due to formation of insoluble Ca salts, such as Ca citrate, from the reaction with fungal organic acids; (3) crack development by ettringite formation from the secretion of the enzyme, keratinase, and amino acids; and (4) potential mechanical attack by fungal hyphal growth and extension into solubilisation zones and cracks. The mechanisms of FID operate simultaneously and potentially have important, yet currently underestimated, consequences for the aesthetic, functional and structural properties of concrete structures. However, direct evidence of internal decay induced by fungal hyphae is lacking, and physical and chemical research is required to demonstrate the potential extent and significance of internal FID of concrete. • Fungi survive and grow in concrete by modifying the local environment. • Fungal influenced degradation of concrete is driven primarily by organic acid chemical attack. • Fungi secrete keratinase and amino acids, accelerating concrete cracking. • Fungi may attack concrete mechanically due to hyphal penetration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
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7. MRI pre-treatment tumour volume in maxillary complex squamous cell carcinoma treated with surgical resection.
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Eley, Karen A., Watt-Smith, Stephen R., Boland, Paul, Potter, Matthew, and Golding, Stephen J.
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MAXILLA surgery ,CANCER treatment ,SQUAMOUS cell carcinoma ,ONCOLOGIC surgery ,MAGNETIC resonance imaging of cancer ,HEALTH outcome assessment ,TUMOR growth - Abstract
Abstract: Tumour volume (Tv) measurements obtained from pre-treatment CT and MRI have increasingly shown to be more reliable predictors of outcome than TNM stage. The aim of this study was to determine the correlation of MRI calculated maxillary complex tumour volume with patient outcome. Methods: The medical records of 39 patients with squamous cell carcinoma involving the maxillary sinus, maxilla, hard palate and maxillary alveolus were reviewed and tumour volume measurements completed on pre-treatment MRI. Results: The mean tumour volume was 12.79 ± 24.31 cm
3 . Independent samples t test was significant for increasing overall all-cause survival and decreasing tumour volume (1 year: p = 0.003; 5-year: p = 0.031). Cox regression was significant for stratified tumour volume, nodal involvement and peri-neural invasion for predicting disease-free survival. Conclusions: MRI measured tumour volume assessment appears to be a reliable predictor of survival in patients with maxillary complex SCC treated by surgical resection. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]- Published
- 2014
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8. An unusual mandibular mass in a child.
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Eley, Karen A., Wheeler, Kate, Tiam, Ree Nee, and Watt-Smith, Stephen R.
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- 2013
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9. Low molecular weight heparin in patients undergoing free tissue transfer following head and neck ablative surgery: review of efficacy and associated complications.
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Eley, Karen A., Parker, Rachel J., and Watt-Smith, Stephen R.
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HEPARIN ,ANTICOAGULANTS ,HEAD surgery ,NECK surgery ,ONCOLOGIC surgery complications ,FREE flaps ,HEMATOMA ,DALTEPARIN (Drug) ,MOLECULAR weights - Abstract
Abstract: Most microsurgeons report the use of anticoagulants in their routine practice. Anti-Xa concentrations are preferentially used to monitor treatment with low molecular weight heparin (LMWH). The aim of this retrospective study was to measure the therapeutic response to standard dosing with LMWH (using anti-Xa) in patients after ablative and reconstructive surgery for head and neck cancer, and to review the associated risk of bleeding. We retrospectively reviewed 153 patients who had undergone resection of primary or recurrent tumours of the head and neck with free flap reconstruction. In total, 173 free flap procedures were completed. Medical records were reviewed to find the anticoagulation regimen used, anti-Xa result, patients’ weight, and any associated complications. Fourteen patients returned to theatre because of bleeding; of these no cause was identified in 6 and a haematoma was evacuated. The distribution of unexplained haematoma was similar for all dose regimens of dalteparin. Anti-Xa results were available in 47 cases, and of these, 22 (47%) were within the prophylactic range (0.2IU/ml or more). Our results highlight the high incidence of inadequate response to standard prophylactic doses of LMWH in patients with head and neck cancer. Increasing the dose of dalteparin does not seem to increase the risk of bleeding or formation of a haematoma. These findings may be transferable to other surgical specialties. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
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- 2013
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10. A rapidly enlarging mandibular swelling.
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Eley, Karen A., Fisher, Cyril, Gould, Stephen, and Watt-Smith, Stephen R.
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- 2013
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11. Magnetic resonance imaging-based tumor volume measurements predict outcome in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the mandible.
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Eley, Karen A, Watt-Smith, Stephen R, and Golding, Stephen J
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- 2013
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12. A review of post-operative feeding in patients undergoing resection and reconstruction for oral malignancy and presentation of a pre-operative scoring system.
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Eley, Karen A., Shah, Rupali, Bond, Stephen E., and Watt-Smith, Stephen R.
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TREATMENT of oral cancer ,SURGICAL excision ,ORAL surgery ,PERCUTANEOUS endoscopic gastrostomy ,RETROSPECTIVE studies ,LONGITUDINAL method - Abstract
Abstract: Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) and nasogastric tubes (NGT) are routine after resection and reconstruction of oral cancer. The selection of the most appropriate method of feeding can be challenging, as both methods carry morbidity. This makes correct selection paramount. The objectives of this retrospective review were to identify the benefits and complications of feeding with PEG and NGT in patients with oral malignancy. We retrospectively reviewed 144 patients who had undergone oral cancer resection and reconstruction, to compare PEG and NGT feeding and to identify the key factors that aid selection of the most appropriate feeding method. We used these factors to develop the Key to Appropriate Replacement Enteral Nutrition (KAREN) scoring system. One hundred and twenty of the 144 patients were managed with PEG, and of these, 9 used it for less than 28days. The mean (range) duration of use was 13 (5–63) days, and 1.9 (1–5) tubes/patient were used. The KAREN scoring system assigned the correct method of feeding in 92% of cases. The scoring system requires prospective validation but could provide clinicians with a tool to assist in a sometimes difficult decision. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
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- 2012
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13. Polycystic Parotid Disease in a Male Child: Report of a Case and Review of the Literature.
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Eley, Karen A., Golding, Stephen J., Chapel, Helen, and Watt-Smith, Stephen R.
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- 2011
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14. Giant Cell Granuloma With Aneurysmal Bone Cyst Change Within the Mandible During Pregnancy: A Management Dilemma.
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Westbury, Sarah K., Eley, Karen A., Athanasou, Nicholas, Anand, Rajiv, and Watt-Smith, Stephen R.
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- 2011
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15. A slowly enlarging cheek mass.
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Eley, Karen A., Shah, Ketan A., and Watt-Smith, Stephen R.
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- 2011
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16. Review of ‘emerging’ organic contaminants in biosolids and assessment of international research priorities for the agricultural use of biosolids
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Clarke, Bradley O. and Smith, Stephen R.
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SEWAGE sludge & the environment , *INDUSTRIAL contamination , *CHLORINATED paraffin , *POLYBROMINATED biphenyls , *WASTEWATER treatment , *HEALTH risk assessment , *GAS chromatography - Abstract
Abstract: A broad spectrum of organic chemicals is essential to modern society. Once discharged from industrial, domestic and urban sources into the urban wastewater collection system they may transfer to the residual solids during wastewater treatment and assessment of their significance and implications for beneficial recycling of the treated sewage sludge biosolids is required. Research on organic contaminants (OCs) in biosolids has been undertaken for over thirty years and the increasing body of evidence demonstrates that the majority of compounds studied do not place human health at risk when biosolids are recycled to farmland. However, there are 143,000 chemicals registered in the European Union for industrial use and all could be potentially found in biosolids. Therefore, a literature review of ‘emerging’ OCs in biosolids has been conducted for a selection of chemicals of potential concern for land application based upon human toxicity, evidence of adverse effects on the environment and endocrine disruption. To identify monitoring and research priorities the selected chemicals were ranked using an assessment matrix approach. Compounds were evaluated based upon environmental persistence, human toxicity, evidence of bioaccumulation in humans and the environment, evidence of ecotoxicity and the number and quality of studies focussed on the contaminant internationally. The identified chemicals of concern were ranked in decreasing order of priority: perfluorinated chemicals (PFOS, PFOA); polychlorinated alkanes (PCAs), polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs); organotins (OTs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), triclosan (TCS), triclocarban (TCC); benzothiazoles; antibiotics and pharmaceuticals; synthetic musks; bisphenol A, quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs), steroids; phthalate acid esters (PAEs) and polydimethylsiloxanes (PDMSs). A number of issues were identified and recommendations for the prioritisation of further research and monitoring of ''emerging'' OCs for the agricultural use of biosolids are provided. In particular, a number of ‘emerging’ OCs (PFOS, PFOA and PCAs) were identified for priority attention that are environmentally persistent and potentially toxic with unique chemical properties, or are present in large concentrations in sludge, that make it theoretically possible for them to enter human and ecological food-chains from biosolids-amended soil. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
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- 2011
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17. Intraoral Presentation of Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor (Pseudotumor) at the Site of Dental Extraction: Report of a Case and Review of the Literature.
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Eley, Karen A. and Watt-Smith, Stephen R.
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- 2010
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18. A critical review of the bioavailability and impacts of heavy metals in municipal solid waste composts compared to sewage sludge
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Smith, Stephen R.
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BIOAVAILABILITY , *SOLID waste , *SEWAGE sludge , *HEAVY metal toxicology , *SOIL amendments , *SOIL remediation , *RECYCLING laws , *SCIENTIFIC literature - Abstract
The content, behaviour and significance of heavy metals in composted waste materials is important from two potentially conflicting aspects of environmental legislation in terms of: (a) defining end-of-waste criteria and increasing recycling of composted residuals on land and (b) protecting soil quality by preventing contamination. This review examines the effects of heavy metals in compost and amended soil as a basis for achieving a practical and sustainable balance between these different policy objectives, with particular emphasis on agricultural application. All types of municipal solid waste (MSW) compost contain more heavy metals than the background concentrations present in soil and will increase their contents in amended soil. Total concentrations of heavy metals in source-segregated and greenwaste compost are typically below UK PAS100 limits and mechanical segregated material can also comply with the metal limits in UK PAS100, although this is likely to be more challenging. Zinc and Pb are numerically the elements present in the largest amounts in MSW-compost. Lead is the most limiting element to use of mechanically-segregated compost in domestic gardens, but concentrations are typically below risk-based thresholds that protect human health. Composted residuals derived from MSW and greenwaste have a high affinity for binding heavy metals. There is general consensus in the scientific literature that aerobic composting processes increase the complexation of heavy metals in organic waste residuals, and that metals are strongly bound to the compost matrix and organic matter, limiting their solubility and potential bioavailability in soil. Lead is the most strongly bound element and Ni the weakest, with Zn, Cu and Cd showing intermediate sorption characteristics. The strong metal sorption properties of compost produced from MSW or sewage sludge have important benefits for the remediation of metal contaminated industrial and urban soils. Compost and sewage... [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
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- 2009
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19. Time and temperature inactivation kinetics of enteric bacteria relevant to sewage sludge treatment processes for agricultural use
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Lang, Nicola L. and Smith, Stephen R.
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FOOD safety , *FOOD science , *GLOVES , *FOOD handling - Abstract
Abstract: A small-scale, intensively sampled laboratory batch experiment was performed to characterize isothermal inactivation profiles of enteric organisms at representative mesophilic, thermophilic and pasteurization temperatures adopted for the treatment of sewage sludge. The chemical environment of the heating matrix significantly influenced exponential decay rates when enteric bacterial populations were thermally stressed. The behaviour of Escherichia coli and Salmonella under mesophilic conditions appeared to be related to the retention time and, to a limited extent, the sample matrix, but there was no evidence of direct thermal inactivation taking place at mesophilic temperatures. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
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- 2008
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20. European risk assessment of LAS in agricultural soil revisited: Species sensitivity distribution and risk estimates
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Jensen, John, Smith, Stephen R., Krogh, Paul Henning, Versteeg, Donald J., and Temara, Ali
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ALKYLBENZENE sulfonates , *SEWAGE sludge digestion , *SEWAGE disposal , *WATER quality , *LOGNORMAL distribution , *RISK assessment , *ARABLE land , *SOIL pollution - Abstract
Abstract: Linear alkylbenzene sulphonate (LAS) is used at a rate of approximately 430000 tons/y in Western Europe, mainly in laundry detergents. It is present in sewage sludge (70–5600mg/kg; 5–95th percentile) because of its high usage per capita, its sorption and precipitation in primary settlers, and its lack of degradation in anaerobic digesters. Immediately after amendment, calculated and measured concentrations are <1 to 60mg LAS/kg soil. LAS biodegrades rapidly in soil with primary and ultimate half-lives of up to 7 and 30 days, respectively. Calculated residual concentrations after the averaging time (30 days) are 0.24–18mg LAS/kg soil. The long-term ecotoxicity to soil microbiota is relatively low (EC10 ⩾26mg sludge-associated LAS/kg soil). An extensive review of the invertebrate and plant ecotoxicological data, combined with a probabilistic assessment approach, led to a PNEC value of 35mg LAS/kg soil, i.e. the 5th percentile (HC5) of the species sensitivity distribution (lognormal distribution of the EC10 and NOEC values). Risk ratios were identified to fall within a range of 0.01 (median LAS concentration in sludge) to 0.1 (95th percentile) and always below 0.5 (maximum LAS concentration measured in sludge) according to various scenarios covering different factors such as local sewage influent concentration, water hardness, and sewage sludge stabilisation process. Based on the present information, it can be concluded that LAS does not represent an ecological risk in Western Europe when applied via normal sludge amendment to agricultural soil. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
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- 2007
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21. The significance of cadmium entering the human food chain via livestock ingestion from the agricultural use of biosolids, with special reference to the UK.
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Rigby, Hannah and Smith, Stephen R.
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FOOD chains , *INGESTION , *CADMIUM , *GRASSLAND soils , *CONSUMPTION (Economics) , *BIOINDICATORS - Abstract
• Grazing livestock ingest PTEs in biosolids-amended grassland. • Ingested Cd does not transfer to muscle tissue in significant concentrations. • Cd may accumulate in offal but concentrations are below food limit values. When biosolids are applied to agricultural soil, potentially toxic elements (PTEs) accumulate in the topsoil, although it takes many repeated applications to reach soil limit values. Two programmes of UK government-funded research were commissioned in the 1990s to investigate the transfer of PTEs to the food chain via ingestion by sheep grazing biosolids-amended soil. Here, we critically re-examine this evidence in the light of other published work and current food quality standards. This was particularly motivated by the need to determine the safety of biosolids controls on PTEs in relation to revised and stricter European food quality controls for PTEs in foodstuffs. The major pathway for transfer of PTEs to grazing livestock is via direct ingestion of biosolids or biosolids-amended soil from the soil surface. The main elements of concern for the human diet are cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb), with Cd being the focus of the current paper. Animal ingestion of plant tissue is also a potential pathway for Cd exposure, which, unlike Pb, can transfer to crop tissues. The concentrations of Cd in the muscle tissue of sheep grazing biosolids-amended soil were generally small and similar to control values. Cadmium concentrations in sheep offal were below the maximum permitted concentration for human consumption. This was despite ingestion of soils exceeding the maximum permissible concentration for Cd in soil (3 mg kg−1 dry soil) by up to three times, at an ingestion rate of 10% total dietary dry matter intake. Grazing trials under practical conditions on high Cd soils demonstrated that the Cd concentrations in sheep offal remained below the food limit value for this element in offal from the combined intakes from biosolids-amended soil and herbage. Futhermore, given the substantial fall in environmental emissions and concentrations in biosolids of this element and, consequently, it cannot accumulate in soil to the limit value, biosolids Cd does not represent an issue for the safety of animal meat products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2020
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22. Algal Research, Special Issue Editorial: Wastewater and Algae; Risk, biofuels and long-term sustainability.
- Author
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Unc, Adrian, Camargo-Valero, Miller Alonso, and Smith, Stephen R.
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- 2017
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23. Re: development of in-house rapid manufacturing of three-dimensional models in maxillofacial surgery.
- Author
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Eley, Karen A., Richards, Robin, Dobson, Dermot, Linney, Alf, and Watt-Smith, Stephen R.
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- 2011
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24. Angioleiomyoma of the hard palate: report of a case and review of the literature and magnetic resonance imaging findings of this rare entity.
- Author
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Eley, Karen A., Alroyayamina, Seyed, Golding, Stephen J., Tiam, Ree Nee, and Watt-Smith, Stephen R.
- Abstract
Angioleiomyomas are benign solitary smooth muscle tumors originating in the tunica media of vessels. They are rarely encountered within the oral cavity, and the number of reported cases specifically involving the hard palate remains small. A 39-year-old man presented with a 2-cm painless swelling on the left anterior hard palate. The mass had been present for ∼5 years before presentation, during which time it had slowly enlarged. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a uniform signal pattern with T1 signal intensity slightly higher than surrounding soft tissues and marked hyperintensity on T2-weighted sequences. Although the MRI characteristics of angioleiomyomas affecting the extremities have previously been reported, this is the first reported case describing the MRI features of an oral-cavity angioleiomyoma. In view of the inability to differentiate angioleiomyoma from other pathologies with similar MRI features, simple local excision for definitive histopathologic diagnosis remains recommended. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2012
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25. The nasolabial approach: a potential alternative to the lip-splitting incision for maxillectomy.
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Eley, Karen A. and Watt-Smith, Stephen R.
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MAXILLOFACIAL surgery ,RADIOTHERAPY ,LIP surgery ,SURGICAL site ,OPERATIVE surgery - Abstract
Abstract: First described by Weber and later modified by Fergusson, the Weber–Fergusson incision has undergone numerous modifications, but the fundamental approach to maxillectomy has largely remained the same. We report the potential benefit of a nasolabial incision for partial maxillectomy. The incision is hidden within the nasolabial fold and obviates the need for division of the upper lip, which may undergo atrophy and shortening after radiotherapy. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2012
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26. Coagulopathies and the use of LiDCO Plus Rapid monitoring in patients following head and neck cancer resection and reconstruction.
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Eley, Karen A. and Watt-Smith, Stephen R.
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- 2010
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27. Ewings sarcoma of the zygoma reconstructed with a gold prosthesis: a rare tumor and unique reconstruction.
- Author
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El-Khayat, Bara, Eley, Karen A., Shah, Ketan A., and Watt-Smith, Stephen R.
- Abstract
Introduction: Ewings sarcoma (ES) is a rare tumor, most commonly encountered within the long bones during the first 20 years of life. Case report: We report the sixth case of ES of the zygoma, occurring in a 31-year-old male, and presenting a unique reconstructive opportunity. Diagnosis and preoperative planning were aided by CT/MR coregistration. Surgical reconstruction using 3D reconstructed CT images to produce an anatomically correct model provided the basis for a gold prosthesis construction. Discussion: Delayed definitive reconstruction provided opportunity for adequate tumor recurrence surveillance, and definitive histological diagnosis. The artefact produced on MR imaging from gold implants is minimal, permitting the unrestricted identification of potential future recurrence. Conclusion: This case highlights the benefits of coregistration of radiological imaging, and custom-made gold prostheses providing the advantage of artefact-free MR imaging, which should be considered in patients requiring resection of zygomatic tumors and subsequent reconstruction. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2010
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28. Experimental measurements of black carbon emission factors to estimate the global impact of uncontrolled burning of waste.
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Reyna-Bensusan, Natalia, Wilson, David C., Davy, Pamela M., Fuller, Gary W., Fowler, Geoff D., and Smith, Stephen R.
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INCINERATION , *CARBON-black , *SOOT , *WASTE management , *AIR pollution , *SOLID waste - Abstract
Open burning is a widely practiced method of solid waste disposal in many regions of the world and represents a significant source of air pollution. Black carbon (BC) is a particularly serious air pollutant emitted from the uncontrolled burning of waste in open fires because it has a global warming potential (GWP) up to 5000 times greater than carbon dioxide (CO 2) and is also linked to detrimental health impacts. However, few quantitative measurements of BC from open burning have been completed to establish the extent and impacts of this emission source on the environment. Emission factors (EFs) for BC from burning mixed solid waste samples were measured in the laboratory based on waste compositions in a representative developing country (Mexico). Black carbon EFs were also derived for individual waste types, including: green waste, different types of plastics, textiles and paper and cardboard. Individual waste BC EFs were combined using waste composition data from different areas of the world to estimate regional and global BC emissions from this source. The results demonstrated that BC emissions from open burning of waste have a significant climate impact, equivalent to 2–10% of global CO 2 Eq emissions. Global BC CO 2 Eq emissions from burning waste are 2–8 times larger compared to methane (CH 4) CO 2 Eq emissions arising from the decomposition of equivalent amounts of combustible biodegradable waste disposed at dumpsites. Action to reduce open burning of waste would have a significant and immediate benefit to improving air quality and reducing the potential impact on climate change. • BC EFs were measured for single and mixed waste streams. • BC EFs were in the range of 0.02–53.1 g kg−1, depending strongly on waste type. • BC emissions from open burning of waste were calculated for different regions. • BC emissions from burning waste contributes over 2–10% of global CO 2 Eq emissions. • BC CO 2 Eq from burning is 4 times larger compared to CH 4 from waste decomposition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
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29. A critical review of nitrogen mineralization in biosolids-amended soil, the associated fertilizer value for crop production and potential for emissions to the environment.
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Rigby, Hannah, Clarke, Bradley O., Pritchard, Deborah L., Meehan, Barry, Beshah, Firew, Smith, Stephen R., and Porter, Nichola A.
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NITROGEN & the environment , *MINERALIZATION , *SEWAGE sludge , *AGRICULTURAL productivity , *ANAEROBIC digestion , *PUBLIC health - Abstract
International controls for biosolids application to agricultural land ensure the protection of human health and the environment, that it is performed in accordance with good agricultural practice and that nitrogen (N) inputs do not exceed crop requirements. Data from the scientific literature on the total, mineral and mineralizable N contents of biosolids applied to agricultural land under a wide range of climatic and experimental conditions were collated. The mean concentrations of total N (TN) in the dry solids (DS) of different biosolids types ranged from 1.5% (air-dried lime-treated (LT) biosolids) to 7.5% (liquid mesophilic anaerobic digestion (LMAD) biosolids). The overall mean values of mineralizable N, as a proportion of the organic N content, were 47% for aerobic digestion (AeD) biosolids, 40% for thermally dried (TD) biosolids, 34% for LT biosolids, 30% for mesophilic anaerobic digestion (MAD) biosolids, and 7% for composted (Com) biosolids. Biosolids air-dried or stored for extended periods had smaller total and mineralizable N values compared to mechanically dewatered types. For example, for biosolids treated by MAD, the mean TN (% DS) and mineralizable N (% organic N) contents of air-dried materials were 3% and 20%, respectively, compared to 5% and 30% with mechanical dewatering. Thus, mineralizable N declined with the extent of biological stabilization during sewage sludge treatment; nevertheless, overall plant available N (PAN = readily available inorganic N plus mineralizable N) was broadly consistent across several major biosolids categories within climatic regions. However, mineralizable N often varied significantly between climatic regions for similar biosolids types, influencing the overall PAN. This may be partly attributed to the increased rate, and also the greater extent of soil microbial mineralization of more stable, residual organic N fractions in biosolids applied to soil in warmer climatic zones, which also raised the overall PAN, compared to cooler temperate areas. It is also probably influenced by differences in upstream wastewater treatment processes that affect the balance of primary and secondary, biological sludges in the final combined sludge output from wastewater treatment, as well as the relative effectiveness of sludge stabilization treatments at specific sites. Better characterization of biosolids used in N release and mineralization investigations is therefore necessary to improve comparison of system conditions. Furthermore, the review suggested that some international fertilizer recommendations may underestimate mineralizable N in biosolids, and the N fertilizer value. Consequently, greater inputs of supplementary mineral fertilizer N may be supplied than are required for crop production, potentially increasing the risk of fertilizer N emissions to the environment. Thus greater economic and environmental savings in mineral N fertilizer application are potentially possible than are currently realized from biosolids recycling programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
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30. Comparison of methodologies for enumerating and detecting the viability of Ascaris eggs in sewage sludge by standard incubation-microscopy, the BacLight Live/Dead viability assay and other vital dyes.
- Author
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Karkashan, Alaa, Khallaf, Basma, Morris, Jacqueline, Thurbon, Nerida, Rouch, Duncan, Smith, Stephen R., and Deighton, Margaret
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NEMATODE eggs , *VIABILITY (Biology) , *SEWAGE sludge , *DYES & dyeing , *MICROSCOPY , *DECAY rates (Radioactivity) , *ASCARIS lumbricoides - Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the Live/Dead BacLight viability kit as a method for enumerating viable eggs of Ascaris suum in sewage sludge as a surrogate for the human roundworm. The number and viability status of eggs of A. suum were accurately measured directly in sewage sludge samples by the BacLight method, compared to the conventional incubation-microscopy procedure. BacLight stains were not toxic to A. suum eggs, in contrast to some conventional vital dyes which disrupted viable eggs. The method was effective for the direct examination of eggs in heavily contaminated samples or seeded sludge containing ∼200 eggs/g DS in sludge with 5% DS content. However, a recovery method would be necessary to examine samples with small numbers of eggs, for instance in sludge from regions where the prevalence of infection with Ascaris lumbricoides is low. The BacLight technique may therefore be an effective alternative to conventional incubation-microscopy for enumerating Ascaris eggs in contaminated field samples or to validate sludge treatment processes by examining decay rates of inoculated A. suum eggs in laboratory simulations. Most field samples would require recovery from an appropriate number of composite samples prior to vital staining. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Rare hereditary COL4A3/COL4A4 variants may be mistaken for familial focal segmental glomerulosclerosis.
- Author
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Malone, Andrew F, Phelan, Paul J, Hall, Gentzon, Cetincelik, Umran, Homstad, Alison, Alonso, Andrea S, Jiang, Ruiji, Lindsey, Thomas B, Wu, Guanghong, Sparks, Matthew A, Smith, Stephen R, Webb, Nicholas J A, Kalra, Philip A, Adeyemo, Adebowale A, Shaw, Andrey S, Conlon, Peter J, Jennette, J Charles, Howell, David N, Winn, Michelle P, and Gbadegesin, Rasheed A
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KIDNEY glomerulus diseases , *HEMATURIA , *PROTEINURIA , *GENETIC disorders , *GENES - Abstract
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is a histological lesion with many causes, including inherited genetic defects, with significant proteinuria being the predominant clinical finding at presentation. Mutations in COL4A3 and COL4A4 are known to cause Alport syndrome (AS), thin basement membrane nephropathy, and to result in pathognomonic glomerular basement membrane (GBM) findings. Secondary FSGS is known to develop in classic AS at later stages of the disease. Here, we present seven families with rare or novel variants in COL4A3 or COL4A4 (six with single and one with two heterozygous variants) from a cohort of 70 families with a diagnosis of hereditary FSGS. The predominant clinical finding at diagnosis was proteinuria associated with hematuria. In all seven families, there were individuals with nephrotic-range proteinuria with histologic features of FSGS by light microscopy. In one family, electron microscopy showed thin GBM, but four other families had variable findings inconsistent with classical Alport nephritis. There was no recurrence of disease after kidney transplantation. Families with COL4A3 and COL4A4 variants that segregated with disease represent 10% of our cohort. Thus, COL4A3 and COL4A4 variants should be considered in the interpretation of next-generation sequencing data from such patients. Furthermore, this study illustrates the power of molecular genetic diagnostics in the clarification of renal phenotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
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32. Intravenous Immunoglobulin and Plasmapheresis in Acute Humoral Rejection: Experience in Renal Allograft Transplantation
- Author
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Lehrich, Ruediger W., Rocha, Paulo N., Reinsmoen, Nancy, Greenberg, Arthur, Butterly, David W., Howell, David N., and Smith, Stephen R.
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KIDNEYS , *TRANSPLANTATION of organs, tissues, etc. , *IMMUNOGLOBULINS , *BLOOD proteins - Abstract
Abstract: Acute humoral rejection (AHR) in kidney transplantation is associated with higher rates of allograft loss when compared with acute cellular rejection (ACR). Treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) combined with plasmapheresis (PP) has been used recently in many centers. We report the incidence, clinical characteristics, and outcome of patients with AHR treated with IVIG and PP. All patients (n = 519) at our institution who underwent kidney transplantation between January 1999 and August 2003 were retrospectively analyzed and classified according to biopsy results into three groups: AHR, ACR, and no rejection. AHR was diagnosed in 23 patients (4.5%) and ACR in 75 patients (15%). Mean follow-up was 844 ± 23 days. Female sex, black race, and high panel-reactive antibody were risk factors for AHR. Most AHR patients (22 of 23) were treated with IVIG and PP. Two-year graft survival was numerically worse in patients with AHR versus ACR (78% vs. 85%, p = 0.5) but the difference was not statistically significant. Graft survival after AHR treated with IVIG and PP is much better than it has been historically. IVIG in combination with PP is an effective treatment for AHR. Graft survival in this setting is similar to graft survival in patients with ACR. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2005
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33. Concentrations of organic contaminants in industrial and municipal bioresources recycled in agriculture in the UK.
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Rigby, Hannah, Dowding, Alan, Fernandes, Alwyn, Humphries, David, Jones, Natalia R., Lake, Iain, Petch, Rupert G., Reynolds, Christopher K., Rose, Martin, and Smith, Stephen R.
- Abstract
Many types of bioresource materials are beneficially recycled in agriculture for soil improvement and as alternative bedding materials for livestock, but they also potentially transfer contaminants into plant and animal foods. Representative types of industrial and municipal bioresources were selected to assess the extent of organic chemical contamination, including: (i) land applied materials: treated sewage sludge (biosolids), meat and bone meal ash (MBMA), poultry litter ash (PLA), paper sludge ash (PSA) and compost-like-output (CLO), and (ii) bedding materials: recycled waste wood (RWW), dried paper sludge (DPS), paper sludge ash (PSA) and shredded cardboard. The materials generally contained lower concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo- p -dioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) relative to earlier reports, indicating the decline in environmental emissions of these established contaminants. However, concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) remain elevated in biosolids samples from urban catchments. Polybrominated dibenzo- p -dioxins/dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) were present in larger amounts in biosolids and CLO compared to their chlorinated counterparts and hence are of potentially greater significance in contemporary materials. The presence of non-ortho-polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in DPS was probably due to non-legacy sources of PCBs in paper production. Flame retardent chemicals were one of the most significant and extensive groups of contaminants found in the bioresource materials. Decabromodiphenylether (deca-BDE) was the most abundant polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) and may explain the formation and high concentrations of PBDD/Fs detected. Emerging flame retardant compounds, including: decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) and organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), were also detected in several of the materials. The profile of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) depended on the type of waste category; perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA) was the most significant PFAS for DPS, whereas perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) was dominant in biosolids and CLO. The concentrations of polychlorinated alkanes (PCAs) and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) were generally much larger than the other contaminants measured, indicating that there are major anthropogenic sources of these potentially hazardous chemicals entering the environment. The study results suggest that continued vigilance is required to control emissions and sources of these contaminants to support the beneficial use of secondary bioresource materials. Unlabelled Image • Bioresources spread on agricultural soil or used as livestock bedding were sourced. • A selection of priority organic contaminants relevant to human health was measured. • Brominated contaminants were more significant than some legacy chlorinated types. • Polychlorinated alkanes and phthalates were present in the largest amounts. • Continued vigilance is required to minimise sources of organic contaminants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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