Search

Abstract: Children spend substantial amount of time within school microenvironments; therefore, assessing school-based exposures is essential for characterizing and preventing children's health risks to air pollutants. Indeed, the importance of characterizing children's exposures in schools is recognized by the US Environmental Protection Agency's recent initiative to promote outdoor air monitoring networks near schools. As part of a health effects study investigating the impact of traffic-related air pollution on asthmatic children along the US–Mexico border, this research examines children's exposures to, and spatio-temporal heterogeneity in concentrations of, traffic-related air pollutants at four elementary schools in El Paso, Texas. Three schools were located in an area of high traffic density and one school in an area of low traffic density. Paired indoor and outdoor concentrations of 48-h fine and coarse particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10–2.5), 48-h black carbon (BC), 96-h nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and 96-h volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were measured for 13 weeks at each school. Outdoor concentrations of PM, NO2, BC, and BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, m,p-xylene, o-xylene) compounds were similar among the three schools in the high-traffic zone in contrast to the school in the low-traffic zone. Results from this study and previous studies in this region corroborate the fact that PM pollution in El Paso is dominated by coarse PM (PM10–2.5) and fine fraction (PM2.5) accounts for only 25–30% of the total PM mass in PM10. BTEX species and BC are better surrogates for traffic air pollution in this region. Correlation analyses indicate a range of association between indoor and outdoor pollutant concentrations due to uncontrollable factors like student foot traffic and varying building and ventilation configurations across the four schools. Results suggest the need of micro-scale monitoring for children's exposure assessment, which may not be adequately characterized by the measurements from a centralized monitoring site. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Traffic-related air and noise pollution on or near major roadways have been examined but these pollutants have not been extensively investigated away from major roadways in residential communities, especially in the United States. To evaluate the impact of trucks and trains passing nearby on air and noise pollution in residential areas during non-rush hours, we simultaneously measured concentrations of size-resolved airborne particulate matter (PM) and sound pressure levels as A-weighted equivalent (dBA) with frequencies in three underserved communities adjacent to industrial facilities in Houston, TX. We found that median concentrations for PM 1 (particle size ≤ 1 µm) and PM 10 (particle size ≤ 10 µm) were highest when trucks passed by at sampling locations, followed by periods when trains passed by. PM 1 and PM 10 concentrations were lowest at background (defined when there was no truck or train traffic near the monitoring location). Median PM 2.5 (particle size ≤ 2.5 µm) mass concentrations were 19.8 µg/m 3 (trains), 16.5 µg/m 3 (trucks), and 13.9 µg/m 3 (background). Short-term increases in noise were attributed to trains and trucks passing nearby as well. The median noise levels were the highest when trains passed by (66.7 dBA) followed by periods when trucks were in the vicinity of the monitoring locations (62.5 dBA); background levels were 58.2 dBA. The overall Spearman correlation coefficients between air and noise pollution were between 0.09 and 0.46. Hence, we recommend that both air pollutant and noise levels be concurrently evaluated for accurate exposure assessment related to traffic sources in residential communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) measured outside homes in Houston, TX and Los Angeles, CA were characterized by the effects of source proximity and meteorological factors. Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, m , p -xylene, o -xylene (BTEX), methyl tert butyl ether (MTBE), tetrachloroethylene (perchloroethylene, PCE), and carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4 ) were examined. Multiple stepwise regression analysis converged the best-fit models with predictors from meteorological conditions and the proximity to specific point, area, and mobile sources on the residential outdoor VOC concentrations. Negative associations of wind speed with concentrations demonstrated the effect of dilution by high wind speed. Atmospheric stability increase was associated with concentration increase. Petrochemical source proximity was a significant predictor for BTEX and MTBE concentrations in Houston. Ethylbenzene and xylene source proximity was a significant predictor in Los Angeles. Close proximity to area sources such as scrap metal recycling or dry cleaning facilities increased the MTBE, PCE, and CCl 4 concentrations in Houston and Los Angeles. Models for ethylbenzene, m , p -xylene, and MTBE in Houston, and benzene in Los Angeles explained that for the median values of the meteorological factors, homes closest to influential highways would have concentrations that were 1.7–2.2 fold higher than those furthest from these mobile emission sources. If the median distance to sources were used in the models, the VOC concentrations varied 1.7 to 6.6 fold as the meteorological conditions varied over the observed range. These results highlight that each urban area is unique and localized sources need to be carefully evaluated to understand potential contributions to VOC air concentrations near residences, which influence baseline indoor air concentrations and personal exposures. Results of this study could assist in the appropriate design of monitoring networks for community-level sampling. They may also improve the accuracy of exposure models linking emission sources with estimated pollutant concentrations at the residential level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Exposure to traffic-related pollutants poses a serious health threat to residents of major urban centers around the world. In El Paso, Texas, this problem is exacerbated by the region''s arid weather, frequent temperature inversions, heavy border traffic, and an aged, poorly maintained vehicle fleet. The impact of exposure to traffic pollution, particularly on children with asthma, is poorly understood. Tracking the environmental health burden related to traffic pollution in El Paso is difficult, especially within school microenvironments, because of the lack of sensitive environmental health indicator data. The Asthma Control Questionnaire (ACQ) is a survey tool for the measurement of overall asthma control, yet has not previously been considered as an outcome in air pollution health effect research. We conducted a repeated measure panel study to examine weekly associations between ACQ scores and traffic- and non-traffic air pollutants among asthmatic schoolchildren in El Paso. In the main one- and two-pollutant epidemiologic models, we found non-significant, albeit suggestive, positive associations between ACQ scores and respirable particulate matter (PM10), coarse particulate matter (PM10–2.5), fine particulate matter (PM2.5), black carbon (BC), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), benzene, toluene, and ozone (O3). Notably, associations were stronger and significant for some subgroups, in particular among subjects taking daily inhaled corticosteroids. This pattern may indicate heightened immune system response in more severe asthmatics, those with worse asthma “control” and higher ACQ scores at baseline. If the ACQ is appropriately used in the context of air pollution studies, it could reflect clinically measurable and biologically relevant changes in lung function and asthma symptoms that result from poor air quality and may increase our understanding of how air pollution influences asthma exacerbation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), PM2.5, and organic and elemental carbon (OC and EC) were measured in 48 h integrated samples collected in the indoor and outdoor air in Los Angeles, CA, Houston, TX, and Elizabeth, NJ from July 1999 to June 2000. The objective of the study was to evaluate the hypothesis that outdoor air pollution contributed strongly to indoor air pollution. The measured partition coefficients of PAHs, Kp,meas, in the individual samples were well correlated with the compounds’ sub-cooled liquid vapor pressure, pLo. Values of Kp,meas varied by about two orders of magnitude for any given value of vapor pressure. These variations in gas/particle partitioning of PAHs were higher than the estimated systematic and random error of Kp,meas and are related to the aerosol characteristics and sampling conditions. Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis (MLR) of the pooled data, which included pLo at 25°C, temperature, fOC and fEC as independent variables, explains 84.5% of the variability of the partition coefficients. This is higher than the explained variance when pLo is used as a single parameter (77.5%). The relative importance of each variable for prediction of PAH partition coefficient is determined by partial coefficients of determination. Vapor pressure at 25°C (RpoL2=0.84) and temperature (RT2=0.21) are the two most important predictors followed by fEC (RfEC2=0.12) and fOC (RfOC2=0.038). Both EC and OC carbon are important predictors of gas/particle partitioning of PAHs, with EC being a better predictor. Because EC is highly correlated with (and is a good tracer of) primary combustion-generated OC, this result suggests that PAHs more readily sorb on combustion-generated aerosol containing EC. Enrichment of the indoor aerosol in non-combustion OC suggests that sorption of PAHs is more important in the indoor air compared to the outdoor air. The MLR developed in this work will improve prediction of gas/particle partitioning of PAHs in indoor and outdoor air. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]