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The regional coverage satellite constellations are in demand for fulfilling earth observation needs of specific user regions of interest as opposed to global coverage thus enhancing the revisit period for the area. In this paper, we present a few key mission aspects of the regional coverage constellation designed and operated by the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) in low earth orbit. ISRO developed three X-Band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Earth Observation satellites and placed them in three inclined orbit planes to enhance the Indian region's coverage. This is India's first inclined orbit constellation designed for remote sensing applications in low earth orbit. The satellites were built around a standard bus carrying a Synthetic Aperture Radar payload with a deployable Radial Rib Antenna (RRA). They were designed to achieve a high agility capability. As SAR sensors are capable of all-weather, day, and night imaging; thus, most suitable in inclined orbits where the illumination conditions vary continuously for imaging. Though the inclined orbits provide more revisit opportunities to the region of interest, their characteristics pose challenges in mission design and operations. Though the mission design and planning involved a host of elements, this paper brings out the details of a few key mission analysis elements, planning aspects and operations that were critical in the course of various mission phases. The mission analysis included mission-specific requirements like launch windows selection for the constellation and reference attitude generation specific to inclined orbit geometry. Mission planning had to take care of Radial Rib Antenna (RRA) deployment requirements which were very critical for the mission, apart from taking care of individual subsystem requirements. The SAR payload data product quality and targeting accuracy are very sensitive to the satellite image point range (vis-a-vis SAR operation data window). Extensive post-launch calibration activity was carried out to meet all these mission requirements and data product specifications. The challenge was in fixing the payload beam alignment and fixing the uncertainties in onboard and ground computations. The paper also describes the methods of fixing all possible error sources affecting the high-resolution SAR payload performance. • The regional coverage satellite constellations are in demand for area targets coverage. • Inclined orbit constellations are more suitable for regional coverage using SAR sensors. • Mission operations plans need to consider all the specific requirements of spacecraft systems. • Pre-launch and post -launch calibrations of sensors is mandatory for achieving system performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing demand of clinical-grade mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) for use in advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs) require a re-evaluation of manufacturing strategies, ensuring scalability from two-dimensional (2D) surfaces to volumetric (3D) productivities. Herein we describe the design and validation of a Good Manufacturing Practice–compliant 3D culture methodology using microcarriers and 3-L single-use stirred tank bioreactors (STRs) for the expansion of Wharton's jelly (WJ)-derived MSCs in accordance to current regulatory and quality requirements. MSC,WJ were successfully expanded in 3D and final product characterization was in conformity with Critical Quality Attributes and product specifications previously established for 2D expansion conditions. After 6 days of culture, cell yields in the final product from the 3D cultures (mean 9.48 × 108 ± 1.07 × 107 cells) were slightly lower but comparable with those obtained from 2D surfaces (mean 9.73 × 108 ± 2.36 × 108 cells) after 8 days. In all analyzed batches, viability was >90%. Immunophenotype of MSC,WJ was highly positive for CD90 and CD73 markers and lacked of expression of CD31, CD45 and HLA-DR. Compared with 2D expansions, CD105 was detected at lower levels in 3D cultures due to the harvesting procedure from microcarriers involving trypsin at high concentration, and this had no impact on multipotency. Cells presented normal karyotype and strong immunomodulatory potential in vitro. Sterility, Mycoplasma , endotoxin and adventitious virus were negative in both batches produced. In summary, we demonstrated the establishment of a feasible and reproducible 3D bioprocess using single-use STR for clinical-grade MSC,WJ production and provide evidence supporting comparability of 3D versus 2D production strategies. This comparability exercise evaluates the direct implementation of using single-use STR for the scale-up production of MSC,WJ and, by extension, other cell types intended for allogeneic therapies. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The railway sector is an important part of the transportation industry as well as of the economic activity in Europe. It is interesting that digitalization of this sector has been triggered in several European countries by regulatory compliance obligations. The Technical Specification for Interoperability relating to Telematics Applications for Freight/Passenger Services as well as other related standards have created opportunities for the digital transformation of the players participating into this market. Apart from achieving a base minimum compliance to the standards, there are prerequisites and questions to be answered at organizational and technological level if railway sector players are to embark on the digital transformation journey. This research study provides explanations on the argument the regulatory compliance may act as a driver for digital transformation, using the example of the railway sector in Europe and presents some important prerequisites for this market's players to take the opportunity for digital transformation. The ultimate goal of this research, whose foundations are set up in this research paper, is to formulate a digital maturity model for the actor of the railway sector, for the benefit of their retail and business clients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work proposes a novel method for determining the influence of the machining tolerances on the effective contact area of Hirth joints. The proposed method is based on a general Finite Element Model (FEM) capable to simulate any meshing condition of Hirth joints including positioning and machining tolerances using the Monte Carlo method. The FEM was developed based on an accurate measurement campaign of several Hirth joints which allowed to determine the geometric parameters affecting the meshing and the related ranges of variation. The machining reference surfaces and the sequence of technological processes which produce the Hirth joint starting from a raw disc were identified through contactless measurement techniques. The related machining tolerances were measured by employing a high-precision Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM). A mean value and a standard deviation were associated with each geometrical parameter of the joint. The proposed method can be used for the preliminary design and the quality check of the Hirth joint. In particular, the Prussian blue test, which represents the typical test used to verify the joint's compliance with the technical specification, was simulated. The results highlight the reduction of the effective contact area of the Hirth joint due to the presence of manufacturing tolerances, which can lead to worse mechanical performances and early failure, and could be used to define the machining tolerances limit of Hirth joints. • The manufacturing tolerances of standard Hirth joints were measured. • Optical and contact-based measuring machines were used. • The geometric parameters relevant for the contact were determined. • A parametric finite element model was used to simulate several contact conditions. • The influence of the manufacturing tolerances on the contact area was quantified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Industry 4.0, companies must focus on human-centred design for a competitive edge. The 4USER project aims to establish a user-centred design method using an interactive Photorealistic Virtual Prototype (PVP) based on Extended Reality (XR) technology, objectifying customer requirements into technical specifications. The PVP overcomes limitations associated with traditional physical prototypes, serving as a quality benchmark for final products. The research focuses on a case study involving the development of sports rifles, emphasising the importance of aesthetic quality. The proposed semi-automatic process in Blender enables the generation of low-poly PVPs, incorporating hyper-realistic textures and high-frequency details. In particular, the overall process is composed of the following steps: i) wooden texture generation via the Wasserstein Generative Adversarial Network (WGAN); ii) model creation based on a low poly "Shrinkwrap Cage"; iii) integration of generated textures into the UV-mapped model. This approach accelerates the product development cycle, reduces costs, and facilitates efficient quality control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antibody-drug conjugates unite the specificity and long circulation time of an antibody with the toxicity of a chemical cytostatic or otherwise active drug using appropriate chemical linkers to reduce systemic toxicity and increase therapeutic index. This combination of a large biological molecule and a small molecule creates an increase in complexity. Multiple production processes are required to produce the native antibody, the drug and the linker, followed by conjugation of afore mentioned entities to form the final antibody-drug conjugate. The connected processes further increase the number of points of control, resulting in necessity of additional specifications and intensified analytical characterization. By combining scientific understanding of the production processes with risk-based approaches, quality can be demonstrated at those points where control is required and redundant comparability studies, specifications or product characterization are avoided. Over the product development lifecycle, this will allow process qualification to focus on those areas critical to quality and prevent redundant studies. The structure of the module 3 common technical document for an ADC needs to reflect each of the production processes and the combined overall approach to quality. Historically, regulatory authorities have provided varied expectations on its structure. This paper provides an overview of essential information to be included and shows that multiple approaches work as long as adequate cross-referencing is included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advancements in membrane technology have made seawater desalination an economically feasible option in the search for freshwater sources for municipal purposes and for industrial applications. Over the last three decades, the cost of desalination has dropped by more than half. According to the International Desalination Association, over 300 million people get their water from desalination plants globally. Ongoing innovation will continue to improve the efficiency and sustainability of the process over the long run, and desalination is fast becoming a safer investment for securing water supply. Membrane replacement can account for up to 5% of the total cost of water and 12% of the operating cost. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to develop durable membranes as they can yield significant cost savings during the lifetime of a desalination installation. DuPont's experience in membrane chemistry and element design uniquely positions us to offer durable reverse osmosis (RO) technology that reliably provides high-quality performance while extending membrane life and reducing the lifecycle costs of operations. Benefits of superior durability include up to 50% lower membrane cost, decreased downtimes, employee cost reductions, and reduced membrane disposal waste for improved sustainability. This paper will present several case studies of real installations from all over the globe. It will showcase the economic advantages of durable RO membranes, as they have been in operation continuously for 9-16 y without replacement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microneedle Array Patches (MAPs) are an emerging dosage form that creates transient micron-sized disruptions in the outermost physical skin barrier, the stratum corneum, to facilitate delivery of active pharmaceutical ingredients to the underlying tissue. Numerous MAP products are proposed and there is significant clinical potential in priority areas such as vaccination. However, since their inception scientists have hypothesized about the risk of a clinically significant MAP-induced infection. Safety data from two major Phase 3 clinical trials involving hundreds of participants, who in total received tens of thousands of MAP applications, does not identify any clinically significant infections. However, the incumbent data set is not extensive enough to make definitive generalizable conclusions. A comprehensive assessment of the infection risk is therefore advised for MAP products, and this should be informed by clinical and pre-clinical data, theoretical analysis and informed opinions. In this article, a group of key stakeholders identify some of the key product- and patient-specific factors that may contribute to the risk of infection from a MAP product and provide expert opinions in the context of guidance from regulatory authorities. Considerations that are particularly pertinent to the MAP dosage form include the specifications of the finished product (e.g. microbial specification), it's design features, the setting for administration, the skill of the administrator, the anatomical application site, the target population and the clinical context. These factors, and others discussed in this article, provide a platform for the development of MAP risk assessments and a stimulus for early and open dialogue between developers, regulatory authorities and other key stakeholders, to expedite and promote development of safe and effective MAP products. [Display omitted] • Microneedle Array Patches (MAPs) create micron-sized disruptions in the skin barrier. • The risk of a clinically significant infection should be assessed for each MAP product. • Numerous product- and patient-specific factors contribute to the risk of infection. • Expert opinions and insights can inform risk assessments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Demonstrating power performance in real conditions is vital for verifying tidal turbine design. The International Electrotechnical Commission's Technical Specification IEC TS 62600-200 provides guidance for tidal developers to evaluate machine performance. This study evaluates the performance of the operational 1 MW DEEP-Gen IV commercial-scale tidal turbine deployed during the ReDAPT project at the European Marine Energy Centre's tidal test site in Orkney, Scotland. IEC TS 62600-200 states that the power performance should be measured relative to two independently located current profilers deployed in one of two orientations; 'in-line' (preferred) or 'adjacent' (least preferred), relative to the turbine. Two measurement campaigns are used to assess the impact of instrument placement on the measured power curve and annual energy production (AEP). The ambient current flow and vertical profile form differed at each current profiler location (due to topography and bathymetry), leading to AEP variability. The results reinforce the IEC TS preferred orientation for instrument placement, with inline measurements showing smaller variation in AEP estimates compared with adjacent measurements. An additional analysis assesses the sensitivity of AEP estimates on the vertical alignment of the flow profiles with rotor positioning. For this we consider three turbine scenarios: the DEEP-Gen IV and two modelled turbine rotors occupying different regions in the water column. Results show that for regions of high vertical shear, AEP estimates can be misrepresented by up to 5.5% under an imposed vertical misalignment of 2 m. This work has quantified, at this site, the variation in AEP estimates from different flow measurement campaigns informed by IEC TS 62600-200 and has shown the need to ensure good vertical alignment between measurements and turbine rotor positioning. • The measured power curve for TEC is sensitive to the flow reference used. • ADCPs placed in-line to the TEC provide a better reference than adjacently placed. • In-line flow measurements varied despite being placed at IEC prescribed distance. • Large flow structures impacted measurements 30 m from the TEC location. • Vertical ADCP misalignment (±2 m) to TEC swept area can impact AEP by up to 5.5%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Low-temperature thermal treatment is highly efficient and low energy consumption. • The degradation and ash discharge phases of dioxins are comprehensively considered. • Temperature is the main factor for the degradation and ash discharge stages. • The increase in oxygen content promotes the desorption of dioxins to the gas phase. • Below 200℃, the oxygen content has little effect on the ash discharge stage. Dioxins in municipal solid waste incineration fly ash (MSWIFA) can cause significant risks to the environment and human health. In this study, the low-temperature thermal treatment of MSWIFA under industrial conditions was simulated in the laboratory to investigate the process parameters for dioxin degradation and ash discharge stages. Correlation analysis and dioxin fingerprint characterization were used to analyze the degradation and ash discharge processes. The degradation efficiency of low-temperature thermal treatment was influenced by multiple factors. At 400℃ for 90 min and 1% O 2 , the dioxin removal rate was 95.80%, the detoxification rate was 91.73%, and the residual dioxin toxicity in MSWIFA was 22.7 ± 17.8 ng I-TEQ/kg, which was in line with the limit value of 50 ng I-TEQ/kg in the "Technical specification for pollution control of fly-ash from municipal solid waste incineration" (HJ1134-2020). The increase in dioxins during ash discharge did not follow a linear relationship with the process parameters. This was assumed to be related to the MSWIFA composition, as some components containing P, Si, and Al at 150 °C may inhibit dioxin formation. The dioxin increased only by 0.79 ± 2.65 ng/kg, an increase in toxicity of 0.42 ± 0.10 ng I-TEQ/kg, when treated at 150 °C for 30 min and 10% O 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an analysis of the wave climate and a characterization of the wave energy resources in American Samoa, a U.S. territory covering seven south central Pacific islands and atolls. A numerical wave model based on WAVEWATCH III® and unstructured SWAN was developed, validated, and executed for 1979–2020 to generate a hindcast dataset suitable for resource characterization. Model-data comparisons were performed with measurements collected in situ and from satellite-based altimeters. The model was found to perform well with a bias in significant wave height of −0.14 m and −0.06 m against buoy and altimeters, respectively. The multimodal sea state of American Samoa is investigated by identifying the sources of energy reaching the islands and partitioning the wave spectrum accordingly. The wave resources characterization follows the International Electrotechnical Commission Technical Specifications to be compatible with studies performed for other U.S. regions. The average omnidirectional wave power at 2 km from shore around Tutuila, the main island of American Samoa, is 14 kW/m. Locations east and west of the islands have a more consistent resource throughout the year because the northwest and southwest swells that are dominant during different seasons complement each other. • A wave model covering the American Samoa EEZ was developed and validated. • The first wave resources characterization of American Samoa following international standards. • Wave power averages 15 kW/m with a standard deviation of 12 kW/m 2 km from shore. • Wave power has low monthly variability on the east and west shores of the main islands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Product quality is paramount for companies to maintain the trust from their customers. Powder products and in particular fertilizers can suffer damage during storage if the temperature and moisture are not appropriate. Most of the work has focused on drying, but the last stage of cooling is responsible for avoiding product out of specification. A first principles model has been developed for industrial fluidized vibrating cooling units following a multiscale approach, from the particle to the entire unit, to evaluate their operation. The unit consists of two sections using atmospheric and cool air, respectively. A refrigeration cycle is also modelled to compute the needs to cool the air. The unit's model only includes two adjustable parameters, the heat transfer efficiency from the particle to the air as well as for the losses from the unit to atmosphere. The model has been validated using industrial data, resulting in heat flow efficiency from the particle equal to 0.30 and the flow of losses of 1.17 kW/K. The model can reproduce the industrial data within reasonable error and allows predicting the cooling cycle needs and estimating the cost of its operation as a function of the weather. The location of the facility results in the fact that during June-August the atmospheric air cannot cool the product below the critical temperature and the refrigeration cycle needs to operate. • Product features determine the customer acceptance. • An industrial vibrocooling unit has been modelled and validated. • The model is based on first principles with few adjustable parameters. • The model allows predicting the unit operation over a year time. • June-August requires the use of the unit for the product to reach specifications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introducing new technological solutions, especially in the field of website design, can bring many benefits, including improving the usability of online stores and increasing the profits of the enterprise. With the development of technology and increasing competition, it is important for online stores to effectively present their offers and effectively convey product information. An online store should grow with the brand, respond to customer needs, and adapt to the audience. One of the tools that can help design more usable online stores is eye tracking - a method of studying users' eye movements while using the website. This article presents the results of empirical research aimed at comparing the format of product specifications on online store designs and choosing the best format in terms of usability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deploying Tidal Energy Converters for electricity generation requires prior-knowledge of the potential Annual Energy Production (AEP) at the site, Ideally using a year-long tidal current record at the proposed site to minimize uncertainty. However, such records are often unavailable. Fortunately, using the periodic nature of tidal variability, the International Electrotechnical Commission Technical Specification for tidal energy resource assessment requires AEP calculation using at least 90 days of tidal current records at each turbine location. The sensitivity of AEP to different record durations has not been fully assessed. This is the goal of our study. The study utilized the U.S. tidal energy geodatabase to simulate tidal currents with various lengths, during 100 years of the 21st century. We then consider two frameworks for evaluating AEP: (a) The long-term (months) fixed instrument (FI) measurement at each proposed tidal turbine location, and (b) one FI measurement and short-term (hours) boat-based moving vessel measurements. Under the two scenarios, we examine the AEP assessed from short tidal current records, including how the AEP uncertainties vary spatially and temporally, and how they are associated with various astronomical factors. This helps provide guidance on choosing the appropriate assessment methodologies to reduce the AEP uncertainties and project cost. • The accuracy of annual energy production (AEP) estimation does not necessarily improve with longer tidal current records. • Computed AEP uncertainties are in resonance with relevant astronomical influences. • AEP assessment is improved by following optimal strategies for short record measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The framework of the Geometrical Product Specification defines the nominal geometry of the components and the characteristic tolerances. Various ISO standards describe the nine defined geometrical properties per characteristic of a workpiece. To prove conformance to the task specific tolerances according ISO 14253–1, the uncertainty budget needs to be determined. This paper presents a digital twin of an optical measurement system as a holistic concept to perform the task specific uncertainty determination. Different measurement strategies are applied to illustrate their effect on the measurement uncertainty of geometrical properties. Not all geometrical properties are relevant for an optical measurement system. Therefore, the discussed properties as a function of the optical measurement strategy in this paper are: size, distance, form and orientation. • Presentation of a digital twin of an optical measurement system. • Discussion of relevant ISO standards. • Evaluation of the scan strategies on the measurement uncertainty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A framework is presented to forecast the impact of product specifications on market acceptance, thereby allowing viability assessment of both development projects and policy instruments. The novelty in our approach lies in combining two established fields in research and industry—market diffusion modelling and algorithmic process synthesis—to create a unified decision support framework. Individual steps within the framework are demonstrated and developed for a case study comprising the preliminary design of a hydrogen co-generation plant for domestic use. An agent-based simulation model serves as a virtual market for in-silico assessment of technical specifications to provide decision makers with a tool for better product designs and product regulations depending on the application use case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Light gas separation unit of MTP process and refrigeration cycles are simulated. • A new multi-objective optimization approach for minimizing TAC with achieving to the desired product specifications is applied. • Pinch and exergy methods are used for obtaining optimal results in columns and refrigeration cycles operating conditions. • Real costs of refrigeration cycles considering of their interactions with separation columns are calculated. • Operating parameter of the propylene and ethylene refrigeration cycles are optimized simultaneously with distillation columns. In this study, optimization and economic analysis of the separation of light gases in the methanol to propylene, MTP, process along with refrigeration cycles design are performed, by using pinch and exergy analysis. In the course of the separation process optimization and refrigeration cycles design, by using a Visual Basic, VB, program and genetic algorithm, GA, rigorous distillation simulation is carried out, then streams information is employed to find optimum temperature levels, corresponding to tower condenser temperature, by minimizing the areas between the Exergy Grand Composite Curve, EGCC, and constant temperature levels of refrigeration cycles. Economic calculations were performed to obtain the lowest total annual cost, TAC, for refrigeration cycles, towers and other equipment. Two cases of the direct and indirect sequences are examined through the developed framework, inspection of their results represents that the operational cost has a significant contribution to the TAC. As a result, heat integration would reduce it by nearly 60%. Also, scrutinized analysis of the optimization results, especially by considering the TAC and its contributions, for the direct and indirect sequences, leads to the conclusion that indirect sequence would exhibit lower cost for light gas separation. The framework represented herein paves a way to the systematic design of integrated low-temperature separation processes with refrigeration cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In our latest research endeavor, we are proud to present an innovative approach to the synthesis of carbon dots (CDs) derived from the biomass xylan, which we have termed P-CDs. These P-CDs are meticulously integrated with a state-of-the-art biomass nanofiber membrane composed of polycaprolactone (PCL) and polylactic acid (PLA), resulting in the creation of a novel solid-state fluorescent sensor, designated as NFP-CDs. This cutting-edge sensor has been meticulously engineered for the highly sensitive and specific detection of nitrite ions (NO 2 −), a critical parameter in various fields. The NFP-CDs sensor stands out for its user-friendly design, cost-effective production, and portable nature, making it an ideal choice for rapid and visible nitrite ion detection. It exhibits an extraordinary response time of less than 1 s, which is a testament to its high sensitivity. Furthermore, the sensor demonstrates exceptional selectivity and specificity, with a remarkably low detection threshold of 0.36 μM. This is achieved through a sophisticated dual detection mechanism that synergistically combines colorimetric and spectral analyses, ensuring accurate and reliable results. In addition to its impressive technical specifications, the NFP-CDs sensor has been rigorously tested and validated for its efficacy in detecting nitrite ions in real-world samples. These samples include a diverse range of food products such as rock sugar, preserved mustard, kimchi, and canned fish. The sensor has demonstrated a remarkable recovery rate, which varies from 99 % to 106 %, highlighting its potential for practical application in nitrite ion detection. This research not only offers a robust and effective strategy for the detection of nitrite ions but also carries profound implications for enhancing food safety and bolstering environmental monitoring efforts. The development of the NFP-CDs sensor represents a significant step forward in the field of sensor technology, providing a powerful tool for the detection of nitrite ions and contributing to the broader goals of public health and environmental stewardship. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial insemination is an important biotechnology employed in livestock production. Production of semen products requires analysis of sperm concentration, motility and morphology. Although adequate analytical procedures are essential to ensure product quality, several multicenter studies have reported large variations in semen analysis results within and across laboratories. Differences in equipment and methodology, inconsistent training and performance testing, and lack of quality assurance programs are likely responsible for these observations. The somewhat pervasive perception that semen analysis is a trivial task must be challenged as it jeopardizes efficient semen production and germplasm utilization. This manuscript reviews the Quality Assurance (QA) procedures recommended to control results obtained during semen analysis. Reference, standard technical specifications for basic semen analysis are also described. • Semen analysis is integral to production of semen products used for livestock artificial insemination. • Large intra- and inter-laboratory variation in semen analysis results have been reported. • Quality Assurance (QA) procedures are recommended to control results obtained during semen analysis. • Reference, standard technical specifications for sperm concentration, motility and morphology analysis are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents and discusses a reliability-based code calibration (RBCC) procedure for the determination of optimal partial safety factors to be employed in the semi-probabilistic design rules of pultruded Glass Fibre-Reinforced Polymer (pGFRP) columns, susceptible to local buckling, considered in the technical specification CEN/TS 19101: 2022, Design of Fibre-Polymer Composite Structures. First, the description of the two distinct resistance models for local buckling of I- and H-section columns adopted in CEN/TS 19101:2022 is presented. Next, attention is turned to the detailed presentation of the procedure to perform a RBCC, including all the relevant data, with emphasis to all the probabilistic models adopted. Next, the results obtained by applying the RBCC procedure are presented and discussed. Lastly, the paper closes with the presentation of relevant concluding remarks and recommends the partial safety factors for I- and H-section pGFRP columns susceptible to local buckling triggered by the web and flanges. • Characterization of the uncertainty of two resistance models for local buckling design according to CEN/TS 1901:2022. • Structural reliability analysis involving material, loads, geometrical, modal and load effect uncertainties. • Analysis, quantification and discussion of the relevant random variables for various structural problems. • Reliability-based code calibration of design rules for local buckling of I- and H-section pGFRP columns. • Determination of partial safety factors for pGFRP columns susceptible to web- and flange-triggered local buckling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Visual Monitoring Camera (VMC) is a small imaging instrument onboard Mars Express with a field of view of ∼40°x30°. The camera was initially intended to provide visual confirmation of the separation of the Beagle 2 lander and has similar technical specifications to a typical webcam of the 2000s. In 2007, a few years after the end of its original mission, VMC was turned on again to obtain full-disk images of Mars to be used for outreach purposes. As VMC obtained more images, the scientific potential of the camera became evident, and in 2018 the camera was given an upgraded status of a new scientific instrument, with science goals in the field of Martian atmosphere meteorology. The wide Field of View of the camera combined with the orbit of Mars Express enable the acquisition of full-disk images of the planet showing different local times, which for a long time has been rare among orbital missions around Mars. The small data volume of images also allows videos that show the atmospheric dynamics of dust and cloud systems to be obtained. This paper is intended to be the new reference paper for VMC as a scientific instrument, and thus provides an overview of the updated procedures to plan, command and execute science observations of the Martian atmosphere. These observations produce valuable science data that is calibrated and distributed to the community for scientific use. • The preparation of an engineering camera to be used as a science instrument is described. • Developed procedures enabled this new fully operational science instrument. • Low-cost cameras can expand the science return of current and future space missions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A new method for evaluating roundness error based on improved bat algorithm was proposed. • Added chaos inertia weight and optimized adaptive pulse loudness and pulse emission rate. • Gaussian low-pass filter was used to preprocess the data. • Experimental results validated the stability, accuracy and timeliness of the improved bat algorithm. Roundness error is one of the core indicators for evaluating the geometric accuracy of round parts mechanical products, directly affecting product performance and service life. In the field of metrology, the accurate, rapid and standardized assessment of roundness error has always been a hot topic. This paper proposed a new method for evaluating roundness error based on improved bat algorithm. This method was based on the new geometric product specification for extraction, filtering and fitting. Based on the advantages of solving optimization problems using the bat algorithm, transformed the roundness error evaluation problem using the minimum zone method into a problem of using the bat algorithm to find the center of the minimum zone circle, then further solved for the roundness error value. Also, this algorithm effectively avoided falling into local optimal solutions by introducing chaotic inertia weights during the velocity update phase, it improved the accuracy and speed of the evaluation. Introduced adaptive parameters during the loudness and emission rate update phases to enhance the algorithm's global search capability, it enhanced the stability of the algorithm. The experimental results indicated, the efficiency of roundness error evaluation in the new method was significantly better than that of the genetic algorithm, the simplex algorithm and the emperor penguin algorithm. There was a significant improvement in evaluation accuracy and stability. The feasibility of this method in roundness error evaluation using the minimal zone method was validated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many of our sensors were installed in the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), and they contributed to the discovery of the Higgs boson. The High Luminosity-LHC(HL-LHC) upgrade required significant improvements from the previous product specifications, such as one-digit-higher radiation hardness, reduction of dead area, flip chip bonding assembly, and so on. To overcome these challenges, various technologies were introduced during the sensor production process. As a result, we succeeded in developing a new Si sensor array (Si strip detector, Si pixel detector) for the HL-LHC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Propose new methodology for process understanding and for system dynamic evaluation. • Advanced step testing of pharmaceutical continuous wet granulation process. • Improved process understanding of continuous wet granulation process. • Real-world example of process monitoring of a GMP continuous production line. • Science-based diversion strategy of out of specification products. Continuous Manufacturing (CM) of drug products is a new approach in the pharmaceutical industry. In the presented paper, a GMP continuous wet granulation line for production of solid oral dosage forms was investigated in order to assess the system dynamics of the line and to define the best control and diversion strategy. The following steps were involved in the continuous process: dosing/feeding, blending, twin-screw wet granulation, fluid-bed drying, sieving and tableting. Two drug products with two different drug substances were compared during this study: one drug substance as model drug compound and one formulation of a currently evaluated commercial drug product. Several step tests in API concentration were performed in order to characterize the process flow and assess the process dynamics. API content was monitored in real time by Process Analytical Technologies (PAT) thanks to three Near Infrared (NIR) probes located along the process and measuring the API content after blender, after dryer and in the tablet press feed frame. The process parameter values were changed during production in order to detect the impact on the quality of the final product. An automatic residence time distribution (RTD) computation method has been developed in order automate the RTD calculation on the basis of process data to further define and monitor the system dynamics with the final aim of out of specification material diversion during the continuous production. The RTD has been seen as a process fingerprint: a change in the RTD values implies a change in the process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to reach product purity specifications, reactor outlet streams are often purified using distillation columns, and the unreacted feed is recycled to the reactor. This makes Reaction-Separation processes very important in chemical industries. In the current study, a new version of the Reaction/Distillation Matrix algorithm previously presented by the authors is presented. The current version of the algorithm is capable of generating Reactive Distillation configurations as attractive process alternatives and also recycle streams to prevent the loss of unreacted feed components. Besides, major modifications have been carried out to the algorithm to make it more efficient and user-friendly. Production of cumene and dimethyl ether were studied as case studies to evaluate the performance of the developed algorithm. The conventional sequences generated using the Reaction/Distillation Matrix algorithm were simulated by Aspen Plus and then optimized using the Genetic Algorithm. It is observed that cost of reactive distillation configuration was approximately 62 % and 10 % lower than for the conventional process in the cumene production and dimethyl ether production case studies, respectively. • A new version of the Reaction/Distillation Matrix algorithm for the synthesis of reaction-separation sequences is presented. • The new version is capable of generating Reactive distillation configurations along with conventional sequences. • Recycle streams as an essential part of the Reaction-Separation-Recycle processes are now considered in the algorithm. • The performance of the presented algorithm is evaluated using two case studies of cumene and DME production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geographical indications (GIs) are granted to specific product names with a link to the terroirs where they are made. However, climate change is expected to alter most of the terroirs' characteristics, reducing productivity and profitability of those farms that rely on GIs. Compared to wine GIs, agri-food GIs are characterised by larger heterogeneity, which matters in the event of climate change, as it can lead to diverse possible outcomes. This research aims to assess contextual vulnerability of agri-food GIs to climate change in the Veneto region (Italy). To do so, a comprehensive approach is employed. First, a cluster analysis elucidates the heterogeneity of agri-food GIs. Second, a combination of in-depth analysis of the product specifications and the sensitivity of each GI to climate-related stimuli allows assessing the contextual vulnerability of each identified cluster. Findings suggest that the contextual vulnerability of agri-food GIs to climate change varies considerably among the identified clusters, depending on the types of GIs and cropping systems. Developing cluster-based networks might stimulate the adaptation of agri-food GIs with similar vulnerabilities. In view of the new EU food policy, a careful consideration of the flexibility thresholds of GI amendments is suggested to avoid that GI identity is compromised. • Heterogeneity of agri-food GIs matters in assessing their vulnerability to climate change. • Contextual vulnerability of agri-food GIs to climate change can vary depending on the type of GIs and cropping systems. • The flexibility thresholds of GI amendments should be considered carefully to avoid the loss of GI identity. • Cluster-based networks can stimulate the adaptation of agri-food GIs with similar vulnerabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper summarises the half-day workshop on national and regional portals, organised by the RIS Synergy project for the CRIS2022 conference. The goal of the workshop was to discuss challenges and opportunities of national and regional research portals with representatives of six different portals and implementation projects. In an expert panel talk, participants shared their experiences with the initiation and implementation of their national/regional portal. Moderated questions also addressed various topics such as target groups, stakeholders, technical specifications and standards. The workshop contributes to the international collaboration of research portal operators and promotes the exchange of lessons learned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Design procedures are presented here using conceptual design to optimize the performance of a passive pyramid solar still by introducing an automatic feed water system to compensate for the evaporated water from the tank. The procedures may be adopted for passive or active solar still systems. The water level is optimized to be fixed as it shall reduce due to continuous evaporation if no automatic method is used. That will improve the performance of the solar still and increase its output yield. The design procedures considered customer needs which are surveyed and products specifications are decided. Design targets are specified using the quality function deployment. Three design alternatives are proposed and compared, and the best alternative is chosen based on the decision matrix. An auxiliary tank was added between the storage tank and the solar still with a ball valve to maintain a constant water level inside the auxiliary tank and a screw jack to control the elevation of the auxiliary tank and water level. Based on the hydrostatic principle, the elevation of the water level inside the auxiliary tank and solar still must be the same. Therefore, controlling the elevation of the water level inside the auxiliary tank using the screw jack controls the water depth inside the solar still. The proposed feedwater system can maintain the water level inside the solar still to its optimum value that improves the solar still productivity and convenience for the end-user. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Solar PV training manuals reviewed and formats developed for the beginners. • Developed formats provide the missing link between theoretical and practical study. • Formats for solar PV power plant, water pump, lantern and street light systems. • Comprehensive, point wise formats covering all components of a PV system. A thorough review of the existing solar PV training manuals was conducted and a gap is identified between the theoretical and practical trainings for the beginners in the solar PV field. During initial steps of solar trainings, beginners often struggle with identification of the system components and their technical specifications. Students generally do not have anything in their hands to collect information during the visit/demonstration of a solar PV system. Therefore in the present work, novel, comprehensive formats have been designed on the basis of the review to aid the beginners in the solar engineering and skill development courses. The developed survey/demonstration based formats are designed to collect information about the location, the site, weather conditions, user needs, components specifications, project cost, maintenance requirements and performance. The formats have been developed for four commonly used solar PV systems- solar PV power plant, solar water pumping system, solar lantern and solar street light. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shifting away from the traditional mass production approach, the process industry is moving towards more agile, cost-effective and dynamic process operation (next-generation smart plants). This warrants the development of control systems for nonlinear chemical processes to be capable of tracking time-varying setpoints to produce products with different specifications as per market demand and deal with variations in the raw materials and utility (e.g., energy). This article presents a systematic approach to the implementation of contraction-based control for discrete-time nonlinear processes. Through the differential dynamic system framework, the contraction conditions to ensure the exponential convergence to feasible time-varying references are derived. The discrete-time differential dissipativity condition is further developed, which can be used for control designs for disturbance rejection. Computationally tractable equivalent conditions are then derived and additionally transformed into an SoS programming problem, such that a discrete-time control contraction metric and stabilising feedback controller can be jointly obtained. Synthesis and implementation details are provided and demonstrated through a numerical case study. • Rigorous analysis, control synthesis and implementation of contraction-based nonlinear control developed. • Exponential incremental stability design via discrete-time control contraction metrics (DCCMs). • Differential dissipativity conditions to achieve disturbance attenuation. • Tractable control synthesis to achieve both desired contraction and dissipativity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work considers robust moisture content and activity control in a continuous convective drying for particulate bio-materials. The major process uncertainty is in the kinetics of the second (falling-rate) drying period. Robust feedback controllers in the multi-variable and de-central case are designed to guarantee desired product specifications. The advantages of the robust controllers are discussed in comparison with a conventional PI controller. The case study presented is the drying of baker's yeast in a fluidized bed dryer. The results show constant performances concerning the uncertainty of the drying kinetics and disturbance rejection at different operating points. • Robust multivariable controller design for convective drying. • Constant controller performance concerning various process uncertainties and operating points. • Baker's yeast in fluidized bed dryer as case study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Adaptive energy and flexibility market is designed for wholesale and local markets. • The market can adapt to changing conditions of TSO and DSOs. • The market operator prioritizes demands and receive energy and flexibility from TSO and DSO. The aim of this paper is to present the design of an energy and flexibility market that operates in coordination with both wholesale and local markets. By utilizing greater flexibility through the integration with transmission and distribution networks, the market can adapt to changing operational conditions over time. The market operator uses information from the TSO-DSO to implement the necessary submarket type based on network conditions.The market operator, in turn, will select the proper sub-market based on technical and economic specifications, from the operators, i.e., the required energy, flexibility, and associated costs. The proposed method offers a decentralized and non-iterative coordinated market for energy and flexibility at both the transmission and distribution levels, guided by the principle that, electricity flows naturally from low-cost to high-cost nodes in an uncongested network. The market operator directs energy and flexibility to higher cost buses using an appropriate market mechanism. Consequently, the existing network is oriented towards being congestion-free. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed market not only aligns with TSO-DSO operational priorities but also approaches the outcomes of a centralized market in terms of optimality. Also, the proposed method requires less calculation time for than previously coordinated market execution methods, such as TSO-leader and DSO-leader. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Achieved efficient iron and rare earths separation from complex iron – bearing polymetallic solid residues. • Obtained iron concentrate with 65.26 wt% TFe, 85.29 wt% recovery, along with rare earth product with REO grade exceeding 12.54 wt%. • Selective reduction of weakly magnetic iron without wüstite formation using HMPT technology. • The HMPT system demonstrated excellent control stability and product specifications. The Bayan Obo low-grade polymetallic ore (BOLPO) has been abandoned for many years owing to its difficult beneficiation and remains as a solid residue. This is causing significant ecological damage to the surrounding environment. In this pilot-scale study, hydrogen-based mineral phase transformation (HMPT) technology and associated equipment were used to successfully separate iron and rare earths from BOLPO, demonstrating stable operation for 48 h. Optimal HMPT conditions included a feed rate of 120 kg/h, HMPT temperature of 500 °C, gas flow rate of 3.5 m3/h and gas concentration of 22.5 vol%. After grinding and flotation defluorination, the obtained iron concentrate had a TFe grade of 65.26 wt%, a recovery of 85.29 wt%, and a low F grade of 0.28 wt%. Product analysis revealed phase transformations of iron and rare earths during the HMPT process, which increased the magnetic difference between the magnetic and non-magnetic products. The formation of pores and cracks during this process also facilitates the subsequent separation of iron and rare-earths. This study paves the way for clean and efficient iron and rare earth separation with regional mineral recovery potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphene has evolved from a scientific research subject to an industrial product, in need of a normative basis for its key control characteristics. Recently two new IEC technical specifications that establish standardized procedures for assessing the sheet resistance R S of monolayer graphene have been published. These new standards, part of the IEC TS 62607-6-xx series, outline protocols for employing two contact methods: i) van der Pauw, and ii) in-line four-point probe. In the following we present and discuss illustrative examples of the scientific experiments designed and performed to inform the standardization process behind the presented standards. In particular we report about the investigation of mechanical contacting of chemical-vapor-deposited monolayer graphene and the measurement of the R S in cm2 area graphene samples with non uniform resistivity distributions. This paper includes an overview of the broader IEC context, detailing the key steps in the development of the standards themselves. • Substantial technical input provided by scientific research to documentary standards. • Good practices in research to avoid reproducibility gap in the field of graphene. • Normative needs for innovative materials in electrotechnical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Doppler velocity log (DVL) is used to estimate ship's velocity by processing seafloor echo. The velocity measurement bias (i.e., long term accuracy) is often regarded as an important technical specification to quantify the accuracy of DVL. The bias describes the accuracy of the instrument after averaging over a sufficiently long time, such that the velocity variance approaches zero. The goal of this paper is to obtain an effective method to mitigate the bias in velocity measurement based on analyzing the DVL seafloor echo characteristics. First, a DVL bottom echo model is constructed based on highlight model, which can focus on the statistical characteristics of the echo waveform information. Then the algorithm for retrieving the echo highlight information is presented. The parameters of the highlight model based on experimental data of DVL echo are analyzed. The intrinsic connection between the highlight model and the point-based scattering model is discussed. Finally, the method of velocity measurement to mitigate the bias according to the relationship between the statistical characteristics of the highlights and bias is put forward. Simulation results show that the proposed method significantly mitigates the bias. • A highlight modeling method is proposed to analysis the Doppler frequency components contributing to the echo waveform. • A method to estimate the highlight model parameters is proposed based on the characteristics of the transmitted signal. • A method to mitigate DVL velocity measurement bias is proposed by exploiting the echo highlight model parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energetic tidal streams are an especially attractive source of clean energy due to the daily occurrence of high tidal flows. However, before any deployment of tidal turbine farms, it is essential to perform a resource assessment depending on the scope and scale of the project. The International Electrotechnical Commission has developed a technical specification for assessing the tidal stream resource "IEC TS 62600-201" to aid in this effort: determine a particular site's feasibility and design the project layout. In this study, we implemented and validated a three-dimensional numerical model and provided results following the specification for a 'Stage 2' project layout design in a highly energetic tidal channel: Tacoma Narrows of Puget Sound, in the State of Washington, USA. Implementation of the numerical model based on the specification has helped estimate the annual energy production with higher model accuracy. We also used the same setup to evaluate the undisturbed theoretical and technical resources, where the latter included energy extraction from the flow field arranging a hypothetical tidal energy converter array. Ultimately, this work has shown the important role of the technical specification in larger project layout design, which can simultaneously act as a benchmark for other 'Stage 2' theoretical and technical resource assessment studies worldwide. • We conducted a 'Stage 2' tidal energy resource assessment following IEC Guidelines. • The Guidelines helped better predict the AEP required for project layout design. • The model validation and result reporting serve as a benchmark for future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we report on the findings of a correspondence audit study to examine the responsiveness of political candidates on social media in relation to ethnicity. This study examines how responsive political candidates are to private social media messages (i.e., Facebook). Drawing on established theoretical insights, we focus on responsiveness of candidates to a citizen with a Dutch and non-Dutch name. More specifically we take into account political leaning and ethnicity of the candidate itself. We also pay attention to the technical side of the social media platform and how this affects responsiveness. We found no effect for discrimination based on ethnicity. Notably, we did observed a significant effect of the technical specifications of Facebook, which influence responsiveness at large. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with the inversion of intervals when a PLS (Partial Least Squares) model is used. However, instead of discretizing the interval, it is proved that the region resulting from the inversion of a PLS model is a convex set bounded by two parallel hyperplanes, each corresponding to the direct inversion of each endpoint of the given interval. When the domain of the input variables is a convex set, any feasible solution with predictions within the interval set in the response can be obtained as a convex combination of a point on each of the two hyperplanes. In this way, the new solutions preserve the internal structure of the input variables. This methodology can be of interest in several domains where the response under study is defined in terms of an interval of admissible values, such as specifications for a product in an industrial process, or tolerance intervals for computing compliant class-models. The inversion of the corresponding fitted model defines a region in the input space (predictor variables) whose predictions fall within the specified interval. Then, estimating and exploring this region will increase the information about the problem under study. • Latent variable model inversion for an interval only needs to consider its endpoints. • Generate feasible settings by convex combinations of solutions, one in each endpoint. • Use of PLS model inversion of tolerance intervals in class-modelling situations. • Finding settings for maintaining specification limits in process control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The selection of mining equipment is one of the most important parts for decision-makers, which can affect the mine and the entire planning. Underground mines are usually divided into two categories; hard rock and soft rock, each of which has its equipment according to the type of exploitation method used. There are different ways to make decisions and choose mining equipment. One of the practical approaches can be the use of the Multi-Criteria-Decision-Making models (MCDM). The main aim of this research is to develop a decision support system based on MCDM methods and use FUZZY logic to resolve uncertainties in the Underground-Hard Rock Mining Equipment Selection (U-HRMES). In this paper, the U-HRMES model has been used in Anguran underground lead and zinc mine as a case study. At present, the drilling and loading-hauling equipment of the Angoran mine does not perform properly. Therefore, to improve the performance and speed up the mining operation, it was tried to suggest suitable equipment using the U-HRMES. For this purpose, effective criteria were obtained based on a literature review, and according to the conditions of the Anguran underground lead and zinc mine, these criteria were filtered, and then, Twenty-two subcriteria with four groups of main criteria; technical specifications of the machine, economic and environmental issues, stope conditions and finally management and operational issues were obtained. It should be noted that the types of preference functions in the selection process of underground hard rock mining equipment were determined based on expert groups. Using the U-HRMES, two series of decisions were evaluated for the options of drilling equipment and loading and hauling equipment for the Anguran underground stopes. Finally, single-arm drilling with a score of 0.870 was chosen as the appropriate choice for drilling equipment, and LHD WX04 with a score of 0.252 was selected for loading and hauling equipment. Also, by analyzing the sensibility of the model results based on the change of criteria weights from ±10 % to ±20 %, there was no change in the results. The observations were that the drilling equipment selection has more sensitivity and reaction to changes in weight of the stope conditions. At the same time, the loading and transport equipment selection has this reaction and this sensitivity to changes in the weight of technical specifications of the machine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Introduces fabrication-scale solvent-free dry electrode process with PTFE binder. • Defines unit process, equipment, intermediate products, and characterization methods. • Interprets the relationship between intermediate products and cell performance. Conventional wet-electrode manufacturing encounters challenges in producing thicker electrodes due to issues related to solvent evaporation. This study introduces a novel method for fabricating solvent-free dry electrodes using polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) as a binder, representing a significant advancement in electrode manufacturing processes. By eliminating the use of solvents, this method not only addresses these challenges but also offers a scalable and practical solution for mass production. The process is meticulously structured into sequential unit operations, each specifically tailored for a distinct function, utilizing the distinctive fibrillation properties of PTFE. Intermediate product specifications for each phase are clearly defined, accompanied by a comprehensive analysis of both physical and electrochemical performances. This analysis highlights the influence of varying PTFE contents and properties on the microstructure of the dry electrode. Notably, the study achieves a significant breakthrough with an electrode formulation of NCM811/PTFE/carbon black (CB)/carbon nanotube (CNT) = 96/2.0/1.8/0.2, which demonstrates exceptional discharge rate capability of 80 % at a 0.5 C-rate (5 mA/cm2) under the demanding parameters of 10 mAh/cm2 and 3.8 g/cc. This approach not only enhances the microstructural properties of dry electrodes but also paves the way for environmentally friendly and efficient electrode manufacturing for future energy storage applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficiency and effectiveness of the rust removal of self-rotary ultra-high-pressure (UHP) derusting sprayers (UHP-DSs) heavily rely on the spatial arrangement and technical specifications of UHP water-jet nozzles. However, the current design approaches for UHP-DSs primarily depend on engineering guidance or experiential knowledge and lack precise theoretical analysis and optimisation frameworks. To address this gap, a novel integrated optimisation design method for UHP-DSs was proposed, which merges the CFD scheme with a spatial layout strategy for the nozzle to bolster system efficiency. First, a thorough hydrodynamic performance analysis of the UHP nozzle was conducted using the CFD method to identify the optimal process parameters. Following this, an accumulative impinging-duration optimisation model was developed to systematically evaluate the trajectory characteristics of UHP-DSs and ensure uniformity of the water-jet energy distribution. Second, a theoretical calculation model on self-rotary UHP-DSs was established to explain the correlation between the spatial arrangement of the nozzle and self-rotary speed. Finally, the optimal spatial arrangement of the nozzle was determined using the particle swarm optimisation algorithm to maximise water-jet energy uniformity, with the corresponding attack angles obtained via the theoretical self-rotary model. Experimental verification indicated that the proposed optimisation design method could effectively enhance the rust removal efficiency of UHP-DSs by approximately 44.1% compared to that of the original design scheme. Therefore, it has promising applications for improving ship maintenance practices in the maritime industry. • Propose an accumulative impinging-duration model to evaluate water jet energy distribution. • Propose a self-rotary model for rust-removing sprayer to achieve desired rotation speed. • CFD-integrated layout can boost rust-removing efficiency by 44.1%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most industrial vertical stirred mills contain a non-uniform set of grinding media sizes. However, this fact is often ignored in simulations, which mostly use monodispersed media. The paper explores the fundamental dynamics of vertical mills when using multiple sizes of grinding media, by using DEM simulation. Our results suggest that by including both large and small media, one may be able to optimise its performance in several manners. The energy going into the contacts can be increased by including a second size, leading to more effective grinding. Including smaller media can also reduce the power draw of the mill, increasing the efficiency and sustainability of the mill. Finally, the natural segregation between different sizes creates different types of collision which grind different particle sizes more effectively. Segregation leads to smaller media at the bottom, so continuous processes can be optimised for fine grinding by feeding from the top, where the larger media are. This further enables control of the resulting product specifications. [Display omitted] • We investigated the effect of including multiple media sizes within a vertical mill. • Having two sizes can increase stress energy in the mill by up to 55%. • Power draw can also be reduced by up to 30% by including a second size. • Segregation means high-impact and high-attrition contacts occur simultaneously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liquified natural gas (LNG) is a low-cost, cleaner fuel that reduces air pollutants and carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions. However, LNG-fueled engines have a methane slip issue, leading to increased carbon dioxide equivalent (CO 2e or CDE) emissions. This research introduced a new approach to combine the LNG-fueled engine with hybrid electric propulsion and real-time optimal control to maximize fuel efficiency and minimize CO 2e emissions. In addition to low-cost LNG fuel, the approach controls and reduces the battery degradation costs to provide a clean and economical marine propulsion solution. An integrated globally optimal propulsion system design and real-time optimal control strategy for the LNG-fueled hybrid electric ships effectively addressed the methane slip-triggered emissions issue of natural gas (NG) engines, reducing CO 2e emissions by 12.28% and the high-cost and relatively short life of the hybrid propulsion system's battery energy storage system (BESS), decreasing battery capacity loss by 12%. The optimal sizing of the NG-diesel dual-fuel compression ignition (CI) engine and BESS and the optimal baseline power control and energy management strategy (EMS) are jointly created using dynamic programming (DP) for the vessel's statistical data-based, normal operation profile. As marine vessels have more variations of propulsion power demand than road vehicles due to varying ocean operation conditions, two new methods are introduced to accurately predict the varying propulsion power demands and dynamically update the BESS's state of health (SOH) in real-time. The former applies an extended Kalman filter (EKF) on both real-time vessel operation data and the statistical vessel operation cycle to more accurately predict vessel power demand, and the latter compares the instantly measured battery output voltage data with the battery performance and degradation models built using extensive battery test data to capture the state of the BESS more precisely. These two new update schemes lead to an extended model predictive control (MPC) approach for the real-time optimal power control and energy management of the hybrid electric ship operation, considering the NG fuel consumption, CO 2e emissions and BESS degradation associated costs. The newly introduced NG-engine hybrid electric propulsion system component size and EKF-MPC real-time control optimization techniques have been tested using the technical specification and operation data of a real medium-sized vehicle and passenger ferry in operation, with reduced CO 2e emissions and battery capacity loss and lowered ferry operating costs by $305,286 over 10 years of operations. • An integrated globally optimal propulsion system design and real-time optimal control strategy for the LNG-fueled hybrid electric ships, considering the NG fuel consumption, CO 2e emissions and battery degradation associated costs. • Two new methods to accurately predict the varying propulsion power demands and dynamically update the battery's state of health (SOH) in real-time, applying extended Kalman filter (EKF) to predict vessel power demand more accurately, and capturing the battery SOH more precisely. • An extended model predictive control (MPC) technique for the real-time optimal power control and energy management of the hybrid electric ship operation, considering the NG fuel consumption, CO 2e emissions and BESS degradation associated costs. • Evaluation of the new NG-engine hybrid electric propulsion system component size and EKF-MPC real-time control optimization techniques on a medium-sized vehicle and passenger ferry with reduced CO 2e emissions, battery capacity loss, and ferry operating costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• 'PF1, 6 and CS lifting Frame' and 'Sector lifting Tool' are designed and manufactured by Korea Domestic Agency (KODA). • The lifting tools were designed considering 2 times payload according to EN standard. • The structural integrity of lifting tools was verified by load test considering 1.5 times payload at least over 15 min. • The payloads of 1566 tones and 2028 tones were applied using hydraulic cylinders and customized jig structure. • All lifting tools were successfully withstood under required test load without defect or plastic deformation. Korea Domestic Agency (ITER Korea, KODA) has procured 44 kind's assembly tools for ITER project. The assembly tools are classified by the steel structure, lifting table and lifting accessory. 'PF 1, 6 and Central Solenoid Lifting Frame' (CS Lifting Frame) and 'Sector Lifting Tool' (SLT) are the representative assembly tool classified the lifting accessory. The assembly tools handle the heavy component which over 1,000 tones for payload. In this reason, the verification of the strength of the tools is very important and the integrity of lifting accessory tools was verified by not only structural analysis but also load test at factory under 1.5 times the payload for minimum 15 min. It is the requirements of the technical specification. The main role of PF 1, 6 and CS Lifting Frame is to lift and transfer the ITER components (PF1 coil, PF6 coil and CS coil) from the assembly hall to the tokamak fit and their temporary support positions. The CS coil is heaviest component in payloads handled by CS Lifting Frame. The weight is about 1,000 tones and CS Lifting Frame was verified by 1,500 tones load test. Sector Lifting Frame is to lift and transfer the 40° sector module from Sector Sub-Assembly Tool (SSAT) to tokamak fit. The sector module consists of Vacuum Vessel (VV), VV Thermal Shield and Two Toroidal Flied Coils. The total weight of the sector module is about 1,300 tones and Sector Lifting Frame was verified by 2,000 tones load test. The load test was carried out according to test procedure approved by IO. This paper describes the overall test method, customized test JIG and result of the lifting tools for handling heavy components of ITER. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this review, we focus on providing basics and examples for each component of the protein therapeutic specifications to interested pharmacists and biopharmaceutical scientists with a goal to strengthen understanding in regulatory science and compliance. Pharmaceutical specifications comprise a list of important quality attributes for testing, references to use for test procedures, and appropriate acceptance criteria for the tests, and they are set up to ensure that when a drug product is administered to a patient, its intended therapeutic benefits and safety can be rendered appropriately. Conformance of drug substance or drug product to the specifications is achieved by testing an article according to the listed tests and analytical methods and obtaining test results that meet the acceptance criteria. Quality attributes are chosen to be tested based on their quality risk, and consideration should be given to the merit of the analytical methods which are associated with the acceptance criteria of the specifications. Acceptance criteria are set forth primarily based on efficacy and safety profiles, with an increasing attention noted for patient-centric specifications. Discussed in this work are related guidelines that support the biopharmaceutical specification setting, how to set the acceptance criteria, and examples of the quality attributes and the analytical methods from 60 articles and 23 pharmacopeial monographs. Outlooks are also explored on process analytical technologies and other orthogonal tools which are on-trend in biopharmaceutical characterization and quality control. [Display omitted] • Specifications ensure the benefits and safety of biopharmaceuticals to patients. • Biopharmaceuticals are evaluated according to the tests and analytical methods. • Acceptance criteria are set based on efficacy and safety profiles of the drug. • Understanding of quality attributes and analytical methods is necessary. • This knowledge supports regulatory compliance and regulatory science development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present a full design of a flying robot to investigate the state of power grid components and to perform the appropriate maintenance procedures according to each fail or defect that could be recognized. To realize this purpose; different types of sensors including thermal and aerial vision-based systems are employed in this design. The main features and technical specifications of this robot are presented and discussed here in detail. Some essential and advanced computer vision techniques are exploited in this work to take some readings and measurements from the robot's surroundings. From each given image, many sub-images containing different electrical components are extracted using a new region proposal approach that relies on Discrete Wavelet Transform, to be classified later by utilizing a Convolutional Neural Network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A photogrammetric workflow based on focus-stacked macro images is applied for the first time to the 3D modeling of small Aegean inscriptions. • Close-range digital photogrammetry allows reconstructing the small signs of the inscriptions with a 3D density up to 30 microns. • The high degree of detail of the 3D models is compatible with the requirements of high standard paleographic analyses. • The use of 3D models highly improves the identification of signs of undeciphered Aegean inscriptions. Any attempt of decipherment and language identification of the scripts from the Aegean dating to the second millennium BCE (namely Cretan Hieroglyphic, Linear A, and Cypro-Minoan) has relied, until today, on traditional catalogues of inscriptions, consisting of incomplete or subjective 2D representations, such as photographs and hand-drawn copies, which are not suitable for documenting such three-dimensional writing systems. In contrast, 3D models of the inscribed media allow for an accurate and objective "autopsy" of the entire surface of the inscriptions. In this context, this work presents an efficient, accurate, high-resolution, and high-quality texture photogrammetric workflow based on focus-stacked macro images, designed for the 3D modeling of small Aegean inscriptions, to properly reconstruct their geometry and to enhance the identification of their signs, making their transcription as unbiased as possible. The pipeline we propose also benefits from a pre-processing stage to remove any coloration difference from the images, and a reliable and simple 3D scaling procedure. We tested this workflow on six inscribed artifacts (two in Cretan Hieroglyphic, three in Linear A, one of uncertain affiliation), whose average size ranges approximately from 1 to 3 cm. Our results show that this workflow achieved an accuracy of a few hundredths of mm, comparable to the technical specifications of standard commercial 3D scanners. Moreover, the high 3D density we obtained (corresponding to the edge average length of the 3D model mesh), up to ≈ 30 µm, allowed us to reconstruct even the smallest details of the inscriptions, both in the mesh and in the texture layer of the 3D models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The public transport system is one of the cities' primary services, classifying the city as modern, livable, accessible, and sustainable. Accordingly, cities are trying to develop sustainable public transport systems even with limited budgets and funds. In this study, a novel decision strategy for public transport investment is investigated for a tramway system that implements several local decision strategies, and it gave the ability to launch the system using second-hand renovated trams as the rolling stock. The operation period's financial sustainability for ten years and the effect of the second-hand trams are assessed. The results show that renovated tram cars decreased the project's initial investment costs by 53.88% and realized 4.5 M €/km total cost, which is one-fifth of the average total cost in Europe. The system became a self-sufficient system after the 3rd year of operation and is profiting with incremental positive cash flow since that year without having any compensation from the national or local government. The study shows that the cities' financial resources could be sufficient to cover sustainable transportation modes with locally adapted strategies. The paper also contributes to decision strategies that renovated trams can be a solution for cities with limited budgets and are planning to construct tramway lines to improve public transport systems and eager to create sustainable cities. • Second-hand trams are renovated and used for public transport to decrease the initial investment. • The technical specifications for renovation of second-hand trams are investigated. • Several local decision strategies are investigated for the construction of the system. • Financial sustainability analysis is assessed for this tramway system. • The system became financially self-sufficient after the 3rd year of operation period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A systematic approach is applied to design and optimize simple and complex multicomponent distillation sequences. • Computations take place in a single environment to save time on inter-software data transmission. • Required short cut and rigorous simulation codes have been developed and validated. • An optimum distillation configuration for GTL plant has been introduced minimizing plant TAC. Gas to liquid (GTL) is one of the main processes that liquefied natural gas through chemical conversion into synthetic crude that can be upgraded and separated into different useful hydrocarbons. The present study has been carried out to optimize the distillation column configuration and applied it to the GTL distillation unit. The distillation simulation code has been developed in two main parts, shortcut and rigorous based on inside–out algorithm. A modular design approach is presented in which the code is developed in only one computational environment. Compared to the existing methods, the uniform code avoids time-wasting data transmission between different commercial software. Therefore, the developed code includes all three main steps, generation, simulation and optimization, which are interconnected to achieve the best sequence according to the objective function. The genetic algorithm is utilized to minimize the hybrid TAC function that checks products specifications simultaneously. The results demonstrate the capacity of direct configuration that performances the best overall evaluation parts of TAC, operating costs, capital costs, and exergy losses, therefore it reduces up to 26% in operating cost compared with indirect configuration which is the most commonly used sequence in GTL plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In deep learning tasks, the update step size determined by the learning rate at each iteration plays a critical role in gradient-based optimization. However, determining the appropriate learning rate in practice typically relies on subjective judgment. In this work, we propose a novel optimization method based on local quadratic approximation (LQA). In each update step, we locally approximate the loss function along the gradient direction by using a standard quadratic function of the learning rate. Subsequently, we propose an approximation step to obtain a nearly optimal learning rate in a computationally efficient manner. The proposed LQA method has three important features. First, the learning rate is automatically determined in each update step. Second, it is dynamically adjusted according to the current loss function value and parameter estimates. Third, with the gradient direction fixed, the proposed method attains a nearly maximum reduction in the loss function. Extensive experiments were conducted to prove the effectiveness of the proposed LQA method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]