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The physico-chemical methods of synthesizing the nanoparticles which are expensive and involve harmful substances are exuded to the environment. Hence, green synthesis of nanoparticles with low cost, non-toxic and eco-friendly advances currently into new research. Amidst the metal oxides, ZnO nanoparticles are synthesized using various biological species that have tremendously increased for various applications. This review details on algae intervened synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles used for numerous biological applications such as antimicrobial, cytotoxicity, antioxidant, larvicidal, and photocatalytic activities. • Synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles using various algal extract. • Shape and size of the nanoparticles were reported using various characterizations. • Various biological applications were included in this review article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• DMSO fruit peel extract of Citrus aurantium possess excellent antimicrobial activity. • This is the first study to report the MIC,MBC/MFC antimicrobial activities of Citrus aurantium. • Flavonoids, tannins, and phenolic compounds were present only in DMSO fruit peel extract of Citrus aurantium. • Eleven main peaks in HPLC and twelve compounds in GC–MS were detected. Control of multi drug resistant bacteria and their infection rate is a threat for biomedical and clinical research. Citrus fruits have proven effective against incurable bacterial infections suggesting alternate therapeutics to replace antibiotics in the near future. The antimicrobial potential of bitter orange (Citrus aurantium), citron (Citrus medica), and wood apple (Limonia acidissima) fruit peel extracts against pathogenic microorganisms was focused in this study. The antimicrobial activities and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentration (MBC/MFC) values were determined using the agar well diffusion and micro dilution method respectively against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermis), Gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae), as well fungi (Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger). HPLC, GC-MS, and FT-IR analyses were used to identify phytochemicals and functional groups in addition to cytotoxicity investigations using MTT assay. DMSO peel extract of C. aurantium has shown superior antimicrobial activity against the studied pathogens, particularly S. aureus (33 mm), followed by C. medica (DMSO extract – inhibition zone of 26 mm) against S. aureus. While the methanolic extract of C. aurantium had the lowest inhibitory zone against S. epidermis (12 mm). The MIC varied from 0.39 µg/mL to 6.24 µg/mL, while the MBC/MFC ranged from 0.78 µg/mL to 12.5 µg/mL.In all samples of studied fruit peel extracts, the phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, steroids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, terpenes, phenolics, and cardiac glycoside. Only the DMSO extract of C. aurantium contained flavonoids, tannins, and phenolic compounds. The DMSO peel extract of C. aurantium exhibited eleven main peaks in HPLC and GC-MS analysis, revealing twelve chemicals in total. The FT-IR spectrum was used to determine the chemical composition of the peel extract. The DMSO peel extract of C. aurantium outperformed other extracts and even conventional medications in terms of antimicrobial activity. The results prove that this plant may be evaluated further to uncover active biomolecules in the development of antimicrobial therapeutics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Plumbago zeylanica exhibited effective antimicrobial activity. • The identified bioactive compound from P. zeylanica is heneicosane. • Heneicosane was identified by GC–MS, TLC, HPLC, 13C and H1NMR • Heneicosane was firstly indentified in Plumbago zeylanica leaves Today the quick advancement of multi drug resistance in microorganisms is expanding worldwide and the related medical issues for the treatment of infectious diseases that researchers claim could return to the stage of the pre-antibiotic era. Medicinal plants possess a potential holistic role for the provision of drugs to cure microbial infections. The present work, has aimed to isolate and analyze the new bioactive molecule and to test their antimicrobial activities from the Plumbago zeylanica L leaf extracts. For analyzing the phytochemistry and microbicidal activities of the herb, extracts with various solvents have been used. The various crude leaf extracts with antimicrobial activity was treated against pathogenic microorganisms such as two Gram positive, two Gram negative, one acid fast staining bacteria and one fungus using agar well method. New bioactive molecule was isolated via GC–MS, TLC, HPLC, FTIR and NMR spectrum. Current study had used ethyl acetate leaf extract and exhibited excellent antimicrobial activity compared with other extracts and conventional drugs. The ethyl acetate extract was analyzed by GC–MS which was detected in fifteen compounds, followed by TLC analysis to elucidate the ten compounds with ten fractions. Among the active fractions, a single compound was detected using HPLC analysis. The identified bioactive molecule Heneicosane was used for measuring the antimicrobial activity. Depending on the results obtained, it was verified that heneicosane exhibited excellent antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae 31 ± 0.64 mm and Aspergillus fumigatus 29 ± 0.86 mm respectively at 10 μg/ml concentrations. Hence this study derives its novelty in isolating the bioactive molecule with pronounced microbicidal role from the herbal source mentioned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]