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The addition of pour point depressants (PPDs) represents the most direct and efficient approach for improving the cold-flow properties of diesel. Nevertheless, the high doses of additives have consistently been a constraining factor. To address this challenge, the study synthesized tetradecyl methacrylate–N-hydroxymethacrylamide–benzyl acrylate (C 14 MC–NMA–BA), tetradecyl methacrylate–N-hydroxymethacrylamide–4-pentenoic acid benzyl ester (C 14 MC–NMA–PB), and tetradecyl methacrylate–N-hydroxymethacrylamide–10-undecenoic acid benzyl ester (C 14 MC–NMA–UB) at various molar ratios (1:1:1, 5:1:1, 10:1:1, 15:1:1, and 20:1:1) as PPDs for diesel. The aim of these PPDs is to efficiently improve the cold-flow properties of diesel at low doses. The cold filter plugging point (CFPP) and solidification point (SP) of diesel were tested before and after treatment with PPDs. The results confirmed that C 14 MC–NMA–UB with longer carbon chains exhibited superior performance compared to C 14 MC–NMA–PB and C 14 MC–NMA–BA. Considering both cost-effectiveness and performance metrics, 400 ppm C 14 MC–NMA–UB (5:1:1) was identified as the optimal choice for significantly enhancing diesel cold-flow properties, leading to reductions of CFPP and SP by 11 °C and 25 °C, respectively. Furthermore, the study delved into the inhibitory mechanisms of PPDs by examining the crystallization behavior of diesel at low temperatures, utilizing techniques such as differential scanning calorimetry, viscosity-temperature profiles, and polarized optical microscopy. [Display omitted] • A series of benzene-containing ternary PMA-type PPDs was synthesized by copolymerization. • The inhibitory effect of copolymer depends on chain length of benzene monomer. • 400 ppm C 14 MC–NMA–UB (5:1:1) achieved an optimal suppression effect on diesel crystallization. • The crystallization behavior of PPDs on diesel fuel was investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • Recent advances in homogeneous catalyst design for CO 2 -derived polycarbonate synthesis are presented. • Mechanistic and ligand design highlights for catalysts over the past decade are discussed. • Outlook and future directions for the field. Abstract The catalytic copolymerization of CO 2 with epoxides to give polycarbonates was discovered nearly 50 years ago. The last 10 years have been particularly exciting for the development on highly active homogenous catalyst systems, insights into mechanisms and the design of polymers with promising physical properties. Recent work has identified new copolymerization pathways with increasing diversity in the metals and ligands employed. Cooperative mechanisms with binary catalyst systems using exogenous nucleophiles continue to be studied. Elegant ligand design, however, has been used to generate new, highly active bimetallic or bifunctional catalyst systems. The bimetallic systems allow for “shuttling” of growing polymer chains leading to excellent activity under low CO 2 pressures. Bifunctional systems use covalently linked groups that facilitate the role of the nucleophilic co-catalyst. These groups can be neutral Lewis basic sites, such as N -donors, or cationic sites, such as ammonium groups, that improve the association of the anionic nucleophilic co-catalyst components. The cationic groups also improve association of any metal-dissociated anionic polymer chain ends and allow more efficient separation of the catalyst from the polymer products via chromatography. This review gives an overview of the developments of homogeneous catalysts for CO 2 /epoxide copolymerization grouped by metal site. New mechanistic studies and strategies for future catalyst developments are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This work describes the important effects of microstructural features on crystalline structure, mechanical behavior and molten state response for poly (propylene- co -1-pentene- co -1-heptene) terpolymers. The study was carried out in a wide range of compositions, varying the 1-pentene/1-heptene ratio and the thermal history applied. Molecular features, as propylene sequences and compositional triads, allow predicting the material behavior. Moreover, rheological response has demonstrated the influence of molecular weight, comonomer content and short-chain branches on the properties. The flow activation energy can justify the importance of the material density over the whole spectrum of properties. Graphical abstract Image 1 Highlights • A complex polymorphic behavior is exhibited by poly(propylene- co -1-pentene- co -1-heptene) terpolymers. • Overall content in comonomers and ratio between the 1-pentene and 1-heptene comonomers become key molecular parameters. • Development of trigonal polymorph leads to unusual relationships of crystallinity and mechanical magnitudes on composition. • Changes in mobility promote an increase of flow activation energy with the comonomer content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Risperidone is applied in oral dosage formulations in the treatment of mental diseases. Current trends point toward parenteral delivery systems based on poly(lactide-co-glycolide), with wafers or rods being the more attractive option than the routinely used intramuscular suspension with microparticles. The aim of our work was to study the utility of solution casting and hot melt extrusion in the formulation of wafers and rods with risperidone based on terpolymers, namely poly(lactide-co-glycolide-co-trimethylene carbonate) and poly(lactide-co-glycolide-co-ε-caprolactone). Synthesis of the terpolymers was carried out by using a non-toxic zirconium initiator and a racemic (LL/DD) or optically active form of the lactide monomer. The delivery systems were analyzed by NMR, DSC, GPC, and SEM. The release profile was monitored by HPLC. Terpolymer chain microstructure, glass transition temperature, and morphology revealed unchanged values after formulation. Solution casting resulted in a drop in molecular weight to a smaller degree than hot melt extrusion. The presence of risperidone influenced another decrease in molecular weight. Both methods are adequate for the formulation of delivery systems based on terpolymers for prolonged release of risperidone. An adequate selection of monomer composition in terpolymers allows to control the release period. Risperidone was released in three phases, however, the burst effect was observed for poly(L-lactide-co-glycolide-co-ε-caprolactone). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel N -halamine terpolymer, i.e. , P(ADMH-MMA-HEMA)-Cl, with high antibacterial efficacies were fabricated via a free-radical copolymerization of 3-allyl-5,5-dimethylhydantoin(ADMH), methyl methacrylate(MMA), and hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), followed by a chlorination treatment using sodium hypochlorite as chlorinating agent. A controllable synthesis of P(ADMH-MMA-HEMA)-Cl was achieved by tuning chlorination conditions, such as chlorination temperature, reactant concentration, chlorination time, etc . A series of antibacterial assays were conducted, and the as-prepared products P(ADMH-MMA-HEMA)-Cl showed good killing capabilities against both Gram-positive and Gram negative bacteria. Remarkably, compared to N -halamine biopolymer counterparts, e.g. , P(ADMH-HEMA)-Cl and P(ADMH-MMA)-Cl, and the as-prepared N -halamine terpolymer P(ADMH-MMA-HEMA)-Cl presented the enhancement in antibacterial efficiency toward pathogens. It is believed that this approach offers great potential to be utilized in various fields where antibacterial properties are highly required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mechanical response and crystalline structure have been analyzed in several propylene- co -1-pentene- co -1-hexene terpolymers. Different polymorphs are developed in these terpolymers depending on global comonomer content, 1-pentene:1-hexene ratio and thermal history. The trigonal δ crystal modification is observed in addition to monoclinic and orthorhombic crystallites and mesomorphic entities. For the terpolymers with higher comonomers contents, the mesophase and even the totally amorphous samples can be readily obtained at easily accessible cooling rates. Intensity and location of relaxation processes, values for storage and indentation modulus and hardness as well are found to be related to the type of crystallites and to the crystallinity. The variation of crystallinity upon the comonomer content is rather unusual when trigonal lattice is able to be developed if compared with that exhibited by other copolymers/terpolymers based on propylene. Because of the important effect of this variable on mechanical response and mobility within amorphous regions, relationships found in other mechanical parameters and in the relaxation associated with glass transition (location and intensity) are also uncommon. The presence of trigonal polymorph exerts a key role in those atypical dependences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Novel ethylene-based terpolymers containing 0.3–0.7 mol% of a norbornene comonomer bearing an antioxidant phenolic functionality ( N ArOH ) and 1–3 mol% of 1-hexene ( 1-H ) or about 25 mol% of unsubstituted norbornene ( N ) are synthesized. Such terpolymers are structurally fully consistent with, respectively, the widely used family of low-density polyethylenes (LDPEs) and the commercial grades of ethylene-norbornene copolymers, known as cyclic olefin copolymers (COCs). Due to the microstructural similarity, the mentioned matrices and the terpolymeric additives are easily dispersed by melt blending to give new materials with long-term thermal and thermo-oxidative stability and non-realising behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several Ziegler-Natta copolymers of iPP with ethylene or 1-butene, and terpolymers with both counits have been characterized, devoting special attention to the effect of composition and processing conditions on the crystal structure and final properties. DSC and X-ray diffraction were used to study the polymorphism of copolymers and terpolymers. Comonomer insertion interrupts the isotactic sequences, acting as a structural defect, and the formation of γ form is enhanced. Moreover, crystallinity decreases and crystal structure is modified. Comonomer type and concentration determine the extent of these modifications, resulting in important changes in macroscopic properties. In particular, the excellent optical properties of the analyzed terpolymers make them very attractive for applications such as transparent film or packaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Incorporation of vinyl esters in ethylene-based terpolymers differs by type. • Vinyl ester terpolymer characterization facilitated by IR-based carbonyl detection. • Branched vinyl esters show stronger HPLC retention than vinyl acetate. • Only 2D-LC reveals the presence of pure polyethylene in vinyl ester terpolymers. Polyolefins are the most commercially relevant polymers by volume. A readily available feedstock and their tailor-made microstructure allow to adapt polyolefins to many fields of application. Important molecular design features of olefin copolymers are the molar mass distribution (MMD) with the corresponding average values, comonomer type, chemical composition distribution (CCD) with the corresponding average and the tacticity distribution (TD). Advanced separation techniques i.e., high-temperature gel permeation chromatography (HT-GPC) as well as its hyphenation with high-temperature high performance liquid chromatography (HT-HPLC) in the form of high-temperature two-dimensional liquid chromatography (HT 2D-LC) have been successfully applied in this work. This allowed to deeply analyze the molecular heterogeneities of complex polyolefin terpolymers consisting of ethylene, vinyl acetate and branched vinyl ester monomers. By using filter-based infrared detection, the capabilities of HT-GPC are further extended so that the distribution of methyl- and carbonyl groups could be obtained along the molar mass axis. Using porous graphitic carbon (PGC) as a stationary phase for HT-HPLC separation provided information about the CCD of these complex polyolefins from experimental data as part of the hyphenated approach of HT 2D-LC. The latter revealed the full MMD x CCD distribution function, which is the key for a comprehensive analysis of the bivariate molecular structure of the polyolefin terpolymers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Degradable terpolymers of acrylate esters, amides and vinyl acetate via radical ring opening copolymerization of CKA monomers were prepared. • Insertion of CKA ring open units allows obtaining degradable polymers. • Using a semi-batch process allows reducing composition drifts. • Binary reactivity ratios can be used to predict optimal feeding profiles. • Chemical composition distributions are computed. Nonbiodegradable (co)polymers with all-carbon backbone produced via radical polymerization are used in various applications. For some applications, like for example in skincare and haircare, these polymers are nonrecoverable and therefore would be preferably made biodegradable. Therefore, inserting ester bonds in the backbone via radical ring opening terpolymerization of acrylates and 2-methylene-1,3 dioxepane (MDO) could be a suitable approach to obtain biodegradable terpolymers. This report investigates the influence of batch versus semibatch process on the polymerization of three terpolymerization systems viz. (i) methacrylamide (MAAM)/ n -butyl acrylate (nBA)/BMDO (5,6-Benzo-2-Methylene-1,3-Dioxepane), (ii) MAAM/nBA/MDO, and (iii) methyl methacrylate (MMA)/VAc (vinyl acetate) /MDO. We demonstrate the improvement in number of ester groups inserted and the homogeneity of insertion via semibatch polymerization processes. The process is guided via optimal monomer addition feeding profiles generated using the reactivity ratios of comonomers. Such improved insertion was demonstrated by the molecular weight distribution of fragments after alkali degradation in the investigated systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For efficient organic solar cells (OSCs), the fill factor (FF) plays a significant role in power conversion efficiency (PCE), which are closely related to molecular stacking and active layer morphology. For polymer design, a feasible strategy to solve this problem is constructing irregular conjugated backbones, such as random terpolymers. In this work, difluorinated benzothiadiazole (SZ) units are introduced into PM7 to synthesize terpolymers. By the SZ units and paired π-bridges, the favorable molecular stacking and active layer morphology can be obtained, which contributes to FF and PCE improving from 61% and 13% of PM7-based OSCs to 71% and 15% of the terpolymer-based OSCs, respectively. Quantum chemistry optimizations reveal that additional π-bridges can adjust the localized planar conformation between the donor and acceptor units. The reduced density gradient function and the independent gradient model approach suggest that different additional π-bridges can promote their effective stacking of SZ units by balancing intra-molecular attraction and repulsion and enhancing intermolecular interactions. This work demonstrates the practicality of terpolymer design and paves a way to improve molecular stacking and morphological properties for efficient OSCs. [Display omitted] • A series of terpolymers based on difluorinated benzothiadiazole are synthesized. • The roles of stacking properties of terpolymers for OSCs are investigated. • Additional π-bridges play non-negligible roles in stacking properties. • Rational adjustment of π-bridges can control the weak interactions of terpolymers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the influence of the "C" segment distribution on phase behavior in a series of ABC terpolymers comprised of poly(hydroxyethyl acrylate) (H, "A" block), poly(octyl acrylate) (O, "B" block), and poly(methyl acrylate) (M, "C" block). We show, using five distinct chain architectures including two triblock terpolymer sequences and three disparate diblock terpolymer sequences, that the manipulation of the "C" segment distribution through statistical copolymerization is a simple tool that polymer chemists may use to tune the stable morphology at constant chemical composition. Using Reversible Addition-Fragmentation chain Transfer (RAFT) techniques, five polymer architectures, HOM (poly(hydroxyethylacrylate-b-octylacrylate-b-methylacrylate)), HO/M (poly(hydroxyethylacrylate-b-octylacrylate-stat-methylacrylate)), H/MO/M, HMO, and H/MO, were synthesized at four chemical compositions with increasing M content and fixed H:O ratio. The self-assembly of the 20 polymers was probed with synchrotron small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) and dynamic shear rheology. Up to an M volume fraction of fM = 0.31, architecture H/MO/M was microphase-separated, indicating that M can be distributed into both H and O domains without overly compatibilizing the system. Three distinct morphologies were observed for the architecture HO/M over a narrow composition range, centered around fOM* = 0.50. The results reported here are useful to those seeking to partially decouple the formulation of a block copolymer from its morphology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] Emulsion terpolymers based on n-butyl acrylate. [•] Viscous and elastic modulus depends on the percentages of the co-monomers. [•] Styrene and acrylonitrile leads to higher elastic modulus. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Thermo Stimulated Current and Dynamic Dielectric Spectroscopy have been applied to investigate dielectric relaxation modes of poly(vinylidene-fluoride-trifluoroethylene) copolymer and poly(vinylidene-fluoride-trifluoroethylene-chlorofluoroethylene) terpolymer. The aim of this work is to check the molecular origin of the ferroelectric relaxor behavior of the terpolymer. The combination of data obtained by both dielectric methods allows us to describe the molecular mobility of the amorphous phase and the cooperativity of the order/disorder dipolar transition in the crystalline phase. The introduction of 1,1-chlorofluoroethylene units in the main chain induces an increase of the Cooperative Rearranging Region size associated with less ordered and smaller crystallites. This morphological evolution is responsible of a lack of cooperativity and it explains the dielectric relaxor behavior of the poly(vinylidene-fluoride-trifluoroethylene-chloroethylene) terpolymer. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: o-Cresol–thiourea–formaldehyde terpolymer resin was synthesized through the condensation of o-cresol and thiourea with formaldehyde in the mole ratio 1:3:5 in the presence of 2M hydrochloric acid as a catalyst. The resulting copolymer was characterized with IR and 1H NMR spectral data. The average molecular weight of the resin was determined by Gel permeation chromatography. Thermal study of the resin was carried out to calculate the activation energy (Ea), enthalpy of activation (H‡), entropy of activation (S‡), free energy of activation (G‡), and pre-exponential factor (A) of various steps of thermal decomposition of the terpolymer. The Dharwadkar and Kharkhanavala method has been used to calculate thermal activation energy and thermal stability. The chelation ion-exchange properties were also studied with the batch equilibrium method. The chelation ion-exchange properties of the copolymer was studied for Fe3+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Pb2+ and Cd2+ ions. The resin was proved to be selective chelating ion-exchange copolymer for certain metals. The study was carried out over a wide pH range and in media of various ionic strengths. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: We designed new terpolymers responsive to pH, temperature, and metal ions. Binding of metal ions amplifies the magnitude of thermal response. Variations in the pH and concentration of metal ions enable tuning the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) and thermosensitivity in a broad range. Upon changes in pH and/or temperature, polymers form associates with narrow size distribution ranging from less than 5nm to more than 250nm in diameter. The multistimuli-responsive properties of newly synthesized polymers are the result of combining hydrophobic, ionogenic, and non-charged hydrophilic moieties within the terpolymer structure. Polymers are produced by a potentially scalable method from inexpensive starting materials, 2-hydroxyethylacrylate (HEA), butylmethacrylate (BMA), and acrylic acid (AA). Polymers and their aggregates are characterized by NMR, dynamic light scattering, and electron microscopy. The ability to control the size of polymer aggregates and the magnitude of response to external stimuli opens exciting opportunities for practical applications. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In this study the potential of the terpolymer synthesized from poly(maleic anhydride-co-methyl methacrylate) and hydroxymethylbenzimidazole as corrosion protective coating for 60–40 brass was evaluated using dip coating technique. The copolymer, poly(maleic anhydride-co-methyl methacrylate) synthesized using free radical solution polymerization was reacted with different feed ratios of hydroxymethylbenzimidazole (HMBD) to obtain terpolymers containing maleic anhydride, MMA and mono benzimidazolylmethyl ester of maleic acid (MBMEMA) units. Both the copolymer and the terpolymers were characterized using FT-IR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The thermal stability of the polymers was studied using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and the molecular weight of the polymer was analyzed using gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The effect of different concentrations of MBMEMA in the polymer for corrosion protection of brass in 3.5% NaCl solution was investigated using potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Effective corrosion protection was obtained when the mole fraction of MBMEMA was 0.24 in the terpolymer. The surface morphology of the polymer coated specimens was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Solution analysis was used to calculate the dezincification factor. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Terpolymers prepared by condensation of o cresol and urea with formaldehyde in presence of acid catalyst (2M HCl) proved to be selective chelating ion exchange resins for certain metal ions. The molecular weights of the synthesised terpolymers were determined by GPC Technique. TGA analysis was employed to study the thermal stability and the kinetic data like activation energy of the terpolymer resins. Chelation ion exchange properties of these terpolymers were studied for Fe3+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Pb2+ and Cd2+ ions. A batch equilibrium method was employed in the study of the selectivity of metal ion uptake involving the measurements of distribution of a given metal ion between the polymer samples. The study was carried out over a wide pH range and in media of various ionic strengths. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Terpolymer resin 2,4-DHPOF-II was synthesized by the condensation of 2,4-dihydroxypropiophenone (2,4-DHP) and oxamide (O) with formaldehyde (F) in the presence of 2M HCl as catalyst at 126 ± 1°C. Terpolymer was characterized by UV-visible, IR, ¹H NMR spectral and thermal analysis. It is proved to be a selective chelating ion exchange terpolymer for Fe+3, Cu+2, Hg+2, Ni+2, Co+2, Zn+2, Cd+2 and Pb+2 metal ions. Chelating ion-exchange properties of synthesized terpolymer were studied for above mentioned metal ions. A batch equilibrium method was employed to study the selectivity of metal ion's uptake involving the measurements of distribution of given metal ion between sample and solution. Study was carried out using different parameters like pH range, shaking time and media of various ionic strengths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Terpolymers of methyl acrylate/vinyl acetate/N-vinyl carbazole (M/A/C) with different compositions were synthesized by solution polymerization using AIBN as an initiator. Composition of terpolymers was determined from quantitative 13C{1H} NMR spectrum. Two-dimensional heteronuclear single quantum correlation (HSQC) and total correlated spectroscopy (TOCSY) were used to assign the methylene and methine carbon resonances by analyzing two and three bond order couplings. Various resonance signals were assigned to different compositional and configurational sequences with the help of one- and two-dimensional NMR spectra. Three and four bond order coupling between carbonyl carbon and other neighboring protons have been investigated with the help of 2D heteronuclear multiple bond correlation (HMBC) spectra. The complex and overlapped 1H NMR spectrum of terpolymer was analyzed completely with the help of 2D HSQC and TOCSY spectra. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Terpolymers of N-isopropylacrylamide, dodecyl methacrylate (DOMA) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) methacrylate, were synthesized by random copolymerization, and the composition was controlled to achieve systems having different thermosensitivities. 1H NMR spectra and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) were employed to characterize the different samples obtained. The solution properties were studied by employing spectrophotometry, fluorescence, and dynamic light scattering techniques. The chemical compositions in the final terpolymers are close to those in the feed. The polymers exhibited cloud point temperatures (T cs) varying from 17 to 52°C. Micropolarity studies using I 1/I 3 ratio of the vibronic bands of pyrene show the formation of amphiphilic aggregates capable of incorporating hydrophobic drugs as the polymer concentration is increased. The critical aggregation concentration (CAC) increases from 3.6×10−3 to 1×10−2 g/l with the PEG content varying from 5 to 35mol%. Anisotropy measurements confirm the results obtained by pyrene fluorescence and show that the aggregates resulting from intermolecular interactions present different organizations. The hydrodynamic diameters (D h) of the aggregates determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS) vary from 40 to 150nm depending on the terpolymer composition. The T cs and D h values decreased with the ionic strength, and this behavior was attributed to the dehydration of the polymeric micelles. The capacity of solubilization of the aggregates was evaluated by employing pyrene, and the obtained results confirm the ability to incorporate hydrophobic molecules. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Terpolymers prepared by condensation of 4-hydroxyacetophenone and biuret with formaldehyde in presence of acid catalyst (2M HCl) proved to be selective chelating ion exchange resins for certain metal ions. Chelation ion exchange properties of these terpolymers were studied for Cu2+, Ni2+, Co2+, Fe3+, Zn2+, Cd2+ and Pb2+ ions. A batch equilibrium method was employed in the study of the selectivity of metal ion uptake involving the measurements of distribution of a given metal ion between the polymer sample and a solution containing the metal ion. The study was carried out over a wide pH range and in media of various ionic strengths. The terpolymers showed a higher selectivity for Fe3+, Cu2+ and Ni2+ ions than for Co2+, Zn2+, Cd2+, Hg2+ and Pb2+ ions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A lot of binary copolymers have been designed and synthesized for non-fullerene polymer solar cells (PSCs). However, some binary donor-acceptor copolymers exhibited unsatisfactory optical absorption and photovoltaic performance, which are based on 2D-conjugated bithienyl-benzodithiophene (BDTT) and fluorobenzotriazole. Herein, we employed random copolymerization approach to construct terpolymers (named as J28, J55, J82), which outperform binary copolymers in non-fullerene PSCs. Non-fullerene PSCs based on J55: ITIC (1.0:1.0) without any additive (DIO) demonstrate a V OC of 0.83 V, a J SC of 17.23 mA cm−2, a FF of 63.67% and a PCE of 9.19% (a PCE of 5.85% for J52:ITIC, 1.0:1.0; a PCE of 8.16% for J60:ITIC, 1.0:1.0). Semitransparent polymer solar cells (ST-PSCs) based on J55:ITIC showed a V OC of 0.84 V, a J SC of 15.60 mA cm−2, a FF of 51.19%, a PCE of 6.73% with an AVT of 22.06%. This work demonstrates that fluorobenzotriazole and BDTT with branched alkyl and branched alkylthio based terpolymers could have higher photovoltaic performance via random copolymer approach and also meet the balance of two key parameters of power conversion efficiencies and average visible transmittance in ST-PSCs. [Display omitted] • Random copolymerization strategy prepared the new random terpolymers (J28, J55, J82). • The random terpolymer (J55) achieved high-performance with a PCE of 9.19%. • Terpolymer semitransparent polymer solar cells exhibited PCE of 6.73% and AVT of 22.06%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most of the nanomaterials used as adsorbents are in powdered form, which in turn demands highly sophisticated techniques for separating them following the adsorption process. In this study, a series of novel terpolymers were prepared based on poly(sodium styrene sulfonate–co–acrylonitrile–co–styrene) P(SSAS) via solution-free radical polymerization. The synthesized terplymers were blended with polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and converted to nanofiber sheets by electrospinning technique and used as easily-handleable and effective nanoadsorbent. The terpolymers and terpolymer/polyacrylonitrile nanofibers (SSAS/PAN NFs) were characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Scanning electron microscope (SEM). The TGA results indicated that the terpolymers feature a single glass transition (Tg) and that their values (82.32–111.34 ℃) are a function of the monomer ratio. Additionally, SEM images of the as-prepared SSAS/PAN NFs revealed a homogeneous and smooth morphology with diameters ranging from 529 to 947 nm, depending on the monomer ratio. Importantly, the prepared SSAS/PAN NFs exhibited powerful action as a nanoadsorbent for the removal of crystal violet (CV) dye from aqueous solutions across a wide pH domain and without further filtration/centrifugation processes being required. The measured adsorption capacity of different SSAS/PAN NFs for the removal of CV dye adhered to the following order: SSAS/PAN NFs-1 (439.85 mg/g) >SSAS/PAN NFs-2 (255.60 mg/g) and >SSAS/PAN NFs-3 (185.96 mg/g) >PAN NFs (85.43 mg/g), with SSAS/PAN NFs-1 having an adsorption capacity eight times higher than that of PAN NFs alone. The estimated thermodynamic parameters indicate that the adsorption of CV dye on the surface of SSAS/PAN NFs was a spontaneous and endothermic process. Ultimately, the obtained kinetic and thermodynamic results clearly attest to the fact that the investigated SSAS/PAN NFs offer a facile approach to the design of an efficient nanoadsorbent for the removal of cationic impurities from wastewater. [Display omitted] • Novel terpolymers were synthesized by simple route and converted to nanofibers by electrospinning technique. • Prepared terpolymers used as powerful adsorbent for cationic dyes removal. • Adsorption isotherm and kinetic was studied by nonlinear models. • The adsorption mechanism was concluded as exothermic, spontaneous and favorable process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve light absorption and promote n-type performance, random copolymerization strategy was employed to afford a series of random terpolymer acceptors with acceptor1-acceptor2-acceptor3 (A 1 -A 2 -A 3) type backbone. The polymers were synthesized from distannylated electron-deficient bithiophene imide monomer with various electron-deficient dibrominated co-monomers using the typical palladium-catalyzed Stille coupling condensation polymerization. Compared with their parent polymers, these A 1 -A 2 -A 3 type terpolymer acceptors, particularly the dihexylthieno[3,4- b ]pyrazine based terpolymer PBTP, can exhibit good miscibility, appropriate polymer crystallinity, and improved absorption in the long-wavelength region due to the incorporation of a third strong electron-withdrawing acceptor moiety thieno[3,4- b ]pyrazine. Benefitting from the noncovalent S⋯N interactions, PBTP possessed a planar skeleton and achieved the highest power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 7.35% in the polymer series when serving as the acceptor material in all-polymer solar cells. These results indicate that the A 1 -A 2 -A 3 type terpolymer acceptors should be promising candidates for developing high-performance all-polymer solar cells. • The New acceptor1-acceptor2-acceptor3 type backbone was designed to promote n-type performance. • A random copolymerization strategy is an effective approach to tune organic semiconductor properties. • All-polymer solar cells are prepared from these non-fullerene acceptors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]