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Cell senescence is one of the most important processes determining cell fate and is involved in many pathophysiological conditions, including cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and other aging-associated diseases. It has recently been discovered that the E3 ubiquitin ligase STIP1 homology and U-box-containing protein 1 (STUB1 or CHIP) is up-regulated during the senescence of human fibroblasts and modulates cell senescence. However, the molecular mechanism underlying STUB1- controlled senescence is not clear. Here, using affinity purification and MS-based analysis, we discovered that STUB1 binds to brain and muscle ARNT-like 1 (BMAL1, also called aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator-like protein 1 (ARNTL)). Through biochemical experiments, we confirmed the STUB1- BMAL1 interaction, identified their interaction domains, and revealed that STUB1 overexpression down-regulates BMAL1 protein levels through STUB1's enzymatic activity and that STUB1 knockdown increases BMAL1 levels. Further experiments disclosed that STUB1 enhances BMAL1 degradation, which is abolished upon proteasome inhibition. Moreover, we found that STUB1 promotes the formation of Lys-48-linked polyubiquitin chains on BMAL1, facilitating its proteasomal degradation. Interestingly, we also discovered that oxidative stress promotes STUB1 nuclear translocation and enhances its co-localization with BMAL1. STUB1 expression attenuates hydrogen peroxide-induced cell senescence, indicated by a reduced signal in senescence-associated β-gal staining and decreased protein levels of two cell senescence markers, p53 and p21. BMAL1 knockdown diminishes this effect, and BMAL1 overexpression abolishes STUB1's effect on cell senescence. In summary, the results of our work reveal that the E3 ubiquitin ligase STUB1 ubiquitinates and degrades its substrate BMAL1 and thereby alleviates hydrogen peroxide-induced cell senescence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to develop the Aczel–Alsina operational laws based on power aggregation operators (PAOs) for the q-Rung orthopair fuzzy set (FS) (q-ROFS) framework. Changing the parameter can alter these sets according to the degree of fluctuation, providing a range of options. The decision-making sciences use "q-ROFS" to describe the family of the most distinct fuzzy information thoughts. In response to the degree of variation, the q-ROFSs can increasingly adjust the information region by fluctuating the restriction q ≥ 1 , making numerous options. But on the other hand, PAOs have the advantage of vanishing the influence of awkward data from the final results. To take advantages of POAs, based on Aczel- Alsina (AA) operational laws, q-Rung orthopair fuzzy (q-ROF) AA power-weighted averaging (q-ROFAAPWA) and q-ROF AA power-weighted geometric (q-ROFAAPWG) operators are stated. Also, it studied that the proposed AOs fulfilled the conditions of boundedness, monotonicity, and idempotency. Based on these newly constructed AOs, a technique for dealing the multi-attribute group decision-making (MAGDM) problems is suggested. Numerous research, correlations with another modern approach and a numerical example of selecting stock market companies have been used to show the suggested system's applicability. The sensitivity analysis of the developed method is examined. A comparative study with other prevailing methods is also providing for superiority analysis. Finally, we demonstrated that in the results and discussion section, the proposed AOs in the q-ROPFS framework are more reliable in aggregating information than intuitionistic fuzzy (IF) set (IFS) and Pythagorean FS (PyFS) frameworks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research article notably describes the evolution of biofuels while its preliminary attention will focus on the next generation biofuel from lignocellulose biomasses wastes. Categorically, the biochemical, thermo-chemical technologies particularly the chemicals, heat, microorganism, fermentation, enzymes and technical processes are addressed. In biochemical technologies, the topics concern to hydrolysis, pre-treatment, microorganism based fermentation and the integration techniques are also discussed. While, in thermo-chemical technologies, different research parameters particularly the developmental process and systematic analysis will be dealt with. The mandatory and technical aspects of R&D, available technologies, economic study, limitation and understanding of certain technologies etc. will also be presented in detail in the proposed review article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spider venoms are complex mixtures of proteins, peptides and small organic and inorganic molecules. Among the proteins, phospholipases D (PLDs) present the major portion, and till now they are the most studied enzymes in spider venom. These PLDs have been divided into two classes, I and II, based on their primary and tertiary structure. Currently, crystal structures of both classes of these enzymes are available in the Protein Data Bank (PDB). Their three-dimensional structure is composed of eight α-helices and eight β-strands forming the ubiquitous fold called triosephosphate isomerase (TIM) barrel. These enzymes use general acid-base catalysis to hydrolyzes their substrate. In this review, we have described the structural features, structure-based mechanisms of catalysis, maturation, and inhibition of these enzymes using the synthetic inhibitor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review paper analyses the potential environmental impacts and economic viability of producing biofuel from lignocellulosic biomass resources in various countries of the world. In many developed and developing countries, lignocellulosic biomass is a significant feedstock for bioenergy used in industrial sector for power generation but the fact remains that the detail study on current status of lignocellulosic utilization for bioenergy industry is still estimated and partial. In this context, the present study focuses its efforts to have country based database able to provide a detail and comprehensive information on country specific agricultural policies, residue production and their utilization in different energy sectors. Much more information will have to be gathered on the use and availability of residues, and also, taking into consideration the strong need for R&D on lignocellulosic resources based biofuel production, a comprehensive survey of innovative technologies based on both thermochemical and biochemical processes, able to convert lignocellulosic biomass resources into green biofuel, is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present research work, non edible oil source milk thistle ( Silybum marianum (L.) Gaert) plant was investigated for biodiesel production. The extracted crude oil was 26.14% of the total seed dry weight. The free fatty acid content of oil was reduced from 0.56 mg KOH/g to 0.06 mg KOH/g by esterification before the synthesis of biodiesel. The highest conversion percentage of biodiesel was achieved 89.51% and 87.42% using solid base catalyst sodium hydroxide (0.75%) and potassium hydroxide (1.0%), respectively. The protocol for experiment was adjusted as follow: temperature (60 °C); time of reaction (2 h), steering (600 rpm) and the oil molar ratio was fixed 1:6. Qualitatively, the prepared biodiesel was quantified by GC chromatography, 13 C & 1 H NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance), AAS and FT-IR spectroscopy. The fuel properties of biodiesel were tested and compared with ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present research work, non-edible oil source Aamla plant was systematically identified for biodiesel production. The extracted oil percentage was achieved by up to 37.22% of the total dry seed weight. The free fatty acid content of crude oil was reduced from 4.12 mg KOH/g to 0.13 mg KOH/g, using esterification before the synthesis of biodiesel. The highest conversion yields of biodiesel were achieved at 88.77 & 90.31%, respectively using solid base catalyst oxides. The protocol for experiments was adjusted as follows: temperature (60 °C); different catalysts with various concentrations, time of reaction (2 h), stirring velocity (600 rpm) and 1:6 oil molar ratios. Qualitatively, the prepared biodiesel was characterized by GC chromatography, 13 C & 1 H NMR, FT-IR and AAS spectroscopy. In terms of fuel properties, the kinematic viscosity, density, Cloud Point, Pour Point, Cold Filter Plugging Point, acid number, Flash Point and cetane number of prepared biodiesel, its 4 blends i.e. B5, B10, B15 & B20 and petro-diesel sample were tested and compared with ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In many developed and developing countries, algal biomass is no doubt considered a significant source of energy to be used for local industry and transportation but the fact remains that the information on current utilization of algal biomass is still estimated and partial. Much more information will have to be gathered on the use and availability of algal biomass; particularly the limitations of first and second generation biofuel have given rise to the current interest in algae as a promising alternative to these conventional biofuel sources. It is therefore in this context that the present communication focuses its efforts to have region based database able to provide information on specific biomass production, their utilization with the respect to sectors like region, industries, transportation, etc., also taking into consideration the strong need for research on third generation biofuel production. In the present review, a comprehensive survey on algal biomass resource for future, is addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] Di-functional magnetic oxide catalyst preparation for hemp oil biodiesel synthesis. [•] Catalyst re-usability & characterization via XRD, TG–DTA, SEM & VSM analyses. [•] Reduction of FFA contents 47.15–1.01mg KOH/g through esterification. [•] Maximum of 92.16% biodiesel yield under optimized operating conditions. [•] Application of GC–MS, FT–IR & NMR techniques for biodiesel characterization. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• Introduction of novel energy crop for bioenergy industry. • Catalytic application of designed nano-particles in the conversion mechanism. • Synthesis and structural characterization of Polymer nano-particles carboxyl functionalized P(NIPAM) microgels. • Utilization of advanced analytical techniques for precision & accuracy findings. In the present research project, the energy crop peelu non-edible oil was investigated as a potential source for fatty acid methyl esters production, using hybrid metallic nano-particles. The energy crop peelu is an evergreen shrubby plant distributed throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Naturally, the plant has having a worthy fates masses, had proceeded an optimum results for quantitative and qualitative methyl esters production, using hybrid metallic nano-particles poly-N-isopropylacrylamide "PNIPAM-Cu, PNIPAM-Pd & PNIPAM-Cu@Pd". Whereas, the carboxyl functionalized P(NIPAM) microgels was synthesized via soap free emulsion polymerization, containing poly-N-isopropyl acrylamide and acrylic acid. The proposed thiol group was then introduced via carbodiimide mediated imide bond between the carboxyl group of carboxyl functionalized microgels and the amine from amino-ethanethiol. The Copper, Palladium and Copper@Palladium nano-particles were mixed-up into thiol-functionalized Poly-N-isopropylacrylamide microgels through metals thiol linkage. The hybrid metallic nano-particles were characterized using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) & Fourier Transfer Infra-Red (FT-IR) for rectification. The experimentation protocol for methyl esters synthesis using various concentrations of hybrid metallic nano-particles in conversion was adjusted to 1:6 oil to methanol molar ratio, temperature 60 °C and reaction time 2 h and stirring 600 rpm, respectively. The optimum yield of methyl esters was reported 92.20 against 1.5gm PNIPAM-Cu@Pd nano-particle. The chemical and structural status of synthesized methyl esters were characterized by Gas Chromatography & Mass Spectroscopy (GC&MS), FT-IR & Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) NMR spectroscopes. The physico-chemical properties of peelu crop methyl esters were analyzed, checked and compared with the international American Standards for Testing Materials (ASTM) & European Union (EN) standards, accordingly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synthesis and characterization of methyl esters from non-edible oil sources provide a distinctive and sustainable approach towards sustainable energy and the cleaner environment, in general. This study aims the synthesis of methyl esters from non-edible plant species yellow oleander seeds oil. The transesterification process was carried for the synthesis of methyl esters, using heterogeneous nano-catalyst magnesium oxide (MgO). A well known co-precipitation method was used for the synthesis of MgO nano-catalyst. The application of MgO nano-catalyst showed the maximum conversion (93.1%) of triacylglycerols to methyl esters. Different parameters affecting the conversion percentage; alcohol to oil molar ratio, temperature and catalyst concentrations were checked and optimized, accordingly. The optimum conditions for the maximum conversion noted; 1:5 oil to methanol molar ratio at 90 °C, using 0.2% (w/w) MgO nano-catalyst. The various analytical techniques; XRD, SEM-EDX and TEM-EDS spectroscopes were used to check out the nano-particle morphology and crystalline size, accordingly while, the FTIR, GC–MS & NMR were used to quantify and determine the structural measurements of synthesized methyl esters. The fuel properties of oleander methyl esters papered sample were checked, compared and found within accordance to the ASTM standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A CODAS-based group decision model is designed for the T-spherical fuzzy context. • A T-spherical fuzzy Minkowski distance operator based on Heronian mean is proposed. • A novel ordered weighted Heronian Minkowski distance (TSFOWHMD) operator is advanced. • The TSFOWHMD operator is utilized to improve the CODAS method. • The applicability of the developed methodology is verified through a case study. T-spherical fuzzy sets (TSFSs) are more flexible and efficient tools to deal with ambiguous, uncertain and vague information in complex real-world decision-making problems than various extended intuitionistic fuzzy sets. This paper aims to develop a novel T-spherical fuzzy (TSF) Combinative Distance-Based ASsessment (CODAS) based on the Heronian Minkowski distance aggregation operator, this new method can capture interrelationship between input arguments. Some TSF weighted Heronian Minkowski distance (TSFWHMD) aggregation operators with generalization are developed based on Heronian mean and Minkowski-type distance, their properties are discussed as well as their families are analyzed. Furthermore, the TSF MAGDM methodology based on the improved CODAS is designed, where the Minkowski-type distance is used to define the TSF similarity for computing the expert weights and to construct the maximizing deviation method (MDM) for determining the attribute weights, respectively. The TSF ordered weighted Heronian Hamming distance (TSFOWHHD) and TSF ordered weighted Heronian Euclidean distance (TSFOWHED) operators derived from the TSFOWHMD operator are integrated into the CODAS method, which is an improved method for both measuring the deviation of the negative ideal solution from each alternative and capturing the correlation between attributes. Finally, the feasibility and practicality of developed methodology are illustrated with an example of CAE (Computer Aided Engineering) software selection for lithium-ion power battery (LiPB) design, sensitivity analysis and method comparisons are performed to elucidate the reliability and validity of the developed methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia) is a well-recognized and widely distributed traditional plant that is used successfully in Indian Ayurveda medicine. T. cordifolia has shown many promising biological activities, such as antioxidative, antimicrobial, antihyperglycemic, anti-inflammatory, osteoprotective, hepatoprotective, antidiarrheal, and antistress effects. Guduchi is a rich source of protein and micronutrients, such as iron, zinc, copper, calcium, phosphorus, and manganese. It also contains many secondary plant metabolites, such as terpenes, alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, and glycosides. Based on previous studies in poultry, the supplementation levels of Guduchi range from 1 to 5 g/kg of diet (different sources, such as powder, extracts, roots, and leaves, have been used). It was suggested that this variation in supplementation levels depends on different factors, including the extraction method, the supplementation proposed, the method of supplementation (either in feed or drinking water), and the species and physiological status of the birds. Generally, dietary supplementation of poultry broilers with T. cordifolia yielded positive impacts on growth performance, body gains (increased by 4.8%), dressing percentage (increased by 7.1%), meat quality traits, and the shelf life of the meat. In addition, T. cordifolia exerted a palliative effect on the general health status of the birds through reducing live enzymes and plasma uric acids and enhancing the immune response, as indicated by the leukocyte count, hemagglutinin titer, interleukin activity, and mortality levels. Further investigations concluded that T. cordifolia showed strong antimicrobial effects against Escherichia coli and Salmonella enteritidis, with subsequent reductions in mortality. Moreover, T. cordifolia showed an ability to improve humoral and cell-mediated immunity against Newcastle disease, infectious anemia, gout, and aflatoxicosis. The current review discusses many beneficial properties of T. cordifolia, although the lack of pharmacological trials limits the use of this extract in poultry. Further research should be performed regarding the composition of the active compound, the possible mechanisms of action, and the effective doses to fully understand the activities and benefits of T. cordifolia as a growth performance improvement supplement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Snake venom thrombin-like enzymes (SVTLEs) constitute the major portion (10–24%) of snake venom and these are the second most abundant enzymes present in the crude venom. During envenomation, these enzymes had shown prominently the various pathological effects, such as disturbance in hemostatic system, fibrinogenolysis, fibrinolysis, platelet aggregation, thrombosis, neurologic disorders, activation of coagulation factors, coagulant, procoagulant etc. These enzymes also been used as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of various diseases such as congestive heart failure, ischemic stroke, thrombotic disorders etc. Although the crystal structures of five SVTLEs are available in the Protein Data Bank (PDB), there is no single article present in the literature that has described all of them. The current work describes the structural aspects, structure-based mechanism of action, processing and inhibition of these enzymes. The sequence analysis indicates that these enzymes show a high sequence identity (57–85%) with each other and low sequence identity with trypsin (36–43%), human alpha-thrombin (29–36%) and other snake venom serine proteinases (57–85%). Three-dimensional structural analysis indicates that the loops surrounding the active site are variable both in amino acids composition and length that may convey variable substrate specificity to these enzymes. The surface charge distributions also vary in these enzymes. Docking analysis with suramin shows that this inhibitor preferably binds to the C-terminal region of these enzymes and causes the destabilization of their three-dimensional structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethnopharmacological relevance Himalayan paeony ( Paeonia emodi Royle.) is an important species used to treat various diseases. This study aimed to compile the detailed traditional medicinal uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicological investigations on P. emodi . This study also highlights taxonomic validity, quality of experimental designs and shortcomings in previously reported information on Himalayan paeony. Methods The data was extracted from unpublished theses (Pakistan, China, India and Nepal), and different published research articles confined to pharmacology, phytochemistry and antimicrobial activities using different databases through specific keywords. The relevant information regarding medicinal uses, taxonomic/common names, part used, collection and identification source, authentication, voucher specimen number, plant extracts and their characterization, isolation and identification of phytochemicals, methods of study in silico, in vivo or in vitro, model organism used, dose and duration, minimal active concentration, zone of inhibition (antimicrobial study), bioactive compound(s), mechanism of action on single or multiple targets, and toxicological information. Results P. emodi is reported for diverse medicinal uses with pharmacological properties like antioxidant, nephroprotective, lipoxygenase inhibitory, cognition and oxidative stress release, cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, antiepileptic, anticonvulsant, haemaglutination, alpha-chymotrypsin inhibitory, hepatoprotective, hepatic chromes and pharmacokinetics of carbamazepine expression, β-glucuronidase inhibitory, spasmolytic and spasmogenic, and airway relaxant. Data confined to its taxonomic validity, shows 10% studies with correct taxonomic name while 90% studies with incorrect taxonomic, pharmacopeial and common names. The literature reviewed, shows lack of collection source (11 reports), without proper source of identification (15 reports), 33 studies without voucher specimen number, 26 reports lack information on authentic herbarium submission and most of the studies (90%) without validation of taxonomic names using recognized databases. In reported methods, 67% studies without characterization of extracts, 25% lack proper dose, 40% without duration and 31% reports lack information on proper controls. Similarly, only 18% studies reports active compound(s) responsible for pharmacological activities, 14% studies show minimal active concentration, only 2.5% studies report mechanism of action on target while none of the reports mentioned in silico approach. Conclusion P. emodi is endemic to Himalayan region (Pakistan, China, India and Nepal) with diverse traditional therapeutic uses. Majority of reviewed studies showed confusion in its taxonomic validity, incomplete methodologies and ambiguous findings. Keeping in view the immense uses of P. emodi in various traditional medicinal systems, holistic pharmacological approaches in combination with reverse pharmacology, system biology, and “omics” technologies are recommended to improve the quality of research which leads to natural drug discovery development at global perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]