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• Adenocalymma alliaceum Miers is a flowering plant that belongs to the Bignoniaceae family. • Phytochemical screening confirms the presence of phenol and alkaloid, especially flavonoids. • Characterization study confirms the presence of Flacitran in flavonoids. • Flacitran plays an essential role in Adenocalymma alliaceum Miers flowers extract to control free radicals formation, diabetic and diabetic-related complications. Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic endocrine disorder due to insulin imbalances associated with microvascular and macrovascular complications. This research was aimed to explore the diabetes-healing effect of Adenocalymma alliaceum Miers phytochemicals. Before secondary screening on animals, phytochemical constituent estimation, thin-layer chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, column chromatographies, Gas chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS), and acute toxicity study were performed. Then, Streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemia in Wistar albino rats was carried out in five groups of animals such as Normal control (NC), diabetic control (DC), Standard group (Std), Low dose (EEAAF 100 mg/kg, b.w), Medium dose (EEAAF 250 mg/kg, b.w) and High dose (EEAAF 500 mg/kg, b.w) group. Each group consists of six animals. Upon regular observation for fasting blood glucose level, body weight, polyuria, polyphagia, polydipsia, serum protein, serum creatinine, serum urea, and lipid profile for four weeks, the animals were sacrificed using Ketamine hydrochloride. Organs were removed. Pancreases were used for observing cellular injury using Olympus binocular microscope at 45X. Isolated liver cells homogenate used for free radical scavenging activity such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH). The results showed the presence of polyphenol and alkaloids, especially flavonoids. Current characteristics of A. alliaceum include many principal secondary metabolites on GC-MS. On isolation and spectroscopic determination, Flacitran was found. There was neither mortality nor morbidity observed in the acute toxicity study. Adenocalymma alliaceum Miers flowers extract (EEAAF) shows promising efficacy in reducing blood glucose level, metabolic symptoms, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, serum urea, and success in elevating body weight, high-density lipoprotein, and serum protein. The histopathological report also showed significant results from the trio's doses of EEAAF against pancreatic damages compared to the DC group. The data recommend that Adenocalymma alliaceum Miers could be very effective as a accepted resource of antidiabetic agent to modulate pancreatic action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijresmar.2005.12.001 Byline: Rajeev K. Tyagi Keywords: New product introductions; New product failures; Uncertainty; Cost correlation Abstract: This paper examines new product introductions and failures when firms make new product introduction decisions under some uncertainty about future demand or cost conditions. It shows that increased uncertainty is not necessarily detrimental to new product introductions; it can incentivize more firms to introduce new products, and can lead to more new product failures, too. The paper also shows that markets that have firms with more positively correlated cost structures may attract fewer new product introductions and have fewer new product failures. Such cost correlations can arise, for example, if firms choose to cooperate on R&D, have common labor unions, or use the same suppliers, etc. Finally, we show that if firms are risk-averse, then the relationship between degree of uncertainty and number of new product introductions can be non-monotonic. Author Affiliation: Paul Merage School of Business, University of California, Irvine, CA-92697, USA

Menopause is a physiological process in nature and hence, variations in the age of menopause are not expected. Hence, the study was conducted with an objective to calculate the reliable estimates of age at menopause for India, and understand the differentials in women's age at menopause throughout the country. A total of 202 studies of age at menopause, covering the period 2009–2020, were accessed from PubMed database and Google. Of these only ten studies met the selection criteria for this paper, which is that the data for these studies must be collected from house-to-house surveys. The average age at menopause in India, with minimal publication bias, is 46.6 years (95% CI: 44.83, 48.44). In one study slightly above 1.96 Standard Deviation, was observed, as ascertained by Funnel Plot and Egger's test. The mean age ranged from a minimum of 44.69 years (95% CI: 35.01, 54.37) to a maximum of 48.95 (95% CI: 42.29, 55.61) years. Furthermore, the age at menopause did not exhibit any significant variation by age at menarche, although the association was positive. The age at menopause showed positive association with age at menarche. In India, during the period 2009–2020, it was 46.6 years, which significantly lower than the age in some developed countries. The differences may be methodological since no information was found regarding the distribution of age at menopause in the studies that were considered for meta-analysis. • Review of studies shows that average age at menopause for India was 46.6 years (95% CI: 44.83, 48.44).. • Age at menopause did not exhibit any significant variation by age at menarche, though, association was positive.. • In India, average age at menopause is lower than most other countries where data were available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • We proposed a novel learning-based combination of sub-frame selection algorithm. To deal with that, part of the total sub-frames construct PSF matrix, from which combination of sub-frames are selected based on their probability to communicate with the edge QoS UEs. The dimension of the PSF matrix depends on the number of sub-frames and low QoS UEs. • We introduced the concept of cooperative game of learning automata which is appropriate for cooperative multiagent system for UEs to learn different combinations of sub-frame history from other neighboring UEs at time t , and updated their probability as indicative of the stochastic characteristics of the selected sub-frame to influence the selection at t + 1, assuming the fact that most UEs in HetNet do not change their location radically in few network time difference. • Power allocation for the selected combination of sub-frames is formulated to allocate maximum transmission power for sub-frames on which the interferences are lower, while the high interferer HPN/RRH is being muted such that to increase the EE. • Energy optimization problem is formulated as non-convex optimization problem subject to the interference, and limited power available. A non-linear fractional programming is used to solve the non-convex problem, upon which we then develop an efficient iterative algorithm. • The simulation results evaluate the proposed sub-frame selection algorithm and power allocation strategy implemented for energy efficiency. Furthermore, our research evaluates the overall EE, convergence and system capacity of heterogeneous multi-cloud RAN. Abstract The future network in a real environment is assumed to involve a radio access network comprising several clouds, as opposed to the single-cloud scenario in the recent cloud radio access network (CRAN) literature. Hence, this research presents the more favorable multi-cloud scenario to address the limited coverage and processing abilities of CRAN, in which inter-tier and inter-cloud interferences are considered and resource allocation is presented to enhance both the spectral and energy efficiencies. In order to mitigate interferences and enhance the spectral and energy efficiency (EE), we adopted protective sub-frame (PSF) based interference mitigation. To deal with that, part of the total sub-frames construct PSF matrix from which the combinations of sub-channels are selected to communicate with the edge low quality of service (QoS) users. In line with this, we introduced a novel sub-frame selection algorithm using the concept of cooperative game of learning automata, in which UEs can learn past sub-frame selection history from other neighboring UEs and updated their probability as indicative of the stochastic characteristics of the selected sub-frame to influence the next sub-frame selection. Accordingly, power allocation for the selected combination of sub-frames is formulated to allocate transmission power based on the received SINR. Furthermore, the objective problem is formulated as a non-convex energy-efficient resource assignment problem and the non-convex problem is efficiently converted to convex feasible problem utilizing the nonlinear fractional programming, upon which we then develop an efficient iterative algorithm. Finally, we evaluated the performance of our proposed model in terms of convergence, EE, and overall system capacity. For that, simulation is conducted and results confirm that the corresponding cooperative learning automata-based sub-frame selection enhances the EE significantly with faster convergence and improved system capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: While the anti-inflammatory and anticancer potential of curcumin, which is derived from turmeric (Curcuma longa), has been studied extensively, very little is known about Calebin A, another novel compound from the same source.Purpose: To determine whether Calebin A exhibits anti-inflammatory and anticancer potential.Methods: We examined the anti-inflammatory potential of Calebin A by DNA binding of NF-κB. Anticancer properties of Calebin were determined by MTT and FACS analysis and NF-κB regulated expression of proteins was assessed by western blotting.Results: Calebin A suppressed NF-κB activation induced by various stimuli. This inhibition of NF-κB activation was mediated through the suppression of direct binding of NF-κB/p65 to the DNA. This inhibitory effect was reversed by a reducing agent, and mutation of the Cys38 of p65 to serine abolished the effect of Calebin A on this binding. Suppression of NF-κB activation by Calebin A resulted in the down-regulation of the expression of proteins involved in tumor cell survival, proliferation, inflammation, and metastasis. Furthermore, Calebin A inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis in a wide variety of tumor cells, as examined by various assays. It enhanced apoptosis induced by chemotherapeutic agents.Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that Calebin A inhibits NF-κB activation pathway through interaction with p65 and potentiates apoptosis in cancer cells; thus, it has potential in the treatment of cancer. However, further in vivo studies are warranted to define its anti-inflammatory and anticancer potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: For centuries, agents derived from natural sources (mother nature), especially plants have been the primary source of medicine. Neem, also referred to as Azadirachta indica is one such plant that has been so named because it provides freedom from all diseases, and used for thousands of years in Indian and African continents. Different parts of the plant including flowers, leaves, seeds and bark have been used to treat both acute and chronic human diseases; and used as insecticide; antimicrobial, larvicidal, antimalarial, antibacterial, antiviral, and spermicidal.Purpose: What is there in neem and how it manifests its wide variety of effects is the focus of this review. How neem and its constituents modulate various cellular pathways is discussed. The animal and human studies carried out with neem and its constituents is also discussed.Conclusion: Over 1000 research articles published on neem has uncovered over 300 structurally diverse constituents, one third of which are limonoids including nimbolide, azadarachtin, and gedunin. These agents manifest their effects by modulating multiple cell signaling pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study has been carried out to experimentally determine the optical effective mass of photon in single layer graphene transferred on glass and quartz substrates, and bilayer graphene as-grown on Cu foil. Measurements have been performed in microstrip line based test fixture where first real and imaginary parts of complex relative permittivity have been obtained, then the refractive index is used to estimate the phase velocity in single and bilayer graphene, this index were found to be higher at lower frequency below 1.5 GHz. The phase velocities are found to be ∼ 1.04 × 10 8 ms −1 and ∼ 1.11 × 10 8 ms −1 in single and bilayer graphene, respectively and little high group velocities are found in range of 2–26.5 GHz. In single and bilayer graphene, the optical effective mass has been found to vary from ∼ 0.72 × 10 −10 m 0 to ∼ 0.2 × 10 −8 m 0 in a frequency range between 1 and 26.5 GHz. We envision that reported results can help to understand the transport behaviour of photons in as-grown graphene layer in microwave frequency range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vitamin D receptor (VDR) is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily. It is a primary regulator of calcium and phosphate homeostasis required for skeleton and bone mineralization. Vitamin D in active form 1α,25 dihydroxyvitamin-D3 mediates its cellular functions by binding to VDR. Active VDR forms heterodimers with partner RXR (retinoid X receptor) to execute its physiological actions. HVDRR (Hereditary Vitamin D-Resistant Rickets) is a rare genetic disorder that occurs because of generalized resistance to the 1α,25(OH) 2 D3. HVDRR is caused by the polymorphic variations in VDR gene leading to defective intestinal calcium absorption and mineralization of newly forming bones. Using point and deletion SNPs of VDR we have studied several HVDRR-associated SNP variants for their subcellular dynamics, transcriptional functions, 'genome bookmarking', heterodimeric interactions with RXR, and receptor stability. We previously reported that VDR is a 'mitotic bookmarking factor' that remains constitutively associated with the mitotic chromatin to inherit 'transcriptional memory', however the mechanistic details remained unclear. We document that 'genome bookmarking' property by VDR is critically impaired by naturally occurring HVDRR-associated point and deletion variants found in patients. Furthermore, these HVDRR-associated SNP variants of VDR were found to be compromised in transcriptional function, nuclear translocation, protein stability and intermolecular interactions with its heterodimeric partner RXR. Intriguingly, majority of these disease-allied functional defects failed to be rescued by RXR. Our findings suggest that the HVDRR-associated SNP variations influence the normal functioning of the receptor, and this derived understanding may help in the management of disease with precisely designed small molecule modulators. • HVDRR is a rare genetic disorder caused by resistance to VDR ligand, 1α,25(OH) 2 D3. • Several VDR-SNPs have been reported that are implicated in HVDRR. • These HVDRR-associated VDR-SNPs exhibit deviant receptor functions. • Multiple regulatory properties and molecular interactions of VDR are compromised. • Study highlights molecular basis of VDR diseases and potential approach to remedy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]