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This paper discusses the opportunities and challenges of public space management (PSM) in the Mexican context by analysing the perspectives of different governance actors. Issues in the PSM literature include ineffective political decisions, prevalence of the private sector, lack of coordination between government institutions, and a need for more effective social participation. While most PSM studies focus on European cities, empirical PSM knowledge in the Latin American context is scarce. To address this gap, this research elucidates the Mexican context by investigating and adapting a PSM framework in Mexico City and Puebla. The case study research is based on qualitative document research and interview analysis from four groups of governance actors: government officials, academics, NGOs, and architecture/urban planning firms. We found multiple PSM challenges: uncoordinated efforts in the maintenance of public space, lack of and polarisation of investment, and privatisation of public space. At the intra-governmental level, the research identified a lack of coordination between government institutions, increasing reliance on the private sector, and limited opportunities for residents to participate in PSM processes. The paper highlights missing links between existing governance actors involved in PSM and wider residents, in the pursuit of the ambitious role of achieving public space quality. • Public Space Management theory contrasts with the reality in the Mexican context. • Governments rely on the private sector for the development of public spaces. • Limited opportunities for local residents to participate in Public Space Management processes • Awareness is needed among governance actors on the management of public spaces. • Lack of transparency in publicly available data affects how public spaces are managed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the concept of obstetric violence has become visible among women and professionals, but its prevalence and the factors with which it is related in our healthcare environment are unknown. To determine the prevalence of obstetric violence in the Spanish healthcare system and identify the associated factors. A cross-sectional observational study was conducted during 2019 and included 899 women who had given birth in the last 12 months. An online questionnaire was distributed through midwives and women associations in Spain. The questionnaire included sociodemographic, clinical, and assistance practices variables. The primary outcome variable was obstetric violence and its verbal, physical, and psycho-affective types. Crude odds ratios (OR) and adjusted OR (ORa) were estimated using binary logistic regression. Obstetric violence was reported by 67.4% (606) of the women; 25.1% (226) verbal, 54.5% (490) physical, and 36.7% (330) psycho-affective. Overall obstetric violence was observed more frequently in women who attended maternal education programme (ORa 1.56, 95% CI 1.05–2.32), those who presented a birth plan but it was not respected (ORa 2.82, 95% CI 1.27–6.29), those who received regional analgesia (ORa 1.61, 95% CI 1.13–2.30), those who required an urgent caesarean section (ORa 3.46, 95% CI 1.79–6.69), underwent an episiotomy (ORa 3.34, 95% CI 2.21–5.38), and whose newborn was admitted to an intensive care unit (ORa 2.73, 95% CI: 1.21–6.15). The presentation of a birth plan was observed as protective factors, and the possibility of skin-to-skin (ORa 0.34, 95% CI 0.18–0.62) and felt respected (ORa 0.61, 95% CI 0.43–0.85). Two out of three women perceive having suffered obstetric violence during childbirth. Practices such as skin-to-skin contact, and the use of respected birth plans, were protective factors against obstetric violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]