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This research paper presents a quantitative approach to sensing mammographic density (MD) using single-sided portable Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). It focuses on three main techniques: spin–lattice relaxation (recovery) time (T 1), spin–spin relaxation (decay) time (T 2), and Diffusion (D) techniques by testing whether or not the aforementioned techniques are in agreement with the gold standard and with each other when used for scanning breast tissue specimens with a variety of mammographic densities (MDs). The high mammographic density (HMD), intermediate MD, and low mammographic density (LMD) regions of each slice were identified according to the mammogram images. Subsequently, the grayscale values for these regions were quantified. One region was measured from the first sample while the remaining ones were measured from the second sample. The same areas were then exposed to portable NMR, and the sequences used as following: the stimulated echo sequence for diffusion (D), the Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG) sequence for T 2 , and saturation recovery sequence for T 1. The correlations between the grayscale values and NMR techniques were strongly correlated. The Pearson correlation coefficient, R, of T 1 (%) versus grayscale value, D (%) versus grayscale value, and T 2 (%) versus grayscale value, was 0.91, 0.91, and 0.93, respectively. Furthermore, the relative water content of the breast slices based on T 1 , T 2 , and diffusion (D) measurements were strongly in agreement with each other. The Pearson correlation coefficient, R, of D (%) versus T 1 (%), D (%) versus T 2 (%), and T 1 (%) versus T 2 (%), was 0.984, 0.966, and 0.9868, respectively. The three pulse sequences can be employed in a portable NMR device to deliver continuous quantitative measurements of MD in breast tissue samples. As a result, the method demonstrated to be acceptable for determining the distribution of MDs among breast tissue samples without the need for additional qualitative analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Filters reduce the noise at the expense of visual image quality. • Digital interpretation of images prevents misinterpretation of the images due to blurring of the images. • Dose reduction without compromising the diagnostic. Medical images are usually affected by biological and physical artifacts or noise, which reduces image quality and hence poses difficulties in visual analysis, interpretation and thus requires higher doses and increased radiographs repetition rate. This study aims at assessing image quality during CT abdomen and brain examinations using filtering techniques as well as estimating the radiogenic risk associated with CT abdomen and brain examinations. The data were collected from the Radiology Department at Royal Care International (RCI) Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan. The study included 100 abdominal CT images and 100 brain CT images selected from adult patients. Filters applied are namely: Mean filter, Gaussian filter, Median filter and Minimum filter. In this study, image quality after denoising is measured based on the Mean Squared Error (MSE), Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR), and the Structural Similarity Index Metric (SSIM). The results show that the images quality parameters become higher after applications of filters. Median filter showed improved image quality as interpreted by the measured parameters: PSNR and SSIM, and it is thus considered as a better filter for removing the noise from all other applied filters. The noise removed by the different filters applied to the CT images resulted in enhancing high quality images thereby effectively revealing the important details of the images without increasing the patients' risks from higher doses. Filtering and image reconstruction techniques not only reduce the dose and thus the radiation risks, but also enhances high quality imaging which allows better diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sensitivity to ionizing radiation is increasing by age of development for some malignant tumors. Therefore, children have higher risk to radiation induced tumors due the high cellular rate of proliferation and long lifespan probability. The risk is also increase with increase the effective and organ doses. Computed tomography (CT) exposed pediatric patients to higher radiation dose during multiphase image acquisition, repeated exams, for follow-up procedures. This research intended to estimate the radiogenic risks and effective radiation doses resulted from CT enhanced contrast for abdomen and pelvis. 126 (66 (62.3%) males, 60 (47.7%) females) pediatric patients underwent CT enhanced abdominal examination at Medical Imaging Department at King Khalid Hospital and Prince Sultan Center for Health Services, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia. The average and range of pediatric age (years) is 11.6 ± 5.0 (0.1–17). The mean, standard deviation, and range of the volume CT air kerma index (C VOL (mGy) and the air kerma length product (P KL , mGy.cm) were 9.8 ± 9.4 (2.1–45.8) and 1795 (221–3150) per abdominopelvic procedure, respectively. The mean and range of the effective dose (mSv) per procedure are 26.9 (2.4–59.1). The effective dose is higher compared to the most previously published studies. The effective dose per pediatric abdomen and pelvis with contrast procedure suggest that the patient dose is not optimized yet. Because the chest and pelvis region contain sensitive organs that are irradiated repeatedly, dose optimization is crucial. • Pediatric radiation doses were quantify the effective dose during multiphasic CT abdomen and pelvis procedures. • The variation is up to 20-fold and 25-fold for the C VOL and P KL , respectively. • The variation in in paediatric doses suggest that the patient dose is not optimized yet. • The radiogenic risk estimated from the multiphasic CT procedure is 1 per 1000 procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

About 70% of all collective doses from medical tests come from computed tomography (CT), the primary public radiation exposure source. Patients received higher doses during contrast-enhanced CT procedures (Angiography) than routine CT procedures. The current research aims to quantify the patients' radiation doses, estimate the cancer risk probability, and establish institutional diagnostic reference level (IDRL) during lower extremity angiography. One hundred eleven patients (61.3% male and 38.7% female) underwent contrast-enhanced CT procedures. A 160-Slice CT scanner was used for image acquisition for all patient populations. IDRL values were quantified based on the 3rd quartile value of the CT dose descriptors. All procedures were carried out at Al-Moaallim Medical City, Khartoum, Sudan. A computer software (CT-Expo, ImPACT) was used to extrapolate the effective dosage per extremity CTA examination was estimated. The mean patient age (years) was 56.1 ± 18 (18–82). The patient's radiation doses was quantified using volume CTDI and dose length product (DLP) to 7.3 ± 2 (2.9–16.8) (mGy) and 3712 ± 126 (279–8374) (mGy.cm), respectively. The average effective doses were 22 mSv (range: 1.7–50) per lower CT angiography for the lower extremity. The proposed IDRL for the VCTA procedure was 3562 mGy cm and 17 mGy for DLP and CTDIvol, respectively. The proposed IDRL is higher than the previously published studies; therefore, patient dose optimization is recommended. • Radiation doses were determined for patients undergoing VCTA procedure. • A 160-Slice CT scanner with iterative reconstruction techniques was used for examining the patients. • The average effective doses were 22 mSv (range: 1.7–50) per VCTA. • The proposed LDRL for the VCTA procedure was 3562 mGy cm and 17 mGy for DLP and CTDIvol, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integrated Positron Emission Tomography (PET) with Computerized tomography (CT) (PET/CT) are widely used to diagnose, stage and track human diseases during whole body scanning. Multi-modality imaging is an interesting area of research that aims at acquiring united morphological-functional image information for accurate diagnosing and staging of the disease. However, PET/CT procedure accompanied with high radiation dose from CT and administered radioactivity. The aim of the present study was to estimate the patients' dose from 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose imaging (18F-FDG) hybrid PET/CT whole body scan. RADAR (Radiation Dose Assessment Resource) software was used to estimate the effective dose for 156 patients (110 (70.5%)) males and 46 (39.5%) female) examined using Discovery PET/CT 710, GE Medical Systems installed at Kuwait Cancer Control Center (KCCC). The effective dose results presented in this PET/CT study ranged from (1.56–9.94 mSv). The effective dose was calculated to be 3.88 mSv in females and 3.71 mSv in males. The overall breast (female), lung, liver, kidney and thyroid were 7.4, 7.2, 5.2, 4, 3 and 2.9, respectively. For females, the body mass index (BMI) was 28.49 kg/m2 and for males it was 26.50 kg/m2 which showed overweight values for both genders. Conclusions: The findings indicate that the effective dose of 18F-FDG in both male and female patients was not substantially different. The study suggested that the risk–benefit proportions of any 18F-FDG whole body PET/CT scan should be clarified and carefully weighed. Patient's doses are lower compared with previous studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brain neoplasms or intracranial tumors, which are more common in older adults, can affect individuals of any age including pediatric and children. Exposure to carcinogenic agents including ionizing radiation and family history is one of the main causes of the disease. Early diagnosis is crucial to avoid prolonged. patients' suffering. The aim of the study was to efficiently recognize the brain tumors from the other brain tissues which include grey and white matter as well as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). This study was performed using axial, sagittal and coronal views for fifty brain tumor patients randomly selected from a set of 200 patients, with a "control" set consisting of images showing no sign of disease; and the "test" brain MRI images for patients diagnosed with brain tumor. The study includes both genders with age ranging from 18 years to 83 years old, (56.5 ± 17.2). The brain images were acquired using a standard head coil Philips Intera 1.5 Tesla machine (USA). The thickness of each section in the entire sequence was 8 mm. Acquisition of T2-weighted and T1-weighted were performed. Interactive Data Language software was used to analyze the data. The results of this study showed that: the overall accuracy of classification process was 94.8%, and for the tumor; the sensitivity was 97.3%. White matter and grey matter showed a classification accuracy of 95.7% and 89.7% and for CSF the accuracy was 94.3%. The results showed that brain tumor can be classified successfully and delineated using texture analysis with minimum efforts and with high accuracy for brain tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to estimate the effective radiation dose and organ dose from head CT procedures. It was conducted in three main private hospitals in Khartoum State-Sudan, using Toshiba machines with 64 slices. The total number of patients included in this study was 142 patients (82 males and 60 females). The effective dose and organ dose were calculated by CT Expo software. The effective dose slightly varied among patients according to gender and age. The effective dose for female patients (5.99 mSv) was higher than that for male patients (5.84 mSv), and the pediatric dose (5.46 mSv) was lower than the adults' dose (5.94 mSv). The dose for eye lens was found lower for male patients (89.117 mSv) than the dose for female patients (94.62) mSv). According to patients' age: the dose received by the lens of the eye was much lower in pediatric (79.93 mSv) than the adults (92.41 mSv). The dose for thyroid in female patients (33.52 mSv) was higher than the male patients (28 mSv). The pediatric dose (28.34 mSv) was lower than the adults' dose (30.64 mSv). Departmental imaging protocol and lack of training among hospital staff are expected to be responsible for these variations. Therefore, this study recommends that the CT technologists be trained on suitable strategies to achieve dose optimization. Moreover, patients' doses must be monitored regularly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the extended localized fluoroscopy, many radiographic exposures, and multiple procedures that might result in tissue reaction, patients and personnel received a significant radiation dose during interventional cardiology (IR) procedures. This study aims to calculate the radiation risk and assess patient and staff effective doses during IC procedures. Thirty-two patients underwent a Cath lab treatment in total. Ten Cath lab personnel, including six nurses, two cardiologists, and two X-ray technologists. Optical stimulating-luminescent dosimeters (OSL) (Al2O3:C) calibrated for this purpose were used to monitor both occupational and ambient doses. Using an automated OSL reader, these badges were scanned. The Air Kerma (mGy) and Kerma Area Products (KAP, mGy.cm2) have a mean and standard deviation (SD) of 371 ± 132 and 26052, respectively. The average personal dose equivalent (mSv) and its range for cardiologists, nurses and X ray technologists were 1.11 ± 0.21 (0.96–1.26), 0.84 ± 0.11 (0.68–1.16), and 0.68 ± 0.014 (0.12–0.13), respectively. The current study findings showed that the annual effective dose for cardiologists, nurses, and X-ray technologists was lesser than the yearly occupational dose limit of 20 mSv recommended by national and international guidelines. The patients' doses are comparable with some previously published studies and below the tissue reaction limits. • Occupational and patient-effective doses were quantified during Cath lab procedures. • The staff dose was measured using calibrated optical stimulating-luminescent dosimeters (OSL) (Al2O3:C). • The annual effective dose for Cath lab personnel is within the defined dose limit. • The Cath lab personnel was well protected according to the current workload. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast cancer is a common malignancy for females (25% of female cancers) and also has low incidence in males. It was estimated that 1% of all breast malignancies occur in males with mortality rate about 20%, with annual increase in incidence. Risk factors include age, family history, exposure to ionizing radiation and high estrogen and low of androgens hormones level. Diagnosis and screening are challenging due to limiting effectiveness of breast cancer screening. Therefore, patients may expose to ionizing radiation that may contribute in breast cancer incidence in males. In literature, limited studies were published regarding radiation exposure for males during mammography. The objective of this research is to quantify patient doses during male mammogram and to estimate the projected radiogenic risk during the procedure. In total, 42 male patients were undergone mammogram for breast cancer diagnosis during two consecutive years. The mean and range of patient age (years) is 45 (23–80). The mean and standard deviation (SD) of the peak tube potential and tube current time product are 28.64 ± 2. and 149 ± 35.1, respectively. The mean, and range of patients' entrance surface air kerma (ESAK, mGy) per single breast procedure was 5.3 (0.47–27.5). Male patient's received comparable radiation dose per mammogram compared to female procedures. With increasing incidence of male breast cancer, proper guidelines are necessary for the mammographic procedure are necessary to reduce unnecessary radiation doses and radiogenic risk. • Average glandular doses were quantified for 42 male patients' mammograms. • The radiogenic risk for male procedure is low compared to other procedures. • Elimination of the radiation exposure for young male and girls is recommended. • Males received comparable dose to females mammography procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Computed tomography (CT) procedures are the largest source of medical radiation exposure in children and adults. Numerous children undergo high-radiation-dose examinations due to the increasing utilization of CT in children and the wide range of radiation doses. It is therefore necessary to protect pediatric patients, because of their higher sensitivity to ionizing radiation. This study aimed to establish a multicenter cohort of pediatric patients who received CT scans and predict the radiation-related cancer risk. Ninety-five patients who underwent various CT scans [brain 64 (67.4%), chest 14 (14.7%), abdomen 17 (17.9%)] were referred to one of three hospitals. All patients were examined using one of three identical multi-detector CT machines (Toshiba Aquilion 64) according to standard departmental imaging protocols. The average effective doses per scan for brain, chest, and abdominal procedures were 49.7, 34, and 40 mSv, respectively. Dose-reduction measures might significantly decrease the number of radiation-induced malignancies in children. • Radiation dose was quantified for CT brain, chest, and abdomen procedures. • Three 64 multi-detector CT machines from a single vendor were used. • The radiogenic risks per procedure are 6.5, 4.4, and 5.2 per 10-3 CT brain, chest, and abdomen, respectively. • Children received high-dose per exam and higher than previously reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radiation exposures for medical purposes is remained the main sources to public from manmade radiation. The aims of the study are to patients' radiation doses during specific planar radiography procedures. A total of 247 patients were examined at four radiology department in Khartoum state, Sudan. The absorbed dose to air at the center of the beam, including backscattered radiation, is known as the entrance surface air kerma (ESAK, mGy). ESAK (K e) can be computed using the product backscatter factor (B) and incident air kerma Ki. The mean ESAK (mGy) for the chest, skull, abdomen, hip, lumbar spine and limbs procedures were 0.2, 0.76, 97, 1.88, 1.25, 2.25 and 0.30 mGy, respectively. The average ESAK (mGy) values attained for eight planar radiography procedures are comparable or slightly lesser than the previously published studies for the chest, pelvis, and limbs. The patient doses during the skull, abdomen, hip, and spinal cord (lumbar spine) are lower than the previously published values. • ESAK during eight planar imaging procedures were evaluated. • The radiographic equipment performance in all hospitals was acceptable. • Wide variability in the patients' doses per radiographic was noticed. • Standardized imaging protocols are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CT scanning deliver much higher radiation doses than planar radiological procedures, which puts patients to high risks. This study measures and evaluates patient doses during chest and abdomen computed tomography procedures. Particular attention is given to measuring the dose to the equivalent breast (mSv) and to estimate the associated risks of breast cancer to young female patients (15–35 years). Data was obtained from standard examinations from three hospitals. The measured values of CT dose indexes, CTDI (mGy) as well as exposure-related parameters were used for assessment. Breast and effective doses were extrapolated using a software. The results showed remarkable variations of the mean organ equivalent doses for similar CT examinations in the studied hospitals. This could be attributed to the variation in CT scanning imaging technique, and clinical indications. The average effective dose to the chest was 7.9 mSv (2.3–47.0 mSv) and for the abdomen the mean dose was 6.6 mSv, ranging from (3.3–27 mSv). The breast received equivalent doses from chest and abdomen procedures as follows: 10.2 (1.6–33 mSv) and 10.1(2.3–19 mS) Sv respectively. Each procedure yielded high risks of breast cancer for young females. Implementation of accurate referral criteria is recommended to avoid unnecessary breast radiation exposure. • Breast radiation doses for young females were evaluated during CT chest and abdomen procedures. • CT chest and abdomen procedures yielded high risks of breast cancer for young females. • Breast doses varied from 1.6 to 33 mSv during chest CT procedure. • Proper justification and optimization are recommended to save young females from potential radiogenic risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Computed tomography perfusion (CTP) is contrast-enhanced dynamic imaging of the brain utilized to assess the blood flow volume and transmit time to the brain's parenchyma. Stroke is the world's second greatest cause of mortality, accounting for 11% of all deaths, and a major cause of disability. Previous studies reported a high radiation dose per procedure with an eye lens equivalent dose (mGy) ranging from 81.0 mGy to 348.0 mGy. This study's objective is to evaluate patients exposure during CTP procedures. Materials and methods. Three hundred twenty patients with ischemic stroke underwent CTP were examined at King Fahad Medical City (KFMC). The imaging protocol consists of plain CT, CT angiography (CTA), CTP, Angiography. The volume CT Dose Index (CTDIvol, mGy) and dose length product (DLP, mGy.cm) were registered from the PACS system. The effective dose calculation (E, mSv) was extrapolated using computer software. For the CTP procedure, the mean and range of DLP (mGy.cm) for the complete procedure, CT brain, CTA, CTA digital subtraction angiography (DSA), and CTP were 1045 (105–3072), 843 (277–1530), 470.5 (210–1356), 238.8 (105–439), 2712(2012–3072) examinations, respectively. The mean and range of the effective dose (mSv) and CTDIvol (mGy) were 13.2 (10.6–17.1), 80.5 (6.11–256), in that order. The patients' doses showed wide variation due to the selection of multiple phases of acquisition and exposure factors. The dose is higher than most previous studies. Radiation dose optimization is recommended by establishing diagnostic reference level (DRL), proper CT machine setting, and increasing operators' awareness regarding radiation risks. • Multimodal computed tomography (CT) radiation doses were quantified for 72 patients. • Multimodal consists of noncontrast, angiography, digital subtraction angiography, and Perfusion CT procedure. • Multimodal CT brain procedure resulted in an effective dose of 6–15 mSv. • The use of the CTP- DSA procedure exposes the patients to unnecessary radiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dosimetric and radiobiological evaluations for the Jaws-only Intensity-modulated radiotherapy (JO-IMRT) technique for head and neck jaws-only intensity-modulated radiation therapy (JO-IMRT) and 3D conformal radiation therapy (3D-CRT). To compare the head-and-neck therapeutic approaches utilizing JO-IMRT and 3D-CRT techniques, different radiation dose indices were calculated, including: conformity index (CI), homogeneity index (HI), and radiobiological variables like Niemierko's equivalent uniform dose based tumor control probability (TCP) of planning target volume (PTV), normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) of organs at risk (OAR) (brainstem, spinal cord, and parotid grand). Twenty-five nasopharynx patients were studied using the Prowess Panther Treatment Planning System (Prowess Inc). The results were compared with the dose distribution obtained using 3D-CRT. Regarding tumor coverage and CI, JO-IMRT showed better results than 3D-CRT. The average doses received by the PTVs were quite similar: 72.1 ± 0.8 Gy by 3D-CRT and 72.5 ± 0.6 Gy by JO-IMRT plans (p > 0.05). The mean doses received by the parotid gland were 56.7 ± 0.7 Gy by 3D-CRT and 26.8 ± 0.3 Gy by JO-IMRT (p > 0.05). The HI and CI were 0.13 ± 0.01 and 0.14 ± 0.05 and (p > 0.05) by 3D-CRT and 0.83 ± 0.05 and 0.73 ± 0.10 by JO-IMRT (p < 0.05). The average TCP of PTV was 0.82 ± 0.08 by 3D-CRT and 0.92 ± 0.02 by JO-IMRT. Moreover, the NTCP of the parotid glands, brain stem, and spinal cord were lower using the JO-IMRT than 3D-CRT plans. In comparison to the 3D-CRT approach, the JO-IMRT technique was able to boost dose coverage to the PTV, improve the target's CI and HI, and spare the parotid glands. This suggests the power of the JO-IMRT over 3D-CRT in head-and-neck radiotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Staff occupational radiation exposure is limited to 20 mSv annually to preclude tissue reaction and lower risk of cancer effect. Staff occupational exposure arises during the preparation, injection, and scanning of the patients. Recent studies reported that nuclear medicine personnel might exceed the annual dose limit in high workload and poor radiation protection circumstances. Therefore, an accurate estimation of the annual dose limit is recommended. The goal of this research is to calculate the cumulative external effective dose (mSv) per year for nuclear medicine physicians, technologists, and nurses at SPECT/CT department. A total of 15 staff worked in the nuclear medicine department at King Saud Medical City (KSMC), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia were evaluated for the last six years. 99mTc is used more frequently for most of the patients. The procedures include renal, cardiac scintigraphy procedures. Staff dose was quantified using calibrated thermoluminecnt dosimeters (TLD-100) with an automatic TLD reader (Harshaw 6600). Exposure to ionizing radiation was evaluated in terms of deep doses (Hp(10) were evaluated. The overall average and standard deviation of the external doses for nuclear medicine physicians, technologists' and nurses were 1.8 ± 0.7, 1.9 ± 0.6, 2.0 ± 0.9, 2.2 ± 0.8, 6.0 ± 2.8, and 3.6 ± 1.3 for the years 2015,2016,2017,2018,2019, and 2020, respectively. Technologists and nurses received higher doses of compared to the nuclear medicine physicians. Technologists and nurses involved in radionuclide preparation, patients' injection, and image acquisition. Staff annual exposure is below the annual dose limits; however, this external dose is considered high compared to the current workload. • Staff annual effective dose was estimated at nuclear medicine department equipped with two SPECT/CT systems. • External effective dose in terms of Hp(10) was monitored for six consecutive years. • Occupational exposure was quantified with thermoluminecnt dosimeters (TLD-100). • Technologists and nurses received higher doses than the nuclear medicine physicians. • Staff annual radiation from external exposure is 50% below the annual dose limits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The positron emitters (18F-Sodium Fluoride (NaF)) and X-rays used in Positron emission tomography (PET) combined with computed tomography (PET/CT) imaging have a high radiation dose, which results in a high patient dose. The present research intends to determine the radiation dose and risks associated with PET/CT- 18F-Sodium fluoride examinations in patients. The 18F–NaF PET/CT was used to investigate the doses of 86 patients. Patient exposure parameters and ImPACT software were used to calculate mean effective doses. The administered activity of 185 MBq (5.0 mCi) per procedure has a mean and range based on the patient's BMI (BMI). The range of patient effective doses per procedure was found to be 4–10 mSv, with a radiation risk of 1 × 10−5 per procedure. Patient doses are determined by the patient's size, scanner type, imaging protocol, and reconstruction method. For further dose reduction, proper justification and radiation dose optimization is required. • Effective doses were estimated for patients undergoing PET/CT procedures. • CT contributed 66.7% to patient cumulative effective doses (mSv) while (18F–NaF, PET) contributed 33.3%. • Patients dose optimization is recommended during PET/CT examinations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study is to assess the patients' effective and organ dose during theranostic applications in Kuwait. In total, eighteen adults' patients were conducted nuclear medicine procedures with 177Lu Dotatate for theranostic purpose in Kuwait Cancer control center (KCCC), Kuwait. Medium energy collimator (MEC) (208 keV Scatter 26% better than 113 keV Scatter 60%) was utilized to obtain scans in definite time intervals ranged from one to 2 h (before voiding), 6:00, 24:00, 48:00, 72:00 h. Patients, tissue and organ radiation doses were computed utilizing OLINDA/EXM Software. The average radiation effective dose (in mSv/MBq) for bladder, liver, and both kidneys (left & right), were 0.36, 0.08, 0.61 & 0.60. The range of the effective dose was from 0.55 mSv to 7.7 mSv. The acquired scans using 177Lu were delivered diagnostic findings. The patients' effective dose is lower compared to the previous studies. Variation is attributed to the departmental protocol and administered activity. The values of the mean organ dose were comparable and lower than previously published studies. Different organs have different level of doses, which may affected by the presence of the metastatic tumors in the entire organ. • Patients' organs dosimetry in targeted radionuclide therapy were carried out in Kuwait Cancer Control Centre. • A total of 18 patients were undergone theranostic procedures with 177Lu Dotatate. • Organ and total patients doses were calculated using Organ Level INternal Dose Assessment (OLINDA) Software. • Optimization of the PET/CT imaging protocol is recommended to assure that patients received a minimal effective dose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purposes of this study are to estimate patient's radiation doses and radiogenic risk in vascular lower limb computed tomography (CT). In total, 188 (109 (68%) males and 79 (42%) females) patients undergone vascular CT for the lower limbs at three radiology departments. Three CT scanners, 160, 128, and 64 slices CT, were used in this study. CT-Expo and ImPACT CT dose estimation software were used to extrapolate the effective dose. The overall average and range of volume CT dose index (CTDIvol (mGy) and dose length product (DLP) (mGy.cm) 7.3 (2.3–22.9), and 3000 (279.1–8374.4) the same order. The overall effective dose average value was 18 mSv per procedure. The proposed diagnostic reference level (DRL) values are 9 mGy (CTDIvol) and 2500 mGy cm (DLP) per vascular lower limb CT procedure. The risk of cancer from the peripheral CT angiography procedures ranges from 1 in 1000 to 1 in 3000 procedures. The cancer risk per procedure should be considered during the justification and image acquisition stages. • Peripheral CT angiography for lower extremities were performed using three CT machines. • CT dose per procedure (DLP (mGy.cm) is higher up to 10 times compared to previous. • Patients are being seen to be receiving unnecessary radiation doses during triphasic CT abdomen procedure. • A local diagnostic reference level was proposed was established for further dose reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a comprehensive bibliometric analysis to understand the evolution of scintillators as neutron detection from 2014 to 4 July 2023, utilizing data sourced from Scopus. The 312 selected articles were visualized using vosViewer and Tableau. This study delves into critical aspects, such as the growth of publication in this field over time, contributions made by various countries and their collaborative networks, top journals publishing articles related to scintillators as neutron detection, frequently cited documents used as references, and research trends over specific periods. The results show that research on scintillators for neutron detection has been popular since 2014, with at least 20 articles published yearly. The United States, China, France, and Italy have published the most papers, but Lithuania, Russia, India, and China have been the most active recently. The article provides researchers with an extensive overview of their field. This information empowers them to identify research gaps and find collaborators more efficiently. Overall, this analysis serves as a valuable resource for researchers seeking to advance their understanding of scintillators as neutron detection. • Evolution of scintillators as neutron detection from 2014 to 4 July 2023. • Scintillators for neutron detection popular since 2014 with 20 articles published yearly. • The United States, China, France, and Italy have published the most papers. • Lithuania, Russia, India, and China have been the most active recently. • This information to identify research gaps and find collaborators more efficiently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One the most complicated gastrointestinal procedures, endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography (ERCP) uses fluoroscopy guidance of an endoscope to diagnose and treat hepatobiliary system pathologies. As is true of all approved interventional radiology, it is justified by the massive benefit that it is capable of delivering, one which for the patient far outweighs the risks from radiation exposure. Nevertheless, for both patients and staff there is a need to minimize the risk of carcinogenesis and the potential for tissue reactions. Recent concern has been shown in regard to radiation induced eye lens opacifications and cataract, most particularly for the members of staff who during their regular theatre practice are in closest contact with the patient. Therefore, optimum balance between benefit versus radiation risk is required. This study reviews patient and staff dose during ERCP procedures, also seeking to provide comprehensive data regarding radiation exposure management techniques. Patient and staff doses depend on the operators, equipment and patient related factors, benefitting from awareness and experience in respect of radiation protection techniques and the availability of modern fluoroscopic equipment. It is apparent that in high workload departments, staff doses to eye lens may exceed the limits on annual exposure. • Previous studies in patients and occupational dosimetry had been studies. • Patients and staff remain constant regardless of the X ray technology development. • ERCP is safe during pregnancy for patients and pregnant workers. • It is apparent that in high workload departments, staff doses to eye lens may exceed the limits on annual exposure. • Lack of training and monitoring services in gastroenterology department are frequently reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of present study is estimation of the radioactivity held within the urinary bladder and kidneys 3 h post radiopharmaceutical (99mTc-MDP) administration, comparison being made via use of MIRDose. Using the conjugate-view method and built-in camera software Mediso XP Interview, urinary bladder and kidney radionuclide activities were calculated using patient clinical data acquired at the aforesaid 3 h post 99mTc-MDP injection juncture. The study was of a cohort of 40 patients attending for staging and cancer follow-up at the Nuclear Medicine Department, Royal Care International Hospital (RCIH), Sudan, Ethical and Research Committee approval for the study having been obtained. The radioisotope biokinetics were simulated using the Medical Internal Radiation Dose (MIRD) biokinetics model, specifically in regard to radionuclide activity in the kidneys and bladder. The results were compared with the data achieved via clinical study, showing the experimentally estimated radionuclide activity in the kidney to be greater by some 50% compared to that of simulation while the bladder radionuclide activity was found to be just 2% of the simulation result. The study also found that 0.9% of the administered radioactivity remained in the urinary bladder and kidneys 3 h post administration of the radionuclide, suggestive of low radiation dose to the urinary bladder and kidneys post 99mTc-MDP bone scans. • 99mTc-MDP radionuclide biokinetics were simulated using MIRD biokinetics model. • Radionuclide activities for Urinary bladder and kidney were calculated. • The experimentally estimated radionuclide activity in the kidney to be greater by some 50%. • 0.9% of the administered radioactivity remained in the urinary bladder and kidneys 3 h. • Low radiation dose to the urinary bladder and kidneys post 99mTc-MDP bone scans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Computed tomography (CT) has become a prominent source of medical exposures, conduct requiring measures that mitigate radio carcinogenic risk and deterministic tissue reaction effects. The objective of present study, conducted in Sudan, has been to evaluate patient radiogenic risk during vascular CT procedures. Study was made of 485 patients, the cohort comprising 218 males (45%) and 267 females (55%) of mean age ± 1 s.d. of 48.2 ± 17 years (ranging from 18.0 to 93.0 years). The investigation involved nine radiology departments, covering three different CT modalities (16, 64 and 128 slice). Patient organ and effective doses were estimated using established computer software (specifically, CT-Expo, ImPACT and that of the NRPB). The range of patient dose in terms of dose length product (DLP) (mGy.cm) and volume CT dose index (CTDI vol (mGy) were 3.2–28.51 mGy and 257.0–9263.5, respectively. The mean and range of effective dose were 25.5 ± 18 mSv and 4.0–138.9 mSv respectively. The wide range of doses indicates the likelihood that patients have been receiving avoidable radiation exposure, their being potential for mitigation of cancer incidence risk through further optimisation of procedures. On the basis of present study of vascular CT procedure doses, the mean risk of carcinogenesis has been estimated to be 1 in 1000 procedures. • Patients radiation doses were evaluated during vascular CT procedures for various CT modalities. • Effective dose were estimated using computer software. • The wide range of observed patient doses indicates patients to have been receiving avoidable radiation exposure. • The mean risk of carcinogenesis has been estimated to be 1 in 1000 procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the fabrication of Cassava Starch/ Rhizophora Spp /Zn nanoparticle composite as a phantom for X-ray radiation. The use of phantoms is crucial in controlling the quality of radiation doses in medical applications. The composite materials were synthesized using a sol-gel method, and the structural properties were characterized using X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and bonding characteristics by Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry (FTIR). Mechanical testing was performed to assess the physical and mechanical properties of the phantoms. The linear attenuation coefficient and mass attenuation coefficient were determined using CT-Scan and Mobile X-ray tests. The results showed that the composite materials exhibited amorphous characteristics with crystal structure patterns. The addition of Zn nanoparticles affected the diffraction intensity and crystal size. The FTIR analysis revealed the presence of functional groups such as hydroxyl, alkane, siloxane, alkene, and ether bonds in the composite. The synthesized phantom composites showed potential as substitutes for commercial phantoms due to the Cassava starch/ Rhizophora spp/Zn 1gr phantom is generally close to the attenuation coefficient value of the human liver phantom reported in previous studies, which is about 0.293 cm−1. This suggests that this phantom composite has a good potential as a substitute for human liver tissue in X-ray testing. • The phantom research as X-ray testing have explored various materials. • The composite materials were synthesized using a sol-gel method. • We found the best for liver phantom is phantom with 1 gr Zn in composite. • Attenuation coefficient value for human liver phantom is about 0.293 cm–1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Composite geopolymer apron cellulose/black carbon (BC)/Fe–Cu/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) has been successfully synthesized with variations in Fe–Cu (Cel/Bc I, Cel/Bc II, and Cel/Bc III) as shielding X-ray radiation by employing a simple approach characterized by Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray mobile. The quantitative analysis of the FTIR spectrum using the Kramers-Kronig (K–K) relation was employed to analyze the optical properties, the refractive index (n) , the extinction coefficient (k), real (ε 1) , and imaginary (ε 2) of the dielectric function and the energy loss function. The analysis of XRD spectra demonstrated that the crystallite size decreases as the Fe concentration decreases in the composite's apron and the best radiation shielding characteristics are shown in the Cel/Bc III sample with a small crystallite size of 12.72 nm. The quantitative analysis of X-ray mobile showed that the absorption properties of Cel/Bc III by the attenuation coefficient 0.441 cm−1 is higher and more effective with a half value layer of 1.57 cm and mean free path of 2.26 cm, which is indicated as a new cellulose-based composite apron X-ray in future. • Geopolymer Cellulose-Based Composite for Eco-Friendly Apron X-Ray. • Surface morphology with stretched cellulose (elongated and crossed). • Crystallite size decreases as the Fe concentration decreases. • Best absorption is composite Cel/Bc III with attenuation coefficient 0.441 cm−1. • The half value layer of 1.57 cm and mean free path of 2.26 cm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to measure entrance surface air kerma (ESAK, in mGy) during routine skull X-ray examinations of adult patients and to establish a local diagnostic reference level (LDRL) in the diagnostic radiology department of King Khalid Hospital in Majmaah. The patient's ESAK, mGy and effective dose (ED, in mSv) at the 75th percentile were calculated based on the output of the X-ray tube and the exposure parameters, as well as the use of suitable conversion coefficients, respectively. To calculate the ED and patient's ESAK, the output and exposure characteristics of the X-ray tube and relevant conversion coefficients were considered (ESAK). Additionally, the 75th percentile distributions for the ESAK and KAP distributions were calculated. A wide range of ESAK was observed, which might be due to the difference in the exposure factors applied for each examination. The mean values of ESAK and KAP together with 75th percentiles for Anteroposterior (AP) and lateral skull projection were 0.22 (0.10–0.30) mGy, 0.24 (0.0.18–0.25) mGy and 0.21 (0.19–0.26) Gy.cm2, 0.29 (0.17–0.32) Gy.cm2, respectively. The findings were significantly lower than national reference levels, the most reported European DRL values, and other previously reported dose values. The measured ESAK and KAP were within the recommended and acceptable dose limits. The best radiation protection can be achieved by optimizing the radiation dose while preserving image quality. • The patient's ESAK effective dose were calculated based on the exposure parameters. • Radiation application has increased as a result of technological progress. • The best radiation protection can be achieved by optimizing the radiation dose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Computed tomography (CT) are often used for adult and pediatric patients. This is basically due to its powerful diagnostic capabilities in providing the tiniest details of pathologies in the body. Nevertheless, this detailed and accurate imaging occurs at the expense of the high doses received by the patients, although in general, the benefits outweighs the risks precisely of malignancy. Pediatrics are radiosensitive more than adults due to their longer life expectancy and their rapidly dividing cells. This study aims at measuring and evaluating pediatric patient doses in four hospitals equipped with 16, 20 and 128 CT detectors. Forty-eight pediatric patients who underwent brain (72.7%) and abdomen (36.3%) Computed Tomography are included in this study. Data includes CTDI vol (mGy) and DLP (mGy.cm). CTDOSE computer software which is based on Monte Carlo simulations was used to calculate the effective and organ equivalent doses (mSv). The CTDIvol (mGy) per procedure range was 11.0–95.0 mGy for brain CT and 3.0–30.0 mGy for abdomen CT. DLP on the other hand ranged between 129.0 and 2510.0 mGy cm for brain CT and 84.0–1604.0 for abdomen CT. The high doses were attributed to the fact that the protocols used for pediatric patients were the adult protocols, not bearing in mind the high radio-sensitivity of the pediatrics. Establishing a protocol for pediatric CT is hence of great importance to prevent them from receiving unnecessary high doses which may eventually cause cancer. • The radiation doses during specific pediatric CT examinations in four hospitals were evaluated. • Patient dose per CT procedure ranged from 84.0 to 2510.0 mGy cm. • Adults protocols used for pediatric patients resulted in unnecessary exposure. • Standardizing imaging protocols during pediatric CT imaging is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to estimate the cumulative radiation exposure, effective and organ dose from the recurrent computed tomography (CT) head scan during the stroke. Data was collected using a validated survey, including scanner information, patient demographic information, scan protocol, and dose indices (CTDIvol and DLP). A retrospective search of the picture archiving and communicating system (PACS) database for all the patients who underwent at least three head scans while admitted to the hospital because of stroke. Effective and organ doses are calculated by VirtualDose software based on ICRP 103. One hundred fifty-two patients underwent three to five scans during their hospitalization, which lasted from three weeks to three months. The age ranged from 45-to 76 years; males were (n = 104, 68.4%) and females were (n = 48, 35.6%). The scan range was 20.9–28.8 cm, with a mean of 24.4 ± 1.5. The mean CTDIvol and DLP values per scan were 21 ± 0.8 and 429 ± 85, respectively. The calculated effective doses for patients with three, four, and five scans were 6.4, 8.5, and 10.7 mSv, respectively. The highest organ dose is recorded in the brain and the lowest at the breast. Focusing on referring physician awareness and encouraging request justification and dose optimization for patients subject to frequent radiation exams. In addition, the cumulative effective dose should be part of training programs for referrers, radiologists and radiographers. • Efforts should be made to dose reduction in stroke CT scans. • CT scanning remains the useful technique for diagnosis of stroke. • Potential risks exist from multiple CT scan. • Referring physician awareness encourage request justification and dose optimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to variation among radiographers' practice, and the importance of unifying practice during radiography for optimizing radiation level and image quality, the current manuscript aims to assess the radiation dose level and propose local diagnostic reference levels (LDRL) for posterior-anterior (PA) chest, antero-posterior (AP) abdomen, and pelvis examinations in two hospitals in Khartoum ('K') and one hospital in Wad-Medani ('M') cities, Sudan. Along with patient demographics like height and weight, the radiation exposure parameters including tube potential, current, and radiation duration were documented. This included 732 patients whose tests were conducted at one of three departments located in two different cities. The entrane surface air kerma (ESAK) was calculated using DosCal software and an Unfors -Xi-meter. The average ESAK for an X-ray of the chest was 0.18 mGy in M, 0.19 mGy in K (averaged over two hospitals in the K), for the abdomen it was 1.1 and 1.23 mGy, and for the pelvis it was 1.8 and 01.9 mGy respectively. The proposed DRL was achieved from the third quartile of radiation dosage of data, and it was 0.21, 1.7 and 1.9 mGy for the chest, abdomen and pelvis respectively. There was a wide variation in dosage levels among the three hospitals. The current proposed DRL was lower than most literature for the chest, abdomen and pelvis. More studies are recommended for other examinations such as skull and contrast media studies. • Radiation dose level for chest, abdomen and pelvis was assessed in major hospitals in Sudan. • Average dose for conventional X-ray of chest, abdomen and pelvis was 0.19, 1.2 and 1.9 mGy respectively. • Local diagnostic reference level was suggested for the above examinations. • The Suggested LDRL was lower than available literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiovascular nuclear medicine (NM) imaging examinations expose patients to extremely high absorbed doses of ionizing radiation, which necessitates extensive efforts to reduce the doses without compromising the quality of images. This study aims to assess patients' radiation doses to patients and public exposure in Cardiac rest and stress single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) scans. The patients' exposure was calculated for 21 patients using the administered activity (AA, MBq). (GE SPECT) was the device used for all patients. AA (MBq) mean and range were 370 for Rest and 1110 for Stress. The average range of the dose rate was 1.59 (0.67–2.34) mR/h for rest and 7.29 (4.2–9.98) mR/h for stress when computed at 30 cm from the patient's chest level after injection. At 100 cm from the patient, the mean dose rate values were 0.37 (0.16–0.73) mR/h for rest and 1.39 (1.01–2.0) mR/h for stress. The overall effective dose is 12.1 mSv per rest and stress SPECT procedure. The mean effective dose for cardiac rest is comparable with previously published studies while the effective dose from cardiac stress is higher than previously published studies. The variation in the effective dose depends on several factors, including the department's clinical indication imaging protocols and radiation safety measures. • The patient's effective dose and dose were quantified during cardiac rest and stress SPECT procedures. • The mean effective dose for cardiac rest is comparable with previously published studies. • The effective dose from cardiac stress is higher than previously published studies. • The current AA activity for rest and stress is lower than the DRL and the previous studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renal diseases and urinary tract disorders are causing a global burden, with an estimated prevalence of around 13%. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography urography (CE-CTU) is a well-known diagnostic technique for urinary system diseases for initial diagnosis and, very often, for follow-up. CE-CTU procedure exposes patients to high doses of ionizing radiation; hence, justification and optimization of doses are necessary to maximize the benefits and minimize the patients' risks. This study aims to evaluate radiation doses to patients during CE-CTU procedures and estimate the subsequent radiogenic risk. The study included twenty-seven patients who underwent CE-CTU examination in two different hospitals (National Ribat Hospital (NRH) and National Security Fource Hospital (NSFH)), where 16-slice CT machines from different vendors are used. The variables and significance were analyzed using SPSS and Scheffe's statistical tool. Data collected included the age of patients (19–70 years), the radiation dose received by patients: dose length product (DLP, mGy.cm) and volume CT dose index (CTDIvol (mGy)), and tube current-time product (mAs). Patients' dose measurements per CE-CTU procedure given as (mean and range) was: DLP 3098 (647–5301) (mGy.cm) and CTDIvol 44.11 (15–136) (mGy). The results revealed statistically significant differences in DLP (mGy.cm), CTDIvol (mGy), and mAs, and this could be attributed to discrepancies in protocols, machines, and operators among the hospitals and within each hospital. Considering gender, the variables (age, tube current-time product (mAs), and CTDIvol) showed no statistically significant differences. The radiogenic risks from the CE-CTU procedure were ≈1 per 400. Comparison between the two hospitals showed that the variables varied significantly between the hospitals studied, but no significant differences were found based on gender. CE-CTU with contrast medium exposes patients to high doses. Therefore, proper dose optimization is crucial. • The radiation doses during IVU and the subsequent risks from exposure are studied. • The entrance-surface air kerma (ESAK) and effective dose were quantified. • Calculation of the overall cancer risk yielded 5.85 per million procedures. • The effective and cancer risk are around ten times lower during IVU procedures compared to CTU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The widespread consumption of pharmaceutical drugs and their incomplete breakdown in organisms has led to their extensive presence in aquatic environments. The indiscriminate use of antibiotics, such as sulfonamides, has contributed to the development of drug-resistant bacteria and the persistent pollution of water bodies, posing a threat to human health and the safety of the environment. Thus, it is paramount to explore remediation technologies aimed at decomposing and complete elimination of the toxic contaminants from pharmaceutical wastewater. The review aims to explore the utilization of metal-oxide nanoparticles (MONPs) and graphitic carbon nitrides (g-C 3 N 4) in photocatalytic degradation of sulfonamides from wastewater. Recent advances in oxidation techniques such as photocatalytic degradation are being exploited in the elimination of the sulfonamides from wastewater. MONP and g-C 3 N 4 are commonly evolved nano substances with intrinsic properties. They possessed nano-scale structure, considerable porosity semi-conducting properties, responsible for decomposing wide range of water pollutants. They are widely applied for photocatalytic degradation of organic and inorganic substances which continue to evolve due to the low-cost, efficiency, less toxicity, and more environmentally friendliness of the materials. The review focuses on the current advances in the application of these materials, their efficiencies, degradation mechanisms, and recyclability in the context of sulfonamides photocatalytic degradation. [Display omitted] • Graphitic bio-carbon nitride and metal oxide for the degradation of sulfonamide. • Advanced modifications for improving photocatalytic efficiency of the new materials. • Effective stability and reusability of new materials for photocatalytic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid increase in computed tomography (CT) examinations among pediatric patients, the concern about the effects of radiation exposure in this population has increased. Therefore, it is necessary to measure and regulate radiation exposure, which can be done using diagnostic reference levels (DRLs). This study aimed to calculate typical values for common pediatric studies at the radiology department of King Abdulaziz University Hospital Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. For a single institute, these are calculated as the median of computed tomography dose index (CTDIvol, mGy) or dose length product (DLP, mGy.cm) values. Pediatric patient data from January 2015 to December 2020 were collected, including CT examinations, dose descriptors, imaging protocols, and scanning parameters. A total of 8717 radiological studies were included in the sample. They were categorized into three age groups; more than half of the 5102 (58.5%) belonged to Group 1 (0–5 years), 1790 (20.5%) were in Group 2 (6–10 years), and 1826 (20.9%) were in Group 3 (11–15 years). Brain CT angiogram, non-enhanced brain CT, and Internal Auditory Canal (IAC) CT had the highest mean CTDI Vol and DLP, while virtual bronchoscopy contrast-enhanced chest and neck CT angiography had the lowest mean CTDI Vol. The values of DRLs in the current study were approximately lower than and comparable with those reported in other studies. • This study quantified pediatric doses during common CT procedures. • A total of 8717 radiological studies were included in the sample. • Local DRLs were established for common CT procedures. • The values of DRLs in the current study were lower than other studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mammary glands or breasts are radiosensitive organs that makeup 12% of the body's overall radiation sensitivity. According to estimates, Saudi Arabia has a 27.3% overall cancer incidence rate for breast cancer. Recent studies reported that breasts get significant organ equivalent doses during diagnostic procedures with ionizing radiation, even though the breast is not the target organ. The objective of this work is to assess the effective and breast equivalent doses during positron emission tomography (PET)/Computed tomography (CT) imaging examinations. The effective and breast equivalent doses per PET/CT (GE PET/CT 710) examination were quantified using the amount of the injected radiopharmaceutical (MBq) (18F- fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)), and external doses from CT examinations. The average, standard deviation (SD) and range of examined patients' age (years) and body mass index ((BMI), kg/m2) were 58 ± 11 (39–76) and 30 ± 5 (20.7–43.1), respectively. Constant administered activity (AA, 185 MBq) and tube potential (120 kVp) were used for all patients. The average, SD, and range of the patients effective dose (mSv) from PET/CT (18F- FDG) examination was 8.0 ± 0.93 (7.0–10.0) and 2.075 ± 0.11 (1.91–2.29) in that order. Breast doses are comparable with previous studies during the PET/CT and mammographic examination. Proper justification criteria and dose optimization are essential to lowering excessive exposure while preserving image quality, especially for young females because they have a higher risk of radiation-induced cancer. • Breast doses during PET/CT imaging procedures were evaluated. • Breast absorbed dose depends on CT protocol and administered activity. • The organ equivalent dose ranged from 1.91 to 2.29 mGy per procedure. • Breast doses are comparable with previous studies PET/CT procedures. • Young females have a higher risk of breast cancer due to PET/CT procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rising environmental concerns have triggered film technology to find a bio-based polymer for environmental sustainability. Thus, this research provides a sustainable route for the preparation of new thermoplastic elastomer film based on non-polar natural rubber (NR) and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) (P(3HB-co-3HHx) which could be employed in film separation application. To modify the new film properties, graft copolymerization technique was employed, and benzoyl peroxide (BPO) was selected as a radical initiator. Besides that, the influence of various polymer compositions was investigated, and the physico-chemical characteristics of the NR graft P(3HB-co-3HHx) film were characterized. NR graft P(3HB-co-3HHx) exhibited homogeneous and porous nature with improved thermal stability as the grafting interaction between the polymer was achieved. Besides that, swelling test has shown the excellent resistance and affinity towards polar solvents such as ethanol, and it showcases lower affinity towards non-polar solvents as n-hexane was observed. Therefore, the NR graft P(3HB-co-3HHx) films can potentially be used for biofilm can be used for environmental remediation applications as a replacement to the synthetic polymer films. [Display omitted] • Eco-friendly process for unique film with NR and P(3HB-co-3HHx) for separation. • Various polymer compositions were explored, characterized, and analyzed. • NR graft P(3HB-co-3HHx) achieved thermal stability forming porosity. • Swelling test showed strong polarity preference, favoring ethanol than n-hexane. • NR graft P(3HB-co-3HHx) films may replace synthetic polymers in eco-remediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work using a borosilicate glass medium seeks to detect photoneutrons generated by a medical linear accelerator. The studies involved an Elekta Infiniti accelerator located in the Oncology Centre, Medical City, Riyadh, the neutrons resulting from interactions at above-threshold therapeutic photon energies. The borosilicate detectors were produced from microscope glass slides of nominal thickness 1.0 mm, the latter made into square segments of area 0.6 × 0.6 cm2, a size capable of being accommodated within the planchette of the thermoluminescent (TLD) Reader (Harshaw 600). With some 4% boron in the coverslip glass and the abundance of 10B being 19.8%, thermalised neutrons 10B(n,α)7Li interactions offer a cross-section that can achieve a value as large as 3837 b. Apart from interactions in boron, of additional note is that 2H(γ,n)1H and 9Be(γ,n)8Be are two further photoneutron reactions, giving rise to particularly low threshold energies at 2.226 and 1.666 MeV, respectively. The presence of natural carbon in the present borosilicate samples has been measured to be 1.3%. Accordingly, with the abundance of 13C in natural carbon being 1.109% this would appear to be of very little interest herein. Moreover, compositional measurements made on the borosilicate coverslip glass indicates 9.40 Na. The induced activity in the glass falls to some 25% 30 h post-irradiation, a delay time beyond which readout can subsequently be conducted. • Borosilicate glass media for neutron sensing was developed. • Photoneutron was generated using an Elekta Infiniti linear accelerator beams. • Neutron activation of nuclides within the expanse of the beam should be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the physical, mechanical, optical, and radiation shielding properties of several articles discussing BaO-based glass systems prepared by the melt-quench technique. Specifically, the article discussed is an article that reports experimentally the effectiveness of BaO-based glass systems as shielding gamma-ray radiation at an energy of 0.662 MeV published since 2019. In addition, we also compare the theoretical effectiveness of several glass systems by recalculating using Phy- X/PSD based on the respective compositions reported by previous studies at several energies, namely: 0.284, 0.347, 0.662, 0.826, 1.173, 1.333, and 2.506 MeV. Based on the analysis, the Bi 2 O 3 –BaO–B 2 O 3 glass system is the best in terms of absorbing radiation. But it still needs to be developed to get the best physical, mechanical, and optical properties. With this article, scholars can more easily determine the composition of a BaO-based glass system to be applied as a more effective and high-quality radiation shield. • Evolution of gamma-ray radiation at an energy of 0.662 MeV published since 2019. • The theoretical effectiveness were calculated using Phy- X/PSD. at various energies. • The Bi2O3–BaO–B2O3 glass system is the best in terms of absorbing radiation. • Scholars easily determine composition BaO-based for effective radiation shield. • Physical, mechanical, and optical properties important in for BaO-based glass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a comprehensive bibliometric analysis to better understand the evolution of concrete composite as a radiation shielding research from when it was first published in 1949 to October 26, 2022. This study was conducted based on the Scopus database, and the publications analyzed a total of 541 documents. The data in this paper is visualized using the VOSviewer and Tableau to perform bibliometric analysis and scientific mapping. The analysis results show that published documents have continued to increase in recent years and are dominated by articles. Some countries show productivity and influence in their country/region with the broadest range of partners. This study presents the most contributed journals and the most frequently cited documents. In addition, keyword analysis was carried out to find the hotspots on this research topic. This paper helps scholars to understand the evolution of concrete composite as a radiation shielding research from a bibliometric perspective and inspires them to develop new concrete composite with high stability absorption properties from waste or natural material to replace concrete Lead (Pb)-based. • Evolution concrete composite as shielding research from 1949 to October 26, 2022. • Data perform using bibliometric analysis and scientific mapping. • To helps scholars, understand evolution of concrete composite as a radiation shield. • Bibliometric perspective help to develop new high absorption of concrete composite. • High stability from waste or natural material to replace concrete Lead (Pb)-based. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medical personnel working with ionizing radiation are exposed to significant radiation doses. Previously published studies reported increased incidence of induced cancer and cataracts among radiation workers in medical and industrial premises due to exposure to ionizing radiation. Therefore, an assessment of occupational exposure is recommended. The purpose of this study is to estimate the radiation risk caused by staff exposure and ambient exposures during diagnostic radiography. The study involved 46 staff members: 38 technologists, 8 Radiologists and 22 patients: 11 undergoing conventional radiology and 11 undergoing fluoroscopic radiology. Occupational and ambient doses were measured using calibrated optical stimulating-luminescent dosimeters (OSL) (Al2O3:C). These badges were read using an automatic OSL reader. Patients' doses were calculated form the reading of the x-ray machines. Calculating the dose parameters for patients, the mean and standard deviation (SD) of the kVp, mAs, and patient doses in terms of Dose Area Product (DAP)were 113.1 ± 16.2, 7.5 ± 11.65, and 869.6, respectively. The mean and range of the annual effective dose (mSv) for technologists was (0.6 ± 0.36) (0–2.11). The mean and range of effective dose (mSv) for Radiologists were (0.48 ± 0.19) (0.17–0.74). The occupational exposure in this study showed that radiology technologists and radiologists are exposed to a low dose according to the current workload. The staff dose reported in this study is lower than those available in most previous studies. • Staff annual radiation dose were assessed for radiology technologists for two consecutive years. • Occupational doses were quantified with OSL dosimeters. • The occupational exposure is 90% below the annual dose limits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]