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The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of 1.5% levofloxacin (LVFX) otic solution for the treatment of patients with otitis media. This multicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial was conducted at 34 institutions in Japan. A total of 202 patients with chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) or acute otitis media (AOM) were randomized into either the LVFX group or placebo group. A total of 6–10 drops of 1.5% otic solution of LVFX or its matching placebo were administered in the diseased ear twice daily, in the morning and evening for up to 10 days. Images corresponding to three clinical findings—purulent otorrhea, hyperemia (redness), and granulation tissue formation in the middle ear and tympanic membrane—for each diseased ear were evaluated using digital endoscopy by a blinded central independent review committee (BICRC) at each visit after treatment administration. In total, the data of 201 participants (LVFX group, 99; placebo group, 102) were analyzed. The proportion of patients with disappearance (improvement rate) of all three clinical findings at the end of treatment or discontinuation by the BICRC was 46.5% (46/99) in the LVFX group and 23.5% (24/102) in the placebo group, and the difference (95% confidence interval) between the groups was 22.0% (8.7, 34.2), with a significantly higher improvement rate in the LVFX group than in the placebo group (p = 0.001; Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel test), demonstrating the efficacy of LVFX. The bacterial eradication rates were 93.9% (77/82) and 12.5% (11/88) in the LVFX and placebo groups, respectively, and the rate was significantly higher in the LVFX group than in the placebo group (p < 0.001). Treatment-related adverse events (AEs) occurred in 5.1% (5/99) and 7.8% (8/102) of the patients in the LVFX and placebo groups, respectively, and no significant difference was noted in incidence rate between the groups. The clinical efficacy of 1.5% LVFX otic solution for CSOM and AOM was demonstrated by the resolution of inflammation in the middle ear and tympanic membrane as well as through the high bacterial eradication rate observed. No deaths or serious treatment-related AEs were observed. The study provided confirmation that 1.5% LVFX otic solution is a safe, well-tolerated, and effective treatment for CSOM and AOM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent studies have suggested that speech perception outcomes after cochlear implantation (CI) in prelingually deafened adults have improved with advances in CI technology and speech processing strategies. However, the outcomes vary from case to case. Communication mode has been reported in many studies as the factor that related to the post CI outcomes. This study aimed at investigating the post CI outcomes and the progress during 2 years for each communication mode. The subjects were 17 prelingually deafened adults undergoing CI at our hospital between April 2013 and March 2019. We investigated preoperative factors affecting post CI outcomes. Also we analyzed post CI outcomes for each communication mode and compared preoperative factors for each communication mode. Communication mode and preoperative discrimination score were the factor affecting on postoperative discrimination score. The speech perception score after CI improved significantly in the oral and lip-reading group and total communication group. The speech perception scores in postlingually deafened adults improved significantly during the first six months and became to plateau after CI. On the other hand, the scores of prelingually deafened adults tended to improve gradually after six months postoperatively. Furthermore, the degree of improvement and progress differed by each communication mode. The communication mode is important factors in predicting outcomes in prelingually deafened adults after CI. Long-term auditory training is important for prelingually deafened adults who use visual information as their preoperative method of communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To clarify the usefulness of geriatric assessment screening tools for predicting prognosis and complications in older adults with head and neck cancer (HNC). The geriatric-8 (G8) screening tool was administered to 78 older adults with HNC at their first visit to the hospital before any treatments. The ability of the G8 to predict survival was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis and determining the cut-off value using Youden's Index. The G8 and other factors related to prognosis (age, performance status (PS), Charlson comorbidity index, number of oral medicines (polypharmacy), the controlling nutritional status (CONUT) score for biological nutrition status, and treatment intent (curative or palliative)) were validated by Cox proportional hazards regression analysis. The survival analysis was validated in a propensity score-weighting cohort to correct for confounding factors. Correlations between these factors and complications were examined using Fishers exact test. The G8 cut-off value for overall survival was 10.5 (area under the curve (AUC) 0.69; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.56–0.82). In the propensity score-weighted cohort, on Cox proportional hazards regression analysis, the hazard ratio of an abnormal G8 (<11) was 3.70 [1.59–8.61 (p = 0.002)], and the hazard ratio of PS-abnormal (≥2) was 0.85 [0.09–7.60 (p = 0.88)]. Thirty-day mortality and all-complication rates were significantly higher in the G8-abnormal group. Neither major complications nor transfer to other institutions was correlated with an abnormal G8. The G8 was a strong prognostic factor and a possible predictor of complications in older adults with HNC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acute kidney injury (AKI), defined as a rapid decrease in glomerular filtration rate, is a common and devastating pathologic condition. AKI is associated with significant morbidity and subsequent chronic kidney disease (CKD) development. Regardless of the initial insult, CKD progression after AKI involves multiple types of cells, including proximal tubular cells, fibroblasts, and immune cells. Although the mechanisms underlying this AKI to CKD progression have been investigated extensively over the past decade, therapeutic strategies still are lacking. One of the reasons for this stems from the fact that AKI and its progression toward CKD is multifactorial and variable because it is dependent on patient background. In this review, we describe the current understanding of AKI and its maladaptive repair with a focus on proximal tubules and resident fibroblasts. Subsequently, we discuss the unique pathophysiology of AKI in the elderly, highlighting our recent finding of age-dependent tertiary lymphoid tissues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • The mechanism underlying the differences in laterality of orofacial clefts. • Whole-genome sequencing results showed no discordant DNA variants in monozygotic twin. • Environmental factors might be a critical factor influencing differences in the cleft side. Abstract Objective The aim of the present study is to explore genetic factors determining difference of cleft side using whole-genome sequencing and evaluation of craniofacial morphology using cephalometric analysis between Japanese monozygotic (MZ) twins with mirror-image cleft lip and palate (CLP). Design We selected a Japanese MZ twin pair (MZ-A and MZ-B) affected with unilateral CLP who are discordant for cleft side (left/right) and conducted whole-genome sequencing to identify genetic factors determining cleft side. Moreover, we compared their craniofacial morphologies using cephalograms. Results Whole-genome sequencing results suggested that no discordant DNA variants were found between MZ-A and MZ-B. The comparison of craniofacial morphology between the MZ twins revealed that MZ-B had maxillary deficiency and slightly more mandibular protrusion than MZ-A. Conclusions It is indicated that environmental factors might be a critical factor that influences the determination of difference of cleft side in orofacial clefts. In addition, we found some differences in craniofacial morphology between MZ-A and MZ-B. Our findings suggest that various environmental factors, such as epigenetics, might be a critical factor that influences the determination of difference of cleft side in CLP rather than inherited genetic factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A hollow fiber degassing membrane (DM) was applied to enhance organic matter degradation and methane gas production of anaerobic granular sludge process by reducing the dissolved hydrogen gas (D-H 2 ) concentration in the liquid phase. DM was installed in the bench-scale anaerobic granular sludge reactors and D-H 2 was removed through DM using a vacuum pump. Degasification improved the organic matter degradation efficiency to 79% while the efficiency was 62% without degasification at 12,000 mg L −1 of the influent T-COD concentration. Measurement of D-H 2 concentrations in the liquid phase confirmed that D-H 2 was removed by degasification. Furthermore, the effect of acetate concentrations on the organic matter degradation efficiency was investigated. At acetate concentrations above 3 g L −1 , organic matter degradation deteriorated. Degasification enhanced the propionate and acetate degradation. These results suggest that degasification reduced D-H 2 concentration and volatile fatty acids concentrations, prevented pH drop, and subsequent enhanced organic matter degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Bone is a metastatic site for various types of cancer. Cancer patients in whom bone metastases progress often have skeletal-related events (SREs). Denosumab and zoledronic acid are both bone-modifying agents that prevent the occurrence of SREs. Denosumab has been shown to be superior to zoledronic acid in delaying SREs in various types of cancer, such as breast cancer, lung cancer, and multiple myeloma. However, it is still uncertain whether denosumab is superior to zoledronic acid in delaying the time to SREs in other types of cancers, including gastrointestinal cancer, pancreas-biliary system cancer, and other rare cancers. Patients and methods This retrospective study was conducted based on medical records from 2009 to 2015. Eligible patients who had been diagnosed with bone metastases from gastrointestinal cancer, pancreas-biliary system cancer, and rare cancers were included. Patients were assigned to a denosumab group, zoledronic acid group, or group without bone-modifying agent treatment (no-treatment group). Results The study included 168 patients. The times to SREs in the denosumab, zoledronic acid, and no-treatment groups were 186 days [95% confidence interval (CI), 96–323 days], 79 days (95% CI, 45–118 days), and 31 days (95% CI, 13–76 days), respectively. Although, a few patients had grade 3 or 4 adverse events in the denosumab and zoledronic acid groups, the bone-modifying agent treatment was not terminated. Conclusion From the perspective of the efficacy and safety of denosumab for delaying the time to SREs, denosumab should be used to prevent SREs in patients with bone metastases from gastrointestinal cancer, pancreas-biliary system cancer, and other rare cancers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In July 2019, in accordance with the Medical Information Distribution Service Manual for Guideline Development 2014, which was based on the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach, the Japanese Society of Medical Oncology (JSMO) and the Japan Society of Clinical Oncology (JSCO) published clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) on chemotherapy and other drug therapies for older patients with cancer (JSMO-JSCO CPGs). In September 2020, at one year after the publication of these guidelines, a survey was conducted to determine the extent to which they had been disseminated to JSMO and JSCO members and implemented in daily practice. This nationwide, cross-sectional, web-based survey was conducted with JSMO and JSCO members. We surveyed the participants' overall awareness of the JSMO-JSCO CPGs, and their knowledge about, attitudes toward, and perceived barriers to adherence to each recommendation using validated questionnaires based on theoretical frameworks used in previous studies (Awareness to Adherence Model, Clinicians' Assessments of Practice Guidelines in Oncology questionnaires, and Knowledge–Attitudes–Behavior Framework). Among JSMO and JSCO members who had been informed of the survey, 1230 responded (response rate: 8.6% and 4.8%, respectively). From these respondents, 107 were excluded because they did not practice anticancer drug therapy at the time of the survey. Of the remaining 1123 eligible participants, 674 (60.0%) were aware of the JSMO-JSCO CPGs before the survey, 492 (73.0%) of whom had read all or part of the guidelines (publications 57.1%, JSMO website 34.8%, and JSCO website 14.0%). Knowledge about, attitudes toward, and barriers to adherence to each recommendation differed widely according to the clinical questions. The most commonly cited barriers were lack of awareness, lack of agreement, lack of evidence, lack of outcome expectancy, patient values and preferences, and patient factors. This survey identified different barriers to guideline adherence, including providers' knowledge, attitudes, and external factors, depending on each recommendation. Effective strategies to overcome these barriers can be expected to improve the implementation of the guideline recommendations. Based on the results of this survey, efforts should be made to promote further the use of the clinical guidelines in daily practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction (ASIR) has been used to reduce radiation dose in cardiac computed tomography. However, change of image parameters by ASIR as compared to filtered back projection (FBP) may influence quantification of coronary calcium. Objective To investigate the influence of ASIR on calcium quantification in comparison to FBP. Methods In 352 patients, CT images were reconstructed using FBP alone, FBP combined with ASIR 30%, 50%, 70%, and ASIR 100% based on the same raw data. Image noise, plaque density, Agatston scores and calcium volumes were compared among the techniques. Results Image noise, Agatston score, and calcium volume decreased significantly with ASIR compared to FBP (each P < 0.001). Use of ASIR reduced Agatston score by 10.5% to 31.0%. In calcified plaques both of patients and a phantom, ASIR decreased maximum CT values and calcified plaque size. Conclusion In comparison to FBP, adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction (ASIR) may significantly decrease Agatston scores and calcium volumes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the water sorption (Wsp) and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of HEMA-containing/free one-step self-etch adhesives after long-term water-storage. Methods: Three HEMA-containing one-step self-etch adhesives (Bond Force (BF), Clearfil S3 Bond (S3) and OptiBond All-In-One (OP)), and one HEMA-free one-step self-etch adhesive, G Bond (GB) was used. After the solvents of each adhesive were evaporated, polymerised adhesive disks and dumbbell-shaped specimens of thirty-two each were prepared and divided into four groups of 14-, 90-, 180- and 360-day water-storage. After immersion in water for the designated storage periods, the disks were subjected to measurement of Wsp, and the dumbbell-shaped specimens were subjected to measurement of UTS. The data of Wsp and UTS were statistically analysed using a two-way ANOVA and Bonferroni test. Results: Wsp of BF, S3 and OP increased over time, whereas for GB, there were no significant differences in Wsp among all the storage periods. Wsp of GB was lower than those of BF, S3 and OP in each period. The UTS of BF, S3 and OP decreased over time, whereas for GB, there were no significant differences in UTS among all storage periods. The highest UTS was initially seen in BF>GB=S3=OP, and after 360-day water-storage, seen in BF=GB>OP=S3. Conclusions: For the HEMA-containing adhesives, Wsp increased and UTS decreased over time. On the other hand, for the HEMA-free adhesive, Wsp and UTS did not significantly change even after 360-day water-storage. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The non-invasive imaging technique of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) has been used to investigate the microstructural properties of white matter (WM). The present study investigated whether individual differences in the WM structure of normal subjects as measured by fractional anisotropy (FA) values correlate with cognitive performance in terms of sustained attention and working memory. Subjects underwent DTI and performed the Continuous Performance Test (CPT) and N-back task. FA values throughout the brain were correlated with behavioral performance on a voxel-by-voxel basis to investigate relationships between WM microstructure and cognitive function. The discriminability index of CPT correlated positively with FA of the right cingulum. Accuracy of the 2-back task correlated positively with FA in bilateral cerebellar peduncles. WM microstructure of the right cingulum and bilateral cerebellar peduncles appears related to cognitive function such as sustained attention and working memory in the human brain. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Leaf textures of four cabbage cultivars (T-520, Fuyu-nobori, Satsuki-ou, and Kinkei-201) harvested in winter and spring were evaluated. Acoustic vibration signals generated during penetration of four stacked cabbage leaves were measured using a novel texture measurement system. Texture was quantified using a texture index (TI). The TI of T-520 was higher than that of Fuyu-nobori and continually declined during the entire investigation period (between February and May). However, Fuyu-nobori''s TI persisted after early April. This implied that Fuyu-nobori was superior to T-520 in terms of preservation of quality. Satsuki-ou showed either an equivalent or higher TI than T-520 in May. Kinkei-201 had a much lower TI than the other cultivars. TIs of T-520 and Fuyu-nobori stored at a 5°C for 4 weeks were lower than those of samples without storage. This implied that low temperature storage did not effectively retain the texture quality of the cabbages. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: We investigated time-course changes in the elasticity index (EI) of two melon (Cucumis melo L.) cultivars (“Andes” and “Quincy”) during their postharvest period. The EI was determined using the formula , where f 2 and m were the second resonance frequency and the mass of the sample, respectively. A nondestructive vibrational method with laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV) was used for measuring the second resonance frequency (f 2) of the melon samples. The changes in the EI of both cultivars showed quasi-exponential and biphasic decays. Along with sensory tests, we determined the optimum ripeness for edibility of the melons in terms of their EI to be 4.2–6.3×104 kg2/3 Hz2 (“Andes”) and 4.5–5.6×104 kg2/3 Hz2 (“Quincy”). Therefore, predetermined EI of two melon cultivars enables consumers to predict the time range of optimum ripeness. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Recent evidence suggested that cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression in the peripheral nerve early after nerve injury might be involved in the development of neuropathic pain. Although previous investigators have demonstrated that COX-2 is expressed in peripheral nerve at a late phase (2–4 weeks) after nerve injury, COX-2 up-regulation at an early phase after nerve injury has not been determined. Using immunohistochemistry, we observed biphasic increases of COX-2 expression after L5 single spinal nerve injury. The first increment of COX-2 positive cells was noted 1 day after nerve injury and these cells co-expressed the Schwann cell marker S-100. A second increment was noted after 7–14 days and these cells co-expressed the macrophage marker ED-1. These results suggested that the cellular sources of COX-2 expression might be different between the early and late phases after nerve injury. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

To clarify the role of cyclooxygenase in the peripheral nerve on the development of neuropathic pain, we investigated the effects of peri-sciatic administration of indomethacin on the development of allodynia in a model of L5 single spinal nerve injury. Peri-sciatic administration of indomethacin (1 mg/kg) was performed 3, 24, or 72 h after nerve injury (n=6/each). In rats with indomethacin 3 or 24 h after nerve injury, ipsi-lateral paw withdrawal thresholds 7–35 days after nerve injury were significantly higher compared with those in the control group (n=6: without peri-sciatic treatment) (P<0.05). However, such efficacy was no longer apparent when indomethacin was administered 72 h after nerve injury. These results suggest that peri-sciatic administration of indomethacin early (less than 24 h) after nerve injury can attenuate the development of allodynia. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Primary localized amyloidosis of the mesopharynx is rare. We present the case of a 12-year-old girl; as far as we are aware, our case is the third pediatric case in the English literature. Her chief complaint was a pharyngeal mass identified by the health examination at primary school. Physical examination revealed a mass in the faucial tonsil. Histologically, the lesion was composed of deposition of amyloid and chronic inflammatory cell infiltration. Immunohistochemical studies showed that the lesion was positive for amyloid P component (AP) and negative for amyloid L (AL). No treatments were applied, because she had no symptoms. During the observation period of 24 months, the mesopharyngeal mass showed no remarkable change. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Functional appliances are widely used for promoting mandibular growth by utilizing a construction bite position. We aimed to measure the mechanical load generated by movement of functional appliances and determine the factors influencing this load. Thirteen patients aged 8–12 years were selected for the study, and the load was measured using a previously developed measurement device. To investigate the factors affecting the load, the temporomandibular joint morphology and muscles related to the mandible were examined using cone-beam computed tomography. The standard regression coefficients of the factors affecting the load per millimeter of movement distance were 0.64 and 0.66 for (a) the inclination of the articular eminence and (b) the angle between occlusal plane and posterior temporalis, respectively. Measurement of the occlusal plane to the posterior temporalis and the inclination of the articular eminence were significantly different (p < 0.05). The angle of inclination of the articular eminence emerged as a strong influencing factor. Similarly, the influence of measurements from the occlusal plane to the posterior temporalis was considerable since the posterior temporalis muscle is the most active when the mandible is extended forward. We also found a possible relationship between the occlusal force and load at the construction bite position. To our knowledge, this is the first study to determine the actual load associated with the angle of the temporalis muscle to the occlusal plane, inclination angle of the articular eminence, angle between the occlusal plane and the Frankfort plane, and the angle between the geniohyoid muscle and the occlusal plane. Therefore, mechanical considerations need to be more accurate to facilitate safe orthodontic treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: We aimed to assess the clinical characteristics of extent patterns in congenital cholesteatoma, based on the Japan Otological Society (JOS) staging system.Methods: This was a retrospective chart review that included 80 ears of 80 patients with congenital cholesteatoma who underwent primary surgery at a tertiary academic medical center. The main characteristics and outcomes reviewed were sex, age, clinical background, surgical method, and stage classification according to two staging classifications: the criteria advocated by JOS and Potsic staging system.Results: The age at the time of surgery ranged from 1 to 35 years (average 8.4 years), and there were 54 men and 26 women. According to the JOS staging system, 12 ears were Stage Ia (15%), 7 ears were Stage Ib (9%), 1 ear was Stage Ic (1%), 59 ears were Stage II (74%), and 1 ear was Stage III (1%). In the study of postoperative residual recurrence, there were 4 cases after the primary operation and 3 cases after the staged operation. All 3 ears with residual disease after planned surgery were cholesteatomas that extended to all the tympanomastoid space.Conclusion: We consider the JOS staging system to be more suitable, in terms of anatomical classification and surgical procedure selection for comparison between Europe, the United States, and Asia. Specifically, it was advantageous that the PTAM classification and the S classification are associated with surgical procedure selection and postoperative course. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: In this study, we examine the relationship between developmental insufficiency of mastoid air cells and abnormal morphology of the paranasal sinuses in patients with chronic otitis media (COM) and acquired middle ear cholesteatoma (AMEC) using precise image assessment, in order to evaluate whether the anatomical features of paranasal sinuses has any impact on the pathogenesis in COM and AMEC.Methods: A total of 127 patients, including 45 COM patients and 82 AMEC patients, were enrolled for this study. The existence of nasal septal deviation, the existence of paranasal sinus opacification, the modified Lund-Mackay score, the diameters of the paranasal sinuses, the Vidic classification, mastoid development, and cranial size were assessed by CT examination. A further 76 adult patients who underwent high-resolution CT imaging of their skull bone for other diseases were enrolled as the control.Results: The AMEC group showed a significantly shorter sphenoid length (P < 0.01) and lower Vidic classification score (P < 0.01) compared to the control group in this study. In addition, we observed that patients with AMEC had less pneumatization of the mastoid air cells compared to the control individuals, and that the sphenoid length of the poor MC score group was significantly shorter than that of the good MC score group.Conclusion: Our results suggested that the developmental deficiency in sphenoid length caused by long-standing pediatric rhinosinusitis might indicate the potential of chronic middle ear inflammation in childhood and impact the pneumatization of mastoid air cells. Therefore, chronic rhinosinusitis during the childhood and adolescence might play a role in the pathophysiology of AMEC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sound is a sensory stimulant ubiquitously found throughout our environment. Humans have evolved a system that effectively and automatically converts sound sensory inputs into emotions. Although different emotional responses to sounds with different frequency characteristics are empirically recognized, there is a paucity of studies addressing different emotional responses to these sounds and the underlying neural mechanisms. In this study, we examined effects of pure tone (PT) and white noise (WN) inputs at ordinary loudness levels on emotional responses. We found that WN stimuli produced more aversive responses than PT stimuli. This difference was endorsed by larger late posterior positivity (LPP). In a source localization study, we found increased neural activity in the parietal lobe prior to LPP. These findings show that WN stimuli produce aversive perceptions compared with PT stimuli, at typical loudness levels. In addition, different emotional responses were processed in a similar manner as visual stimulations, as reflected by increased LPP activation. Various emotional effects of WN and PT stimuli, at ordinary loudness levels, could expand our understanding of adverse effects of noise as well as favorable effects associated with music. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine whether measurements of volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) are useful to predict colonization of periodontopathic bacteria. For this purpose, we assessed the relationships among distributions of 4 species of periodontopathic bacteria in tongue coating and dental plaque, oral conditions including VSC concentration in mouth air, and smoking habit of periodontal healthy young subjects. Methods: The subjects were 108 young adults (mean age, 23.5±2.56 years) without clinical periodontal pockets. Information regarding smoking habit was obtained by interview. After VSC concentration in mouth, air was measured with a portable sulfide monitor (Halimeter®), non-stimulated saliva flow and dental caries status were assessed, and tongue coating and dental plaque samples were collected from the subjects. The tongue coating samples were weighed to determine the amount. The colonization of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Prevotella intermedia, and Treponema denticola in both tongue coating and plaque samples was investigated using species-specific polymerase chain reaction assays. Results: Significant relationships were observed between the colonization of periodontopathic bacteria in tongue coating and plaque samples, especially that of P. gingivalis. VSC concentration showed the most significant association with colonization of P. gingivalis in both tongue coating and dental plaque. Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that the adjusted partial correlation coefficient [Exp(B)] values for VSC concentration with the colonization of P. gingivalis, P. intermedia, and T. denticola in dental plaque were 135, 35.4 and 10.4, respectively. In addition, smoking habit was also shown to be a significant variable in regression models [Exp(B)=6.19, 8.92 and 2.53, respectively]. Therefore, receiver operating characteristic analysis was performed to predict the colonization of periodontal bacteria in dental plaque in the subjects divided by smoking habit. Based on our results, we found cut-off values that indicated likelihood ratios (LR) within the efficient range for positive findings in both groups. Conclusion: The present results demonstrated that measurement of VSC concentration in mouth air is a useful method to predict the presence of colonization of some periodontopathic bacteria in dental plaque. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Single crystal X-ray structures of cocrystals, 1·2 and 1·3, derived from U-shaped ureadicarboxylic acid (1) with 2-aminopyrimidine (2) and melamine (3), respectively, were examined. Cocrystals were obtained as a 1:1 mixture of 1 and the corresponding base. Two molecules of 1 and two molecules of the base were combined together via intermolecular H-bonding creating a supramolecularly assembled cyclic heterotetramer motif of rhombus shape. In the case of cocrystal 1·3, the cyclic heterotetramers were connected via H-bonding by utilizing a remaining amino group of melamine resulting in the formation of a tape of cyclic heterotetramer. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between changes in the modulus of elasticity and ultimate tensile strength of one-step self-etch adhesives, and their degree of water sorption. Methods: Five one-step self-etch adhesives, Xeno IV (Dentsply Caulk), G Bond (GC Corp.), Clearfil S3 Bond (Kuraray Medical Inc.), Bond Force (Tokuyama Dental Corp.), and One-Up Bond F Plus (Tokuyama Dental Corp.) were used. Ten dumbelled-shaped polymers of each adhesive were used to obtain the modulus of elasticity by the three-point flexural bending test and the ultimate tensile strength by microtensile testing. The modulus of elasticity and the ultimate tensile strength were measured in both dry and wet conditions before/after immersion in water for 24h. Water sorption was measured, using a modification of the ISO-4049 standard. Each result of the modulus of elasticity and ultimate tensile strength was statistically analyzed using a two-way ANOVA and the result of water sorption was statistically analyzed using a one-way ANOVA. Regression analyses were used to determine the correlations between the modulus of elasticity and the ultimate tensile strength in dry or wet states, and also the percent decrease in these properties before/after immersion of water vs. water sorption. Results: In the dry state, the moduli of elasticity of the five adhesive polymers varied from 948 to 1530MPa, while the ultimate tensile strengths varied from 24.4 to 61.5MPa. The wet specimens gave much lower moduli of elasticity (from 584 to 1073MPa) and ultimate tensile strengths (from 16.5 to 35.0MPa). Water sorption varied from 32.1 to 105.8gmm−3. Significance: The moduli of elasticity and ultimate tensile strengths of the adhesives fell significantly after water-storage. Water sorption depended on the constituents of the adhesive systems. The percent decreases in the ultimate tensile strengths of the adhesives were related to water sorption, while the percent reductions in the moduli of elasticity of the adhesives were not related to water sorption. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Stabilization of norcaradiene structures of γ-lactone and lactam ring-fused 7-vinylnorcaradienes 1a–1e in their norcaradiene – cycloheptatriene valence isomerization was achieved by protonation. Induced 13C NMR chemical shifts caused by protonation were monitored for the cyclopropane ring carbons (C1, C6 and C7) of the norcaradiene structures as indices of their stabilities. DFT calculations (B3LYP/6-311+G(d) level) of norcaradienes, the corresponding cycloheptatrienes, and their protonated structures supported the experimental results. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Objectives: A broad mastoid extension limits cholesteatoma resection via a transmeatal approach including endoscopic ear surgery. Therefore, a preoperative diagnosis of mastoid extension is a the most critical factor to determine whether to perform mastoidectomy. The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of non-echoplanar diffusion-weighted imaging (non-EPI DWI) and T1-weighted imaging in the evaluation of mastoid extension in cholesteatomas of the middle ear.Methods: Patients who underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for pretreatment evaluation before primary surgery for pars flaccida or tensa cholesteatoma, which revealed a high-signal intensity in the mastoid on T2-weighed imaging were retrospectively evaluated. Two board-certified radiologists retrospectively evaluated the extent of cholesteatomas on MRI with non-EPI DWI, non-EPI DWI- and T1-weighted axial imaging. The presence of a high signal intensity on non-EPI DWI or low or high signal intensity on T1-weighted imaging in the mastoid was evaluated. All cases were subclassified as M+ (surgically mastoid extension-positive) or M- (surgically mastoid extension-negative).Results: A total of 59 patients with middle ear cholesteatoma were evaluated. There were 37 M+ cases and 22 M- cases. High-signal intensity on non-EPI DWI exhibited a sensitivity of 0.89 and specificity of 0.82, whereas partial low-signal intensity on T1-weighted imaging exhibited a sensitivity of 0.84 and specificity of 0.91 for detecting mastoid involvement. Complete high-signal intensity on T1-weighted imaging exhibited a sensitivity of 0.73 and specificity of 0.89 for detecting non-involvement of the mastoid. The sensitivity (0.92) and specificity (0.96) of combined non-EPI DWI and T1-weighted imaging evaluation were higher than those of with non-EPI DWI or T1-weighted imaging alone. The interobserver agreement for the presence of high-signal intensity in the mastoid cavity on non-EPI DWI was very good at 0.82, that of a partial low-signal intensity area in the mastoid cavity lesions on T1-weighted imaging was good, at 0.76 and that of complete high-signal intensity in the mastoid cavity lesions on T1-weighted imaging was good, at 0.67.Conclusions: The signal intensity on non-EPI DWI and T1-weighted imaging of the mastoid could be used to accurately assess the extent of middle ear cholesteatoma, which could facilitate surgical treatment planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: We aimed to clarify the usefulness of high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) and establish HRCT criteria for presurgical assessment of the mastoid extension in pars flaccida cholesteatomas of the middle ear.Methods: Retrospective observational study. Patients who underwent primary surgery for pars flaccida cholesteatoma and those who underwent temporal bone HRCT for pretreatment evaluation were reviewed. The distance in the anterior-most portion of the mastoid sinus on HRCT was measured, and the presence of surgically verified mastoid extension of cholesteatoma was evaluated. All cases were subclassified as M+ (surgically mastoid extension-positive) or M- (surgically mastoid extension-negative).Results: A total of 107 patients with pars flaccida cholesteatoma were included. The distance in the M+ cases was significantly longer than that in the M- cases, and the cutoff value was 3.6 mm. The difference between the ipsilateral/diseased-side distance and the contralateral/evaluable side (difference value) in M+ cases was larger than that in M- cases, with a cutoff value of 0.6 mm. The inter-rater reliability of this distance measurement was excellent, regardless of imaging experience.Conclusions: The cutoff values of the distance and the difference value can be used for pretreatment HRCT evaluation of mastoid extension in middle ear cholesteatoma with relatively high accuracy, regardless of the experience and skill levels of the evaluator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aeration status of the middle ear is presumed to be one of the factors affecting the outcome in acquired cholesteatoma. The present study investigated the impact of postoperative middle ear aeration on hearing and recurrence after intact canal wall tympanoplasty.Methods: We conducted a retrospective chart review of 127 pars flaccida cholesteatoma patients who underwent primary intact canal wall tympanoplasty at a tertiary academic medical center. We collected data on clinical characteristics, including extent of cholesteatoma, surgical procedure, pre- and postoperative middle ear aeration, hearing level, and recurrence. The aeration was measured before and at one year after operation on two axial computed tomography (CT) planes: at the lateral semicircular canal (mastoid cavity) and at the oval window (tympanic cavity). Based on the postoperative air-bone gap (ABG), patients were categorized into two groups: the successful hearing (ABG ≤15 dB) group and the unsuccessful hearing (ABG >15 dB) group. We used aeration ratio to assess the relationship between postoperative aeration improvement and hearing outcome or recurrence. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify the factors associated with hearing outcome.Results: At one year after operation, aeration ratio in both mastoid and tympanic cavities was significantly improved than the preoperative status (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, respectively, Wilcoxon signed-rank test). The positive correlation was found between postoperative aeration ratios of mastoid cavity and tympanic cavity (r = 0.348, p < 0.001, Spearman's rank-correlation coefficient). In mastoid and tympanic cavities, the postoperative aeration ratio in successful hearing group (n = 57) was significantly higher than that in the unsuccessful hearing group (n = 45) at one year after operation (p < 0.001, p = 0.028, respectively, Mann-Whitney U test). Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that postoperative aeration ratio in mastoid cavity and preoperative ABG were significant independent prognostic factors for successful hearing (odds ratio [95% confidence interval]: 2.630 [0.985 - 7.024], p = 0.045; 0.891[0.840 - 0.944], p < 0.001, respectively). However, postoperative aeration ratios did not significantly differ between with (n = 14) and without recurrence (n = 113) groups in both cavities.Conclusion: Our results suggest that better postoperative aeration in mastoid cavity is independently associated with satisfactory hearing outcome after intact canal wall tympanoplasty in pars flaccida cholesteatoma. However, no significant differences were observed between middle ear aeration at one year after operation and recurrence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultra-high-speed (UHS) videography was used to visualize the fracture phenomena at the resin–dentin interface during micro-tensile bond strength (μTBS) test. We also investigated whether UHS videography is applicable for failure-mode analysis. Ten human mid-coronal dentin surfaces were bonded using Clearfil SE Bond either in self-etching (SE) or etch-and-rinse (ER) mode. After 24-h water storage, the samples were cut into beams for μTBS test and tested at a cross-head speed of 1 mm/min. The fracture phenomena at the bonded interface were captured using a complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor digital UHS camera at 299,166 frames per second. The failure modes were classified using UHS videography, followed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. The failure-mode distributions determined by UHS videography and SEM analysis were statistically analyzed using Fisher's exact test with Bonferroni correction. The crack-propagation speed exceeded 1,500 km/h. No significant difference was found between the SEM and UHS videography failure-mode distributions in the SE mode. A significant difference appeared between them in the ER mode. Significant differences in the incidence of cohesive failures within the adhesive and at the adhesive–composite interface between the SE and ER modes were identified by both SEM and UHS videography. UHS videography enabled visualization of the fracture dynamics at the resin– dentin interfaces under tensile load. However, the resolution at such high frame rate was insufficient to classify the failure mode as precisely as that of SEM. Nevertheless, UHS videography can provide more detailed information about the fracture origin and propagation. • Resin–dentin interface fracture during μTBS test was visualized by UHS videography. • The speed of crack propagation exceeded 1,500 km/h. • Failure-mode distributions determined by UHS imaging were not as accurate as those of SEM. • The resolution of images at extremely high frame rates was insufficient. • A significant difference between SE and ER modes appeared in μTBS and failure mode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract A simple analytical method was developed to determine the arsenite (As(III)) concentration using a DNA aptamer and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). Prior to sample measurements, the method sensing mechanism was confirmed by analyzing the particle size of the AuNPs at each step of the analysis procedure, and the key operational parameters that affect the method performance were optimized. The optimal final NaCl concentration, incubation time with NaCl and pH of a 3-(N-morpholino) propanesulfonic acid buffer were 60 mM, 10 min and 7.3, respectively. A calibration curve was created under optimized operational conditions. The calibration curve was linear from a 1.0- to 10-μM As(III) concentration. The detection limit was 2.1 μM (161 μg/L). Using the calibration curve, we evaluated groundwater samples spiked with As(III). As(III) concentrations in groundwater pretreated with a 0.2-μm-pore-size membrane filter and cation-exchange resin were determined by using the method, which suggests that the proposed method can be used to determine the As(III) concentration in groundwater. Graphical abstract Image 1 Highlights • A DNA aptamer-based colorimetric method for As(III) determination was developed. • Parameters that influence the method were optimized. • The detection limit of the method was 161 μg/L. • Cation extraction was an effective pretreatment. • As(III) concentrations in groundwater could be determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective The interferon regulatory factor 6 gene ( IRF6 ) is one of the most conspicuous genes among a large number of candidate risk genes for non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate, which is considered to be a multifactorial defect. Variants of IRF6 are also suggested to affect normal craniofacial variations, especially in the area of the nose and the upper lip. In the present study, we used lateral cephalograms to establish the relationship between IRF6 and sagittal nasolabial morphology in healthy East Asian subjects. Design Genomic DNA was extracted from 215 Japanese and 226 Korean individuals, and genotyped for five IRF6 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs): rs17389541, rs642961, rs2013162, rs2235371, and rs7802. These SNPs were tested by multiple regression analyses for their association with craniofacial measurements obtained from lateral cephalometrics. Results We detected a significant association between the derived variants, rs2013162 and rs2235371 and the distances between a facial bone plane indicated by distance from Nasion and Point A (NA plane) to soft tissue landmarks; the Subalare (NA-Sbal) and the Subnasale (NA-Sn) in the sagittal plane. Conclusion Our results indicate that IRF6 variants play an important role in the normal range of variation in nasolabial soft-tissue morphology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine if Gluma dentin desensitizer (5.0% glutaraldehyde and 35% HEMA in water) can inhibit the endogenous MMPs of dentin matrices in 60s and to evaluate its effect on dentin matrix stiffness and dry mass weight. Methods: Dentin beams of 2mm×1mm×6mm were obtained from extracted human third molars coronal dentin. To measure the influence of Gluma treatment time on total MMP activity of dentin, beams were dipped in 37% phosphoric acid (PA) for 15s and rinsed in water. The acid-etched beams were then dipped in Gluma for 5, 15, 30 or 60s, rinsed in water and incubated into SensoLyte generic MMP substrate (AnaSpec, Inc.) for 60min. Controls were dipped in water for 60s. Additional beams of 1mm×1mm×6mm were completely demineralized in 37% PA for 18h, rinsed and used to evaluate changes on the dry weight and modulus of elasticity (E) after 60s of Gluma treatment followed by incubation in simulated body fluid buffer for 0, 1 or 4 weeks. E was measured by 3-pt flexure. Results: Gluma treatment inhibited total MMP activity of acid-etched dentin by 44, 50, 84, 86% after 5, 15, 30 or 60s of exposure, respectively. All completely demineralized dentin beams lost stiffness after 1 and 4 weeks, with no significant differences between the control and Gluma-treated dentin. Gluma treatment for 60s yielded significantly less dry mass loss than the control after 4 weeks. Significance: The use of Gluma may contribute to the preservation of adhesive interfaces by its cross-linking and inhibitory properties of endogenous dentin MMPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Fluorescence spectroscopy has great potential for on-site and real-time monitoring of pollutants in aquatic environments; however, its application to environmental aquatic samples has been extremely limited. In this study, a novel fluoroionophore based on a BODIPY-terpyridine conjugate was developed and applied to determine Zn concentrations in urban runoff. The fluoroionophore selectively bound to Zn2+ in water, which led to an instant red-shift of the fluorescence peak of the fluoroionophore from 539 nm to 567 nm that could be seen by the naked eye. Zn concentrations could be quantified using the ratio of fluorescence intensities, and the detection limit was 9 μg/L, which is sufficiently low for environmental aquatic samples. To demonstrate applicability of the method to environmental samples, we measured Zn concentrations in urban runoff samples with a complex matrix (∼60 mg/L dissolved organic carbon and ∼20 mS/cm electrical conductivity). The total and dissolved fractions of Zn in the samples could be determined by fluorescence spectroscopy and its relative error was estimated to be less than 30% by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy analysis. The proposed method is rapid and easy-to-use with simple pretreatment for Zn determination in environmental aquatic samples with complex matrices. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Neural crest-derived cells (NCDCs), which exist as neural crest cells during the fetal stage and differentiate into palate cells, also exist in adult palate tissues, though with unknown roles. In the present study, NCDCs were labeled with EGFP derived from P0-Cre/CAG-CAT-EGFP (P0-EGFP) double transgenic mice, then their function in palate mucosa wound healing was analyzed. As a palate wound healing model, left-side palate mucosa of P0-EGFP mice was resected, and stem cell markers and keratinocyte markers were detected in healed areas. NCDCs were extracted from normal palate mucosa and precultured with stem cell media for 14 days, then were differentiated into keratinocytes or osteoblasts to analyze pluripotency. The wound healing process started with marginal mucosal regeneration on day two and the entire wound area was lined by regenerated mucosa with EGFP-positive cells (NCDCs) on day 28. EGFP-positive cells comprised approximately 60% of cells in healed oral mucosa, and 65% of those expressed stem cell markers (Sca-1+, PDGFRα+) and 30% expressed a keratinocyte marker (CK13+). In tests of cultured palate mucosa cells, approximately 70% of EGFP-positive cells expressed stem cell markers (Sca-1+, PDGFRα+). Furthermore, under differentiation inducing conditions, cultured EGFP-positive cells were successfully induced to differentiate into keratinocytes and osteoblasts. We concluded that NCDCs exist in adult palate tissues as stem cells and have potential to differentiate into various cell types during the wound healing process. [Display omitted] • Neural crest-derived cells (NCDCs) in palate mucosa tissues of adult mice exist as keratinocytes and stem cells. • NCDCs were observed as keratinocytes in repaired mucosa in wound healing process. • Palate mucosa NCDCs showed predominant multiplication as well as proliferation into stem cells in stem cell growth medium. • With proliferation, NCDCs demonstrated an ability to differentiate into keratinocytes and osteoblasts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This study examined factors involved in the patency of uterine cervices in the bitch with pyometra. The uterine cervices were obtained from the bitches with pyometra at the time of ovariohysterectomy. Cervical patency was measured by inserting the stainless steel rods with different diameter into cervical canals. Collagen concentration and collagenase activity (for type I collagen) in the tissue were determined and the number of neutrophils, which contain the enzymes related to collagen metabolism, and morphological changes in collagenous fibers were studied by histological examination. Levels of mRNA expressions for hormonal factors, estrogen receptor-α (ER-α), progesterone receptor (PR), relaxin (Rlx) and an attractant of neutrophils, interleukin-8 (IL-8), were determined by semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). In the statistical analysis, the cervical patency positively correlated with the collagenase activity, and negative correlation was found between the cervical patency and collagen concentration. Histological examination indicated distinct positive correlation between the cervical patency and the number of neutrophils in the cervical stroma and that the collagenous fiber in the uterine cervix became thinner and degraded with increase of the cervical patency. Although there was no relationship between the cervical patency and the level of mRNA for ER-α, PR or Rlx, IL-8 mRNA level has significant positive correlation with the cervical patency and the number of neutrophils in the cervical stroma. These results suggest that the increased number of neutrophils in the uterine cervix, which could be related to the local expression of IL-8, may be involved in collagen degradation and connective tissue remodeling to increase cervical patency in the bitch with pyometra. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Anaerobic treatment is an attractive option for the biological treatment of municipal wastewater. In this study, municipal wastewater was anaerobically treated with a bench-scale upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor at temperatures from 6 to 31 °C for 18 months to investigate total chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency, archaeal community structure, and dissolved methane (D-CH4) recovery efficiency. The COD removal efficiency was more than 50% in summer and below 40% in winter with no evolution of biogas. Analysis of the archaeal community structures of the granular sludge from the UASB using 16S rRNA gene-cloning indicated that after microorganisms had adapted to low temperatures, the archaeal community had a lower diversity and the relative abundance of acetoclastic methanogens decreased together with an increase in hydrogenotrophic methanogens. D-CH4, which was detected in the UASB effluent throughout the operation, could be collected with a degassing membrane. The ratio of the collection to recovery rates was 60% in summer and 100% in winter. For anaerobic treatment of municipal wastewater at lower temperatures, hydrogenotrophic methanogens play an important role in COD removal and D-CH4 can be collected to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and avoid wastage of energy resources. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Testicular Leydig cells secrete insulin-like peptide 3 (INSL3) and express its receptor, RXFP2. However, the effects of INSL3 on endocrine function of Leydig cells are unknown. The present study examines the effects of INSL3 on mouse Leydig cells taking testosterone and cAMP secretions as endpoints. Leydig cells were isolated from testicular interstitial cells obtained from 8-week-old male mice. Cells were then plated in the presence or absence of mouse, human, canine or bovine INSL3 (0–100ng/ml) for 18h in multiwell-plates (96 wells) in different cell densities (2500, 5000, 10,000 or 20,000 cells per well). The effects of bovine INSL3 (100ng/ml) on testosterone secretion by Leydig cells were examined in the presence or absence of, an adenylate cyclase inhibitor, SQ 22536 (1μM) or INSL3 antagonist (bovine and human; 100ng/ml). Testosterone and cAMP in spent medium were measured by enzyme immunoassay. All INSL3 species tested significantly stimulated the testosterone secretion in Leydig cells, and the maximum stimulation was observed with 100ng/ml bovine INSL3 at the lowest Leydig cell density (2500 cells per well). Moreover, bovine INSL3 (100ng/ml) significantly stimulated the cAMP production from Leydig cells maximally at 1h, and remained significantly elevated even at 18h. SQ 22536 and INSL3 antagonists (bovine and human) significantly reduced INSL3-stimulated testosterone secretion from Leydig cells. Taken together, stimulatory effects of INSL3 on testosterone secretion in Leydig cells are exerted via the activation of cAMP, suggesting a new autocrine function of INSL3 in males. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Objective: This study evaluates the utility of fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) who received concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT). Methods: Sixty-five patients were recruited for this study between November 2002 and April 2007. The FDG-PET scan was performed before treatment and 4–6 weeks after treatment. Results: The mean of maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) before treatment at the primary tumor site was 8.1 (range, 2–22). The sensitivity of FDG-PET for the diagnosis of primary tumor site was 98%. The mean of SUVmax after treatment was 2.6 (range, 2–5). The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of FDG-PET for the diagnosis of primary tumor site after treatment were 100%, 40%, and 46%, respectively. The mean of SUVmax before treatment at the nodal site was 4.7 (range, 2–16). The mean of SUVmax after treatment was 2.0 (range, 2–6.7). The pre-treatment SUVmax of T2, T3, and T4 stages were significantly higher than that of the T1 stage. The N stage had no correlation in terms of the pre-treatment nodal site SUVmax. Conclusion: Our results indicate that FDG-PET is a useful imaging method for evaluating the response of CCRT in patients with HNSCC. However, performing FDG-PET 4–6 weeks after treatment may be too early as it may give false-positive results due to fibrosis and scarring. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In this study, we investigated the efficiency of dissolved methane (D-CH4) collection by degasification from the effluent of a bench-scale upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor treating synthetic wastewater. A hollow-fiber degassing membrane module was used for degasification. This module was connected to the liquid outlet of the UASB reactor. After chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency of the UASB reactor became stable, D-CH4 discharged from the UASB reactor was collected. Under 35 °C and a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 10 h, average D-CH4 concentration could be reduced from 63 mg COD L−1 to 15 mg COD L−1; this, in turn, resulted in an increase in total methane (CH4) recovery efficiency from 89% to 97%. Furthermore, we investigated the effects of temperature and HRT of the UASB reactor on degasification efficiency. Average D-CH4 concentration was as high as 104 mg COD L−1 at 15 °C because of the higher solubility of CH4 gas in liquid; the average D-CH4 concentration was reduced to 14 mg COD L−1 by degasification. Accordingly, total CH4 recovery efficiency increased from 71% to 97% at 15 °C as a result of degasification. Moreover, degasification tended to cause an increase in particulate COD removal efficiency. The UASB reactor was operated at the same COD loading rate, but different wastewater feed rates and HRTs. Although average D-CH4 concentration in the UASB reactor was almost unchanged (ca. 70 mg COD L−1) regardless of the HRT value, the CH4 discharge rate from the UASB reactor increased because of an increase in the wastewater feed rate. Because the D-CH4 concentration could be reduced down to 12 ± 1 mg COD L−1 by degasification at an HRT of 6.7 h, the CH4 recovery rate was 1.5 times higher under degasification than under normal operation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Levels of testosterone and insulin-like peptide 3 (INSL3) secretions in response to different doses of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in cultured interstitial cells were compared between retained and scrotal testes in dogs. Retained (n =10) and scrotal (n =9) testes were obtained from small-breed dogs. The testicular tissues were dispersed in Dulbecco''s Modified Eagle Medium with Ham''s nutrient mixture containing 2000PU/ml dispase II and 10% fetal bovine serum. The cells were plated with differing concentrations (0–10IU/ml) of hCG for 18h in multiwell-plates. Testosterone and INSL3 in the same spent medium were measured by enzyme-immunoassays (EIA). A new EIA with a reliable detection range of 0.025–5ng/ml was developed in order to measure canine INSL3 in culture medium. Dose-dependent stimulation of testosterone by hCG was observed in the cells of both retained and scrotal testes. The incremental rate of testosterone secretion was significantly lower at 0.1, 1 and 10IU/ml hCG in the cells of retained testes than in scrotal testes, however. INSL3 secretion was significantly stimulated at 10IU/ml hCG relative to unstimulated controls comprising cells of scrotal testes; no such stimulation was observed in the cells of retained testes. At 10IU/ml hCG, the incremental rate of INSL3 was significantly lower in the cells of retained testes than scrotal testes. These results suggest that LH-induced secretory testosterone and INSL3 responses are lower in the interstitial cells of retained testes than of scrotal testes. Furthermore, the high concentrations of LH may acutely stimulate INSL3 release in scrotal testes of dogs, but not in retained testes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Cumulative sleep deprivation may increase the risk of psychiatric disorders, other disorders, and accidents. We examined the effect of insufficient sleep on cognitive function, driving performance, and cerebral blood flow in 19 healthy adults (mean age 29.2 years). All participants were in bed for 8h (sufficient sleep), and for <4h (insufficient sleep). The oxyhaemoglobin (oxyHb) level by a word fluency task was measured with a near-infrared spectroscopy recorder on the morning following sufficient and insufficient sleep periods. Wisconsin card sorting test, continuous performance test, N-back test, and driving performance were evaluated on the same days. The peak oxyHb level was significantly lower, in the left and right frontal lobes after insufficient sleep than after sufficient sleep (left: 0.25±0.13 vs. 0.74±0.33mmol, P <0.001; right: 0.25±0.09 vs. 0.69±0.44mmol, P <0.01). The percentage of correct responses on CPT after insufficient sleep was significantly lower than that after sufficient sleep (96.1±4.5 vs. 86.6±9.8%, P <0.05). The brake reaction time in a harsh-braking test was significantly longer after insufficient sleep than after sufficient sleep (546.2±23.0 vs. 478.0±51.2ms, P <0.05). Whereas there were no significant correlations between decrease in oxyHb and the changes of cognitive function or driving performance between insufficient sleep and sufficient sleep. One night of insufficient sleep affects daytime cognitive function and driving performance and this was accompanied by the changes of cortical oxygenation response. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Objective: Combined treatment modality, e.g., definitive surgery followed by radiotherapy (RT) and definitive RT with concurrent chemotherapy, has been applied for advanced maxillary sinus squamous cell carcinoma (MSSCC) patients to obtain a better survival with organ preservation in Japan. Methods: The outcome of 40 patients with MSSCC between 1991 and 2007 in our institute was analyzed retrospectively. There were 36 males and 4 females, the average age being 59.5 years (ranging from 34 to 81 years). The median follow-up time was 66.1 months. All the patients had received a combined treatment consisting of definitive surgery, RT, and intra-arterial or systemic chemotherapy. The chemotherapeutic regimen was different depending on the performance status and/or complications of the patients. Since 1998, concurrent chemoradiotherapy with cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil, methotrexate and leucovorin regimen (CCRT–PFML) instead of neo-adjuvant chemotherapy has been applied. Results: The overall 5-year survival rate was 59.2%, the 5-year disease-specific survival rate was 71.7%, and the 5-year organ preservation survival rate was 42.4%. In the group receiving CCRT–PFML, the overall 5-year survival rate was 60.0%, the 5-year disease-specific survival rate was 76.0%, and the 5-year organ preservation survival rate was 60.3%. Conclusion: CCRT–PFML for advanced MSSCC patients is feasible to preserve the organs without reducing the survival rate. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]