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Oral lichen planus is a chronic inflammatory disease that occurs on the oral mucosa and is an oral potentially malignant disease. Treatment of oral lichen planus aims to promote healing of the erosion, relieve pain, reduce recurrence of the erosion, and prevent canceration. Corticosteroids are the first line of treatment for oral lichen planus. Refractory oral lichen planus is a clinical classification of oral lichen planus that has not responded to corticosteroid treatment for more than 2 months. Topical 5-aminolevulinic acid-mediated photodynamic therapy is an innovative and effective treatment for potentially malignant oral diseases and has been reported as an alternative treatment to conventional therapies for oral lichen planus. On this basis, we report 3 cases of refractory erosive oral lichen planus in which persistent erosive lesions healed after topical application of 5-aminolevulinic acid-mediated photodynamic therapy without any adverse effects or any signs of recurrence. Topical 5-aminolevulinic acid-mediated photodynamic therapy will become an effective clinical treatment for refractory erosive oral lichen planus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The immune system is involved in detecting and eliminating neoplastic cells during oral carcinogenesis, but tumor cells can subvert T-cell function and create an immunosuppressive environment to facilitate their growth and dissemination. • ICs are pivotal for the control of the immune response, and highly expressed ICs, especially PD-1/PD-L1, have been widely studied in OSCC and OPMDs. • ICs such as the PD-1/PD-L1 axis act as a critical accelerator of immune escape in OPMDs, leading to the progression of cancer from equilibrium to the escape phase. • The efficacy of using ICIs for treating OPMDs is quite promising, with encouraging results observed in clinical trials. Additionally, enhancing its effectiveness even further by using synergistic approaches indicates that ICIs-based therapy has broad research prospects. Oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) are linked with an escalated risk of developing cancers, particularly oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Since prevailing therapies cannot effectively forestall the exacerbation and recurrence of OPMDs, halting their malignant progression is paramount. The immune checkpoint serves as a cardinal regulator of the immune response and the primary cause of adaptive immunological resistance. Although the exact mechanism remains elusive, elevated expression of multiple immune checkpoints in OPMDs and OSCC relative to healthy oral mucosa has been ascertained. This review delves into the immunosuppressive microenvironment of OPMDs, the expression of diverse immune checkpoints such as programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1) and programmed death receptor-1 ligand (PD-L1) in OPMDs, and the potential application of corresponding inhibitors. In addition, synergistic strategies incorporating combined immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as cGAS-STING, costimulatory molecules, cancer vaccines, and hydrogels, are discussed to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the role and application of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in oral carcinogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: On the request of the current level of the geological core drilling design, refer to oil drilling design software, a geological core drilling computer aided design system was developed by means of advanced web design technology. The system covers all procedures of geological core drilling design, and presets reference value according to system database information, and automatically draws geological column and borehole columnar section according to the user design information, and finally produces overall and standard design report. The development technology is based on ZK and Hibernate framework with MVC and MVVM model. Consequently, the system will be easy to be used and maintained, and will contribute to the geological core drilling design information exchange and share online. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]