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To complete a software project, the most realistic effort required is predicted by the process called Software Effort Estimation (SEE). Effort Estimation (EE) in software development is considered a complicated task owing to the variability of variables. Thus, numerous Software Development EE (SDEE) models have been developed; nevertheless, these models' accuracy rates are not good enough, and the variations among software functionalities were not focused for SEE. Therefore, by considering it as the research gap in Software Project Management (SPM), an enhanced analogy-rule-centric SEE utilizing Hyperbolic Tangent Recurrent Radial − Recurrent Neural Networks (HTRR-RNN) algorithm is proposed in this work. Initially, regarding the project size, the projects are partitioned. Next, the highly vital features are extracted as of the separated projects. By employing Levy Flight-Rock Hyraxes Swarm (LH-RHS) optimization, the selective quantity of features is chosen from the extracted features. By deploying the Mamdani Method − Fuzzy (MM-Fuzzy) algorithm, the rules are created regarding the selected features. Lastly, the number of efforts needed for the software development process is determined by the classification algorithm regarding the rules being created. COCOMO81, MAXWELL, and China are the openly accessible datasets utilized in this methodology. Then, the proposed method's results are contrasted with the prevailing algorithms. As per the experimental results, the proposed methodology performs SEE with a better accuracy rate; thus, it surpassed the other existing methodologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The curious phenomenon of cracking in organic-inorganic halide perovskite (OIHP) thin films for solar cells during scanning electron microscopy (SEM) can be seen in literally thousands of published SEM micrographs. Here we demonstrate, for the first time, the mechanisms responsible for this e -beam-induced damage in OIHP thin films, which is precluding their detailed SEM-characterization and understanding. The e -beam-induced rapid volatilization of the organic species from the OIHP surface in the SEM results in localized shrinkage and buildup of tensile stresses. These stresses drive grain-boundaries cracking, resulting in a 'mud-cracking' pattern that is influenced by the thin-film grain size. Image, graphical abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic-inorganic halide perovskite (OIHP) thin films at the heart of the new perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are very brittle, limiting the mechanical reliability of PSCs. Here we show that fine-grained MAPbI 3 (prototypical OIHP) films with grain size (~290 nm) smaller than the typical film thickness (~500 nm) tend to fracture intergranularly, resulting in low toughness (0.41 J.m−2). In contrast, MAPbI 3 /substrate interfacial fracture occurs in films with grains larger (~730 nm) than the film thickness, resulting in much higher toughness (1.14 J.m−2). Thus, coarse-grained OIHP films are deemed desirable for not only improved PSCs performance and stability but also mechanical reliability. Image, graphical abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pure formamidinium lead triiodide (α-FAPbI 3) organic-inorganic halide perovskite (OIHP) semiconductor is very attractive for use as light absorber in the new thin-film perovskite solar cells (PSCs) technology. This is primarily because of its superior thermal stability, more suitable bandgap, and compositional simplicity. However, the existence of the photo-inactive non-perovskite δ-FAPbI 3 polymorph ('yellow' phase) is a major hurdle in the path towards the development of α-FAPbI 3 -based PSCs. Also, there is general consensus that the fine-grained nature of OIHP thin films is detrimental to the environmental stability and performance of the resulting PSCs. In this context, here we take advantage of the polymorphism in FAPbI 3 , and use solvent-vapor-assisted δ-to-α phase transformation to induce exceptional grain coarsening (up to 50-fold) in 0.3-μm thickness FAPbI 3 thin films, resulting in an unprecedented average grain size of up to ~9 μm. The underlying mechanisms are elucidated based on the results from a combination of some key experiments, which involve studying systematically the effects of time, temperature, initial grain size, and solvent polarity index (PI). The ultra-coarse-grained α-FAPbI 3 thin films show dramatically improved environmental stability over their medium-grained counterparts, which is explained based on grain-boundary density arguments. PSCs made using the ultra-coarse-grained α-FAPbI 3 thin films have improved photovoltaic (PV) performance, but it is somewhat modest. This is attributed to the underestimation of the effective grain size relevant to photocarrier dynamics. Image, graphical abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic–inorganic halide perovskite (OIHP) thin films at the heart of the burgeoning thin-film perovskite solar cells (PSCs) technology possess poor mechanical properties, which is likely to limit the long-term reliability of PSCs as they are poised for commercialization. In an effort to address this issue, here we demonstrate that through-thickness cracks induced by bending-tension in thin films of the two prototypical OIHPs, methylammonium lead triiodide (MAPbI 3) and formamidinium lead triiodide (FAPbI 3), can be healed easily. This is through the application of either a moderate compressive stress (bending-compression) at room temperature or a simple heat-treatment at modest temperatures. The crack-healing process is found to be time-dependent, which indicates that facile mass-transport in OIHPs plays a key role in this phenomenon. An explanation for this phenomenon is provided, one based on the fundamentals of brittle fracture. This discovery has broad implications for the prevention and/or restoration of the overall performance, environmental stability, and mechanical reliability of PSCs, and other devices. Image, graphical abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The use of leading-edge tubercles has been reported to provide superior lifting characteristics in the post-stall regime for three-dimensional foils. In this paper, different configurations of leading-edge protuberances are investigated for a marine rudder, the most widely used manoeuvring device for marine propulsion. Two modification strategies are considered-a rudder with a uniform distribution of tubercles, and an actual bio-mimicked rudder inspired by the humpback whale configuration. Numerical investigations of lift and drag characteristics are performed using CFD computations with the RANS approach to find the suitable geometry. Experiments with the selected designs are performed in the circulating water tank to investigate rudder forces. Velocity profiles are measured using Acoustic-Doppler Velocimetry. The bio-mimicked rudder shows a lesser extent of flow separation over the suction side at angles of attack greater than 15 degrees. The influence of tubercles is more prominent in the lower Reynolds number ranges. The most significant outcome of this study is the development of a bio-inspired foil and its modified configurations which has a potential for better performance compared to uniform wavy leading-edge configurations under certain conditions. Such bio-inspired designs can be employed in flow control devices for efficiency improvement over specific operation regimes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic-inorganic halide perovskites (OIHPs) are a remarkable family of hybrid materials at the heart of the emerging thin-film perovskite solar cells (PSCs) technology and other applications. In this Viewpoint article, in addition to some original experimental results, thermo-mechanical analyses of residual macro- and micro-stresses in OIHP thin films are presented in the context of fracture of both the OIHP layer itself and its interface with the substrate. The implications of mechanical behavior of OIHPs and interfaces on the reliability of PSCs, as well as opportunities for future research directions in this general area, are highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of partial substitution (50%) of Si by other sp-valent elements such as Al, Ga, Ge, In and Sn on structure, magnetic properties and electrical resistivity of full Heusler type Co 2 FeSi alloys was investigated. The results revealed that these alloys (except Sn substituted alloy) consist of mostly L2 1 ordered phase along with some B2 type disordered phase. The highest L2 1 ordering was seen in Co 2 FeSi 0.5 Ge 0.5 alloy. The magnetization studies showed all alloys obey the Slater–Pauling rule at 4 K except for Sn substituted alloy. However, at room temperature, only Ga, Ge and Al substituted alloys followed the Slater–Pauling rule. Electrical transport studies revealed the presence of half-metallic behavior at low temperatures in all alloys. However, half-metallicity was preserved to some extent at room temperature only in Ga and Ge substituted Co 2 FeSi alloys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Co2FeSi thin films were deposited on Si (001) substrate by dc magnetron sputtering technique by varying the sputtering pressure and power. In all cases but one, the substrate temperature was kept at room temperature during deposition. In one case the deposition was carried out at a substrate temperature of 773K. All the films were post-deposition annealed at 773K. The composition, surface roughness, structure, magnetic properties and electrical resistivity of these films were examined to identify the suitability of these films for spintronic applications. The results showed that Co2FeSi thin films deposited at 3mTorr sputtering pressure and 100W sputtering power at a substrate temperature of 773K and subsequently annealed at the same temperature for 30min exhibited the same stoichiometry as the target, low surface roughness, L21 ordering as well as good magnetic properties. The variation of electrical resistivity with temperature and the sign crossover in the anisotrpoic magnetoresistance behavior in this film suggested the presence of half-metallic character and suitability for spintronic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The effect of sputtering pressure and power on the composition, surface roughness, structure, microstructure and magnetic properties of full Heusler type Co2FeSi films deposited on silicon (001) substrates at room temperature using DC magnetron sputtering technique was studied. The composition of the film was found to be influenced by both sputtering pressure and power. The films deposited at lower pressures (0.667–2Pa) and lower power (50–75W), which result in lower deposition rates, have compositions comparable with that of the target. The surface roughness of the films was found to be significantly affected by a change in sputtering pressure but not by a variation in sputtering power. Irrespective of the sputtering pressure and power, all the as-deposited Co2FeSi/Si(001) films exhibited A2 type disordered nanocrystalline structure. The grain size, however, was found to increase marginally with an increase in sputtering pressure and power. Analysis of magnetization curves of the films revealed that the films were soft ferromagnetic for all sputtering pressures and power. However, the coercivities, magnetization values and reversibility of zero field cooling and field cooling magnetization curves were found to depend critically on sputtering parameters. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Aeolian sands, from Sam, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, India, belong to the Great Indian Thar desert and, primarily, attract tourists from India and all over the world. Though, certain studies were conducted on the geological origin of these sand and deserts, results related to their physical, chemical, morphological, mineralogical, thermal, electrical and geotechnical characteristics are scanty. However, with an increase in demand of the land for infrastructure development (for residential, commercial and strategic facilities), for which their stabilization may be essential, and a need to utilize these (aeolian) sands as a construction material, particularly due to acute scarcity of sand, their complete characterization becomes essential. With this in view, a detailed study was conducted to characterize these sands and details are presented in this paper. In general, these sands are found to exhibit properties similar to aeolian sands from the Arabian Peninsula, Australia and China. Further, with an intention to utilize these sands in construction industry, especially as fine aggregate in concrete and mortar and designing thermal beds for buried conduits and electrical cables, the results have been compared with those for the Indian standard sands. Based on the chemical composition and chemical properties, and crushing strength of aeolian sands, their utilization in concrete and other construction materials (viz., bricks, building blocks, paver blocks etc.) appears to be quite promising. Also, the collapse potential of these sands has been found to be quite low while its angle of internal friction is quite high. These parameters suggest that aeolian sands from the Great Indian Thar desert can also be used for various engineering applications. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Lead-free multiferroic magnetoelectric composites consisting of ferrimagnetic Ni0.93Co0.02Mn0.05Fe1.95O4 (NMF) and ferroelectric Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 (NBT) phases were synthesized by the solid-state sintering method. The presence of constituent phases in composites was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A systematic study of dc conductivity as a function of temperature (RT −450°C) revealed that the conduction is due to small polarons. The effect of constituent phase variation on the dielectric constant and piezoelectric strength (d 33) was examined. The composites exhibited typical magnetic hysteresis (M–H) loops at room temperature. Furthermore, magnetoelectric (ME) output was evaluated as a function of applied magnetic field, which is a product property of the constituent phases. The compound 50% NMF–50%NBT is a new lead-free magnetoelectric composite with 155μV/cm ME output, which may have potential applications. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: With a view to understand the influence of nano size on various properties of cobalt-doped ZnO-based diluted magnetic semiconductors, a series of materials were prepared by the citrate gel route. The phase and morphology studies have been carried out by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy, respectively. All the samples of the present investigation are found to have hexagonal wurtzite structure and crystallite sizes are found to vary from 25nm to 65nm. From the optical absorption measurements it has been observed that upon doping with cobalt, the energy band gap is found to shift towards lower energy side (red shift) while it shifts towards higher energy side (blue shift) when the crystallite size is increased continuously. It has been observed from the XPS results that oxidation state of Cobalt is +2 and that the difference in binding energies of Co 2p3/2 and Co 2p1/2 is found to increase continuously with increasing crystallite size. Finally, all the samples are found to exhibit room temperature ferromagnetism and the specific magnetization decreases with increasing crystallite size. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The Laccadive Ridge (L-R), trending roughly parallel to the west coast of India, is an intriguing segment of the northernmost Chagos-Laccadive Ridge (C-L-R) system. Although crustal nature and isostatic response of the southern C-L-R is well known, there are no similar studies on the L-R. In the present study, the isostatic response of the lithosphere beneath the L-R is estimated so as to characterize its crustal nature, total crustal as well as effective elastic plate thickness and mode of compensation. Twelve gravity and bathymetry profiles across the ridge were analyzed using linear transfer function and forward model techniques. The observed admittance function within the diagnostic waveband of 250< λ >80km (0.025< k >0.080km−1) fits well with (i) the Airy model whose average crustal thickness (T c) and density are 17±2km and 2.7×103 kgm−3, respectively, and (ii) the thin plate flexure model of isostasy with an effective elastic plate thickness (T e) of 2–3km. The estimated average crustal thickness and density are in good agreement with published seismic refraction results over the ridge. The results of the present study support an Airy model of isostasy for the L-R. The low T e value, in view of other published results in the study area, suggests stretched and loaded continental lithosphere of the L-R during the evolution of the western continental margin of India. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Purpose: To determine the changes in corneal optical performance after posterior lamellar corneal transplantation. Design: Retrospective case series. Methods: The anterior segment in four eyes of four patients who underwent Descemet stripping endothelial keratoplasty (DSEK) with cataract extraction and intraocular lens (IOL) implantation were imaged with the Visante anterior segment optical coherence tomography [OCT] (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, California, USA). The curvature of the posterior surface of the donor graft was compared with that of the host cornea, and corneal thickness was measured. Results: All eyes had a hyperopic refractive error after surgery. The posterior corneal curvature after surgery was more than that before surgery. Average preoperative keratometry was 43.4 diopters (D), and after surgery, it was 42.8 D using keratometry. However, when the postsurgical corneal power was calculated using the Gaussian optics method, the average value was 40.8 D. Conclusions: The addition of a donor corneal graft to the posterior surface of decompensated corneas may lessen the effective optical power of the cornea and may have implications for IOL power calculations in these eyes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A promising agent for use in prostate cancer therapy is the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway inhibitor, cyclopamine. This compound, however, has the potential for causing serious side effects in non-tumor tissues. To minimize these bystander toxicities, we have designed and synthesized two novel peptide-cyclopamine conjugates as prostate-specific antigen (PSA)-activated prodrugs for use against prostate cancer. These prodrugs were composed of cyclopamine coupled to one of two peptides (either HSSKLQ or SSKYQ) that can be selectively cleaved by PSA, converting the mature prodrug into an active Hedgehog inhibitor within the malignant cells. Of the two prodrugs, Mu-SSKYQ-Cyclopamine was rapidly hydrolyzed, with a half-life of 3.2h, upon incubation with the PSA enzyme. Thus, modulating cyclopamine at the secondary amine with PSA-cleavable peptides is a promising strategy for developing prodrugs to target prostate cancer. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Introduction: Recognition of psychiatric manifestations of Wilson''s disease (WD) has diagnostic and therapeutic implications. Objective: To describe the clinical features and psychopathology of patients with WD who had initial or predominant psychiatric manifestations. Patient and methods: Records of 15 patients with WD (M:F: 11:4), from a large cohort of 350 patients, with predominant psychiatric manifestations at onset were reviewed. Their initial diagnosis, demographic profile, family history, pre-morbid personality, clinical manifestations, treatment and outcome were recorded. Results: Their mean age at diagnosis was 19.8±5.8 years. Six patients were born to consanguineous parentage and two patients each had family history of WD and past history of psychiatric illness. Diagnosis of WD was suspected by detection of KF rings (all), observing sensitivity to neuroleptics (n =2), history of jaundice (n =2) and family history suggestive of WD (n =9). Psychiatric manifestations could be classified as affective disorder spectrum (n =11) and schizophreniform-illness (n =3). While the psychiatric symptoms improved in five patients with de-coppering therapy, seven patients needed symptomatic treatment as well. Three of the four patients who responded to de-coppering therapy were sensitive to neuroleptics. Long-term follow up of 10 patients revealed variable recovery. Conclusions: Young patient with psychiatric manifestations with clues like history of jaundice, family history of neuropsychiatric manifestations and sensitivity to neuroleptics should be evaluated for WD to avoid delay in diagnosis and associated morbidity. Significant outcomes: The study reemphasizes the importance of behavioral manifestations in Wilson disease in terms of diagnosis and management difficulties. Limitations: Retrospective nature of the study. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Subglottic stenosis (SGS) in pregnancy is rare but may cause a potentially life-threatening delivery and is a challenge to the anaesthetist and the obstetrician. Clinical signs of SGS may not be obvious and the diagnosis can be difficult. Patients usually present with shortness of breath rather than stridor. Many patients have been wrongly diagnosed with asthma and recurrent bronchitis before subsequent discovery of a SGS. Early diagnosis of SGS and multidisciplinary input is important in managing these patients. We present a case of a pregnant woman with a history of Wegener's granulomatosis and the successful multidisciplinary management of her SGS. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract: Four novel water-soluble peptide-paclitaxel conjugates were designed and synthesized as prostate-specific antigen (PSA)-activated prodrugs for prostate cancer therapy. These prodrugs were composed of a peptide, HSSKLQ or SSKYQ, each of which is selectively cleavable by PSA; a self-immolative linker, either para-aminobenzyl alcohol (PABS) or ethylene diamine (EDA); and the parent drug, paclitaxel. Introduction of a PABA or EDA linker between the peptide and paclitaxel in prodrugs 2–5 resulted in products with an increased rate of hydrolysis by PSA. The stability of prodrugs 2 and 3, with the PABA linker, was poor in the serum-containing medium because of the weak carbonate bond between the PABA and paclitaxel; however, this disadvantage was overcome by introducing a carbamate bond using an EDA linker in prodrugs 4 and 5. Thus, the incorporation of an EDA linker increased both the stability and PSA-mediated activation of these prodrugs. The cytotoxicity of each prodrug, as compared to paclitaxel, was determined against a variety of cell lines, including the PSA-secreting CWR22Rv1 prostate cancer cell line. The EDA-derived prodrug of paclitaxel 5 was stable and capable of being efficiently converted to an active drug that killed cells specifically in the presence of PSA, suggesting that this prodrug and similarly designed PSA-cleavable prodrugs may have potential as prostate cancer-specific therapeutic agents. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Series of substituted-s-triazines (1–22) were synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro antibacterial activity against six representative Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains. Many compounds have displayed comparable antibacterial activity against Bacillus sphaericus and significantly active against other tested organisms with reference to streptomycin. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The seasonal cycles of some atmospheric parameters at Cochin (southwest coast of India) have been studied with a specific emphasis on the role played by them in forcing the seasonal sea level. Equatorward along-shore wind stress as well as equatorward volume transport by coastal currents along the Indian peninsula could play an important role in the sea level low during the premonsoon and southwest monsoon seasons. During postmonsoon season, along-shore wind stress plays no major role in the high sea level whereas this could be due to the poleward volume transport by the coastal along-shore currents. Atmospheric pressure and river discharge do not seem to influence much the sea level during the southwest monsoon period, even though the river discharge during that period is considerable. The sea level was minimal during the southwest monsoon season, when the river discharge was at its annual maximum. The difference between the seasonal march of observed and pressure corrected sea level (CSL) was not significant for the study region. Harmonic analysis of the climatological data on the various parameters revealed that air temperature is the only parameter with a dominance of the semi-annual over the annual cycle. Cross-shore wind stress indicated strong interannual variability whereas relative density showed strong seasonal variability. The climatological seasonal cycles of CSL at eight other tide gauge stations along the west coast of the Indian subcontinent are also examined, to assess the role of various forcings on the seasonal sea level cycle. The signatures of El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon could be seen in some of the parameters (SST, air temperature, atmospheric pressure, along-shore wind stress, relative density and sea level). The signature of ENSO was particularly strong in the case of atmospheric pressure followed by relative density, the variance accounted by the relationship being 47% and 16%, respectively. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Several mono- and di-substituted triazine derivatives are synthesized. Their molecular first hyperpolarizability (β) and absorption properties are determined. The observed trends in the β values obtained from the experiments as well as from the theory are in good agreement. In moving from mono- to di-substituted triazine derivatives the absorption maximum (λ max) shows a negligible shift, but the β values are enhanced. In most of the cases the dipole moment decreases with increasing substitution. With these advantages new trends for the molecular design of s-triazine compounds for second-order NLO applications are proposed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Diabetic neuropathic pain, an important microvascular complication in diabetes mellitus is recognised as one of the most difficult types of pain to treat. A lack of the understanding of its aetiology, inadequate relief, development of tolerance and potential toxicity of classical antinociceptives warrant the investigation of the newer agents to relieve this pain. The aim of the present study was to explore the antinociceptive effect of curcumin and its effect on tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and nitric oxide (NO) release in streptozotocin induced diabetic mice. Four weeks after a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (200mg/kg), mice were tested in the tail immersion and hot-plate assays. Diabetic mice exhibited significant hyperalgesia along with increased plasma glucose and decreased body weights as compared with control mice. Chronic treatment with curcumin (15, 30 and 60mg/kg body weight; p.o.) for 4weeks starting from the 4th week of streptozotocin injection significantly attenuated thermal hyperalgesia and the hot-plate latencies. Curcumin also inhibited the TNF-α and NO release in a dose dependent manner. These results indicate an antinociceptive activity of curcumin possibly through its inhibitory action on NO and TNF-α release and point towards its potential to attenuate diabetic neuropathic pain. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: First hyperpolarizability (β) of some donor–acceptor substituted allenes where, unlike in the earlier studies, the donor and acceptors are mutually orthogonal to each other are carried out using couple perturbed Hartree–Fock (CPHF) method at HF/6-31G level of theory. All the molecules show reasonably good β values. Configuration interaction singles (CIS) analysis shows that most of the molecules absorb in the UV-region and thus are transparent in the region of interest. On the other hand, zwitterionic allenes show unusually smaller β values. Analysis shows that, structural deformation in zwitterionic allenes leads to a through space (TS) charge transfer and ultimately reducing the β. But in zwitterionic allenes with resonance stabilized donors, enhancement in β can be achieved. It is suggested that with the absorption in the UV region, reasonably good values of β and the chirality due to asymmetric substitution, these molecules could be potential candidates for device applications. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A novel, facile, high yield, and less cumbersome synthesis of riccardiphenol analogs is described. The synthesized compounds were characterized and assessed for its in vitro activity in a panel of human cancer cell lines of differing origin: HuCCT-1, BxPC3, Panc-1, Mia-Paca, A431, Hep2, and HN006. HuCCT-1 was derived from an intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma; BxPC3, Mia-Paca, and Panc-1 were derived from pancreatic cancers; A431 was derived from a vulvar epithelial carcinoma; and Hep2 and HN006 were derived from squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck. The cytotoxicity of a newly developed riccardiphenol analog against human cancer cell lines was assessed. The cancer cells exhibited varying sensitivities to the compound, with IC50 values from 30 to 50μM. This susceptibility was particularly interesting in the case of lines such as Hep2 and BxPC3 that are resistant to classic cytotoxic drugs as well as some targeted agents. These results demonstrate that the novel riccardiphenol analog has effective action against human-derived cancer cell in vitro. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The present work aims at a computational study of the effect of various parameters that influence fluid-force behavior when a circular cylinder is subjected to rotational oscillations. A numerical simulation is conducted using the unsteady form of Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations combined with the k–&epsiv; model of turbulence. The study is carried out to examine the influence of various flow parameters, such as oscillation non-dimensional frequencies (0.1–2), rotational non-dimensional amplitudes (0.25–3) and Reynolds numbers (2000–30,000). Special attention is focused on the resonance condition at lower frequency and the subsequent drag reduction at higher frequency. It is found that the peak value of fluid forces on the circular cylinder increases abruptly when the forcing frequency is closer to the vortex shedding frequency. This is followed by a drag reduction at higher forcing frequencies, which becomes very strong at a non-dimensional oscillation frequency around 1 and at rotational amplitudes larger than 1. The former phenomenon is found to intensify with an increase in Reynolds numbers, but the latter almost preserves its strength in the range of Reynolds numbers considered here. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Sodium bismuth titanate (Na1/2Bi1/2)TiO3 is strongly ferroelectric below 200 °C and antiferroelectric between 200 and 320 °C. The electrical conductivity of this ceramic is studied by measuring impedance as a function of temperature (RT–575 °C) and frequency (100 Hz–1 MHz). The complex impedance, electric modulus formalism and dielectric loss analysis are used to analyze the data. DC conductivity has been studied. The activation energies have been evaluated from the data. The dielectric constant of the sample has been calculated from the impedance data. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The lineal-intercept method is commonly used to estimate the average grain size, where the 'Mendelson' multiplying factor (1.60) that is typically used explicitly assumes tetrakaidecahedral grains. While this is appropriate for bulk equiaxed microstructures, grains in thin films where the grain size exceeds the film thickness, are closer to prismatic polyhedrons in shape. Thus, assuming log-normal distribution of hexagonal-prism-shaped grains, a new multiplying factor of 1.20 is derived which relates the average grain size and measured intercept size. This model is successfully validated using experimental measurements of three different coarse-grained thin films of halide perovskites used in solar cells. Image, graphical abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Pure, Cu2+doped CdS-Zn 3 (PO 4) 2 composites are prepared by hydrothermal route. • XRD pattern exhibit both hexagonal phase of CdS, monoclinic β-phase Zn 3 (PO 4) 2. • With effect of Cu2+, SEM images show hexagonal spheres on rectangular flakes. • At higher Cu2+doping concentration there is a small increase in the band gap. • PL spectra show red shifting and strong luminescence in UV-Visible region. Pure and CuO (0.3, 0.6 and 0.9 mol%) doped CdS-Zn 3 (PO 4) 2 semiconducting nanophosphors were synthesized by hydrothermal technique under mild reaction temperatures. The prepared samples were systematically investigated by Powder X-ray diffraction [XRD], Fourier Transform infra-red spectroscopy [FT-IR], Scanning electron microscopy [SEM] with EDAX, UV–Vis diffuse reflectance spectrometer [DRS] and Photoluminescence [PL] techniques. X-ray diffraction pattern shows hexagonal phase of CdS and monoclinic β-phase of Zn 3 (PO 4) 2 with good crystalline nature. The average crystallite size of nanocomposites are in the range 13 to 25 nm and found to decrease from 18 nm to 13 nm with increasing dopant concentration. FT-IR spectra indicate that the prepared samples are high in purity. The surface morphology of the samples has shown a hetero structure type morphology in which hexagonal CdS spheres network bonding accumulated on rectangular flakes. The obtained chemical composition of all the samples are identified by EDAX is in agreement with the calculated stoichiometry. The optical band gap values are determined by diffuse reflectance spectra and are found to be in the range 2.49 eV to 2.39 eV. The room temperature Photoluminescence spectra of pure CdS-Zn 3 (PO 4) 2 lattice shown a broad strong green emission peak at ~ 518 nm, while upon incorporation CuO ions in host lattice, a sharp luminescence peak around 393 nm has been observed in all the doped samples along with other peaks at 494 nm, 594 nm, 684 nm which are in the violet, blue-green-red fluorescence of UV-Visible region makes them suitable for optoelectronic device applications. Image, graphical abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

TEM pictures of ALTBT nanocomposites. • ALTBT nanocomposites were synthesized via low temperature hydrothermal method. • x = 0.2 & 0.4 showed tetragonal phases and x = 0.6 & 0.8 showed the cubic phases. • The microstructure results indicated the formation of nanorods for all composites. • Cole-Cole plots of x = 0.2, 0.6 & 0.8 composites showed the increasing spring model. Nanorods like (1-x) (Al 0.2 La 0.8 TiO 3) + (x) (BaTiO 3) (x = 0.2–0.8) composites were synthesized via hydrothermal technique. The XRD patterns indicated that tetragonal to cubic phase transformation was occurred from x = 0.4 to 0.6. The surface morphology revealed that the x = 0.2–0.8 exhibited the nanorods like structures. The photocatalytic activity was noticed for all nanocomposites during irradiation time from 0 to 150 min. In addition, the increasing spring model Cole-Cole plots were recorded for x = 0.2, 0.6 and 0.8 composites at high temperatures. The grain and grain boundary contribution in electrical conduction mechanism was described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Parametric and global wind fields are blended for the realistic estimates of inner and outer core cyclonic winds. • Performance of blended and parametric winds analyzed for different cyclonic events in the Bay of Bengal. • Performance of ADCIRC+SWAN model computed storm surge and waves is investigated using blended and non-blended wind fields. • Computed storm surge and wind-waves using blended winds performed better and thus having real-time practical applications. • Detailed validation of wind, waves and storm surge with parametric and blended winds is done against available in situ observations. Tropical cyclone induced storm surge and extreme waves pose a significant threat and danger to coastal inhabitants as well cause significant damage to infrastructure. Nevertheless, significant progress has been achieved over the past several years in tropical cyclone modeling, there are however inherent limitations in the quality of real-time wind forecast for near-field and far-field regions surrounding the cyclone eye. The reliability and quality of computed storm surge and extreme wind-waves remains a challenge due to their primary association with the quality of input wind forcing. Parametric wind field models are widely used owing to their simplicity and also in realistically representing the inner core region of cyclones. On the other hand, global atmospheric models have inherent limitations in underestimating the inner core winds, although they produce outer core winds much better as compared to the parametric formulation. In this study a blending technique is proposed which takes advantage of both these wind fields thereby producing a blended wind field using a smoothing algorithm and superposition technique that provides realistic estimates of both inner and outer core winds. Numerical simulations with a coupled wave-hydrodynamic model using both blended and the parametric winds were also verified against in situ data. The study reveals that simulations using blended winds performed better and has practical relevance to real-time operational forecasts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Various 2,4,6-tri substituted s-triazines were synthesized and screened for antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms. These s-triazine derivatives displayed high in vitro antibacterial activities comparable to penicillin and streptomycin against tested microorganisms. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

: PurposeTo report the use of eye wall resection in the management of tuberculous granuloma.: DesignInterventional case report.: MethodsIn a 26-year-old man with biopsy-proven tuberculous granuloma of the left eye, total eye wall resection and donor scleral grafting was performed for management of tuberculous granuloma involving the sclera, part of the cornea, the iris, the chamber angle, and the ciliary body. Adjuvant therapy included oral antitubercular medication.: ResultsThe treatment of the infection was successful. The scleral graft healed well, and the crystalline lens was preserved.: ConclusionsTotal eye wall resection, a technique described in the management of uveal tumors, can be adopted to manage selected cases of tuberculous granuloma of the eye. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Brucellosis is an economically important livestock disease worldwide besides having a noteworthy impact on human health. In this study, a rapid, simple, and ultra-sensitive nuclei-acid diagnostic technique was developed for the detection of brucellosis harnessing saltatory rolling circle amplification (SRCA). The diagnostic method was developed using World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) approved primers targeting the bcsp31 gene of the Brucella genome. The assay can be accomplished within 90 min at a temperature of 65 °C without the requirement of sophisticated instrumentation. The result interpretation can be done with the naked eye with the aid of SYBR green dye. The developed technique displayed 100% specificity by amplifying only 10 reference and field strains of Brucella spp. and there was no cross-reactivity with the other tested pathogens. The lower limit of detections of SRCA and end-point PCR assays were 9.7 fg/μL (2.7 genome copies of Brucella) and 970 fg/μL, respectively. Thus, the developed SRCA assay was found to be 100× more sensitive than the end-point PCR assay. To the best of our knowledge, our study is the first one to develop an SRCA-based assay for the detection of brucellosis and it can be a diagnostic tool for resource-constrained laboratories and veterinary hospitals. • Saltatory rolling circle amplification technique for the detection of Brucella. • Simple and ultrasensitive diagnostic method for specific detection of Brucella. • Technique operates at isothermal temperature and provides results in 90 min. • Detection limit (9.6 fg/μL) is 100× more sensitive than end-point PCR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 85°E Ridge, located in the Bay of Bengal of the northeastern Indian Ocean is an enigmatic geological feature as it possesses unusual geophysical signatures. The ridge's internal structure and mode of eruptions are unknown due to lack of deep seismic reflection and borehole data control. Here, we analyze 10 km of long-streamer seismic reflection data to unravel the ridge's internal structure, and thereby to enhance the understanding of how the ridge was originated and grew over a geologic time. Seismic facies analysis reveals the ridge structure consisting of volcanic vent and several stratigraphic units including packs of prograding clinoforms. The clinoform sequences are interpreted as volcanic successions, and led to the formation of lava-delta fronts. Interpreted features of lava-fed deltas and intervening erosional surfaces, and mass flows along ridge flanks suggest that the 85°E Ridge is a volcanic construct, and was built by both subaqueous and multiphase sub-marine volcanism during the Late Cretaceous (approximately from 85 to 80 Ma). At later time, from Oligocene-Miocene (∼23 Ma) onwards the ridge was buried under the thick sediments of the Bengal Fan system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reducing tillage intensity and retaining residues are important components of conservation agriculture but in small holder systems in developing countries where crop residues have alternate uses such as fodder and fuelwood, recycling or external additions of organic matter may be a possible option. Information on impacts of long term reduced tillage on soil carbon, labile organic carbon fractions and their depth distribution is scant in drylands of semi arid regions. The effect of tillage intensity (CT—conventional tillage; RT—reduced tillage and MT—minimum tillage) and sources of nitrogen (100% OS: 100% of recommended N through organic source; 50% OS +50%IOS: 50% N through organic source and 50% N through inorganic source and 100% IOS: 100% N through inorganic source) on crop yields, soil organic carbon and C fractions in an Alfisol was assessed at the end of a 10 year long term experiment. Finger millet yields decreased significantly with reduction in tillage intensity (29%). Among N sources, highest yields were recorded with substitution of 50% of the N through organic source. After 10 years, the soil organic carbon (SOC) in 0–20 cm soil layer with MT was 11% higher than with CT. The labile fractions of carbon, viz. particulate organic carbon (POC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and permanganate oxidizable carbon (KMnO 4 -C) under MT were 47%, 16% and 43% higher, respectively, in comparison to CT in the 0–20 cm soil layer. The total carbon (TC) and total organic carbon (TOC) with MT were higher by 28% and 27% over CT and higher by 20% and 20% with 100%OS over 100% IOS. Labile carbon fractions revealed differential sensitivity and POC, MBC and KMnO 4 -C are sensitive indicators to detect short term management effects. Reducing tillage intensity and applying various N sources enhanced SOC marginally and the C sequestration rate varied from 62 to 186 kg ha −1 yr −1 . Based on the study it can be recommended for substitution of 50% of the recommended N with organic source as it increases crop yields and soil carbon and could be a potential alternative for residue retention for crops which have fodder value. Reducing the tillage intensity can enhance the SOC in semi arid rainfed systems but lower crop yields under MT is a concern which needs to be addressed in order to make these systems acceptable to the farming community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose a new approach combining the chaos game representation and the two dimensional multifractal detrended cross correlation analysis methods to examine multifractal behavior in power law cross correlation between any pair of nucleotide sequences of unequal lengths. In this work, we analyzed the characteristic behavior of coding and non-coding DNA sequences of eight prokaryotes. The results show the presence of strong multifractal nature between coding and non-coding sequences of all data sets. We found that this integrative approach helps us to consider complete DNA sequences for characterization, and further it may be useful for classification, clustering, identification of class affiliation of nucleotide sequences etc. with high precision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The premature chromosome condensation (PCC) assay is considered as complementary bio-dosimetry tool for chromosome aberration assay and the PCC assay can be used to estimate high dose exposure. Though the PCC ring is considered as prospective biomarker, chromosome length ratio (ratio of longest and shortest chromosome length in PCC spreads) of chemically induced PCC is shown to be very good indicator of ionizing radiation. In view of this, an in-vitro study has been performed using PCC assay to suggest chromosome length ratio (LR) as potential bio-dosimeter induced by high dose ionizing radiation. Blood samples were collected from healthy subjects (n = 3) after prior consent and irradiated to ten different doses ranging between 0 and 20 Gy using 6 MV LINAC X-rays with dose rate of 5.6 Gy/min. Irradiated lymphocytes were cultured and calyculin induced PCC spreads were prepared. PCC spreads were captured using image analysis system and chromosome lengths were measured using open-source ImageJ software. For each dose, LR for 50 chromosome spreads were computed and mean LR value was calculated. LR varies between 6.0 ± 0.08 and 23.6 ± 0.55 for the dose range between 2 and 20 Gy. The dose response curve for LR was observed to be linear with y = 1.02x + 3.36, R2 = 0.97. Linear dose response relationship obtained in the present study confirms the prospective use of LR measurement. This study is first of its kind to examine chromosome length ratio as a biomarker of DNA damage in cells exposed to high dose X-ray exposure. • An in-vitro study using chemically induced PCC in X-ray irradiated lymphocytes. • Chromosome length ratio (LR) shown to be good indicator for high dose exposure. • Dose response curve of length ratio (longest/shortest) observed to be linear. • First of its kind to examine LR as a biomarker of DNA damage for high dose X-ray. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Ponatinib is the only currently approved tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) that suppresses all BCR-ABL1 single mutants in Philadelphia chromosome-positive (Ph + ) leukemia, including the recalcitrant BCR-ABL1 T315I mutant. However, emergence of compound mutations in a BCR-ABL1 allele may confer ponatinib resistance. We found that clinically reported BCR-ABL1 compound mutants center on 12 key positions and confer varying resistance to imatinib, nilotinib, dasatinib, ponatinib, rebastinib, and bosutinib. T315I-inclusive compound mutants confer high-level resistance to TKIs, including ponatinib. In vitro resistance profiling was predictive of treatment outcomes in Ph + leukemia patients. Structural explanations for compound mutation-based resistance were obtained through molecular dynamics simulations. Our findings demonstrate that BCR-ABL1 compound mutants confer different levels of TKI resistance, necessitating rational treatment selection to optimize clinical outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] We model through-thickness variation of material properties in functionally graded (FG) plates. [•] Effect of material grading index on deformations, stresses and natural frequency of FG plates is studied. [•] Effect of higher order terms in displacement models is studied for plate statics. [•] The benchmark solutions for the static analysis and free vibration of thick FG plates are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A selective stability-indicating ultra-performance liquid chromatographic (UPLC) method was developed for the quantitative determination of darifenacin hydrobromide (DFN) and its related compounds in API and pharmaceutical dosages. The chromatographic separation was achieved on an Acquity UPLC BEH C18 column (100, 2.1mm and 1.7μm) at a flow rate of 0.3mL/min, and detection was performed at 210nm. The typical retention behaviors of impurities at various pH values were depicted graphically. The LC conditions were optimized by design of experiments (DOE) to obtain optimal separation in the shortest possible run time. A central composite design (CCD) was employed to study the main effects and interactions of the independent variables. The drug and its thirteen impurities were eluted within 13min. The method exhibited consistent, high-quality recoveries (93.8±2.1 to 99.8±1.5 (mean±RSD)) with a high precision for the drug and impurities. Linear regression analysis revealed an excellent correlation between peak responses and concentrations (R 2 values of 0.9991–0.9999) for the drug and impurities. The stability-indicating capability of the method was verified by forced degradation experiments and mass balance study. LC–MS revealed protonated molecular ion peaks [M+H]+ at m/z 428.20, m/z 425.20 and m/z 281.30 for the acid (Imp-4), oxidized (Imp-6) and N-dealkylated (Imp-1) forms of DFN, respectively. Possible degradation pathways were established based on the known reactivity of the drug through hydrolysis, oxidation, N-dealkylation, phenyl hydroxylation, dihydrobenzofuran ring hydroxylation and ring opening. The m/z values of unknown degradation products were matched with the proposed structures and reported DFN metabolites. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A convenient and useful protocol has been designed for the synthesis of N-aryl acetamides from the corresponding nitro compounds via a reductive N-acylation process using bi-functional, recyclable heterogeneous platinum nanoparticles supported on zirconia [Pt(0)/ZrO2] catalyst, employing molecular hydrogen as the environmentally benign reductant and the corresponding anhydrides as acylating agents. N-Boc protected amines were also synthesized in similar lines, from the corresponding azides. The reaction is successfully performed under mild conditions to afford good to excellent yields of the products. The solid bifunctional-catalyst, Pt(0)/ZrO2 is quantitatively recovered by simple centrifugation and reused for multiple cycles with consistent activity and selectivity. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Vicinal di-oxygenation of styrene-type olefins was achieved with cheaper, less toxic CuI in the presence of l-proline as ligand and NaIO4 as the oxidant. This approach provides a straightforward and efficient access to mono-acylated diols from both styrene and stilbene derivatives with good to excellent yields and diastereoselectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Claims that women who have elective abortions will experience psychological distress have fueled much of the recent debate on abortion. It has been argued that the emotional sequelae of abortion may not occur until months or years after the event. Despite unclear evidence on such a phenomenon, adverse mental health outcomes of abortion have been used as a rationale for policy-making. We systematically searched for articles focused on the potential association between abortion and long-term mental health outcomes published between January 1, 1989 and August 1, 2008 and reviewed 21 studies that met the inclusion criteria. We rated the study quality based on methodological factors necessary to appropriately explore the research question. Studies were rated as Excellent (no studies), Very Good (4 studies), Fair (8 studies), Poor (8 studies), or Very Poor (1 study). A clear trend emerges from this systematic review: the highest quality studies had findings that were mostly neutral, suggesting few, if any, differences between women who had abortions and their respective comparison groups in terms of mental health sequelae. Conversely, studies with the most flawed methodology found negative mental health sequelae of abortion. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The study on energy-use efficiency and economics of soybean based cropping system, viz., soybean–wheat (Glycine max 9 L., Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori & Paol.), soybean–lentil (Lens culinaris Medicus) and soybean–field pea (Pisum sativum L., sensu lato), was carried out at the Hawalbagh experimental farm of Vivekananda Institute of Hill Agriculture, Almora, Uttarakhand, India during 2001–2003 (29°36′ N, 79°40′ E). These cropping systems, under rainfed conditions, were evaluated with different tillage management practices, viz., zero tillage (ZT), minimum tillage (MT) and conventional tillage (CT). Each tillage management practice, under each cropping system was evaluated for total energy output, energy input–output ratio, gross income, net income and marginal income, to variable cost of cultivation. Results revealed that the maximum energy was consumed in terms of chemical fertilizers, followed by seed and plant protection chemicals, in all cropping systems. Equivalent energy was used from literature for conversion purpose. The maximum output energy was observed in CT (44,253MJ/ha), followed by MT for soybean–lentil cropping system (43,450MJ/ha). The output–input energy ratio was maximum in ZT for soybean–lentil (4.9) followed by MT for soybean–pea cropping system (4.6). The economic analysis also revealed that the maximum benefits could be obtained from these sequences. Conventional tillage for all cropping sequences was found to be a better option as compared to minimum tillage and zero tillage. Benefit–cost ratios were higher in conventional tillage in all the three cropping systems. However, from the point of energy saving or cost reduction, zero tillage and minimum tillage may be considered depending on resources. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]