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• Signals from DMS, Mobileye, and CAN Bus were synchronized into a Bayesian generalized linear model to assess gaze-context relationship in highway driving. • Gaze fixation is shorter on more eccentric regions of the road scene. • Larger headway changes lead to longer fixations on the road center. • Higher speed or greater acceleration/deceleration increases the duration of fixation on the lead vehicle regardless of be in manual or assisted driving. The paper aims to integrate interior and exterior sensing signals to explore gaze-context connections for more context-aware driver attention management. Driving context is important for crash risk assessment, but little is known about how it modulates attention requirements for developing driver monitoring systems. Twenty-four participants drove a Tesla Model S equipped with Autopilot on the highway, during which driver gaze, headway, speed, and driving mode were sampled from the driver monitoring system, Mobileye, and CAN Bus. These signals were processed and synchronized over each single gaze fixation and incorporated into a Bayesian generalized linear model to assess the effects of dynamic contextual factors on the duration of individual gaze fixation. During car following, gaze fixations on eccentric locations in the road scene were shorter. Changes in headway led to longer fixations on the lead vehicle. Moreover, higher vehicle speed and larger acceleration/deceleration, regardless of being in the manual or assisted driving mode, led to longer fixations on the road center. In addition, driving mode itself had a small effect on fixation duration. Sensor fusion, along with computation models, explains the connections between driver attention and dynamic context in real-world driving. Application : The gaze-context connections provide insight into developing more context-sensitive gaze metrics to support adaptive driver attention management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic pain management techniques have evolved in recent years. With regard to this, ultrasound (US) technology has become a standard for most acute pain procedures and essential for postsurgical pain relief and enhanced recovery after surgery protocols. This manuscript summarizes clinical studies evaluating US use for chronic pain management and compares efficacy with standard techniques including fluoroscopy (FL). US possesses several unique benefits when compared with FL, including elimination of radiation exposure while providing similar clinical outcomes. In summary, US use for chronic pain procedures is emerging as a viable, safe, and effective modality. Additional studies are needed to best appreciate US and its role in chronic pain management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diagnostic ultrasonography was first utilized in the 1940s. The past 70+ years have seen an explosion in both ultrasound technology and availability of ultrasound technology to more and more clinicians. As ultrasound technology and availability have grown, the utility of ultrasound technology in the clinical setting as only been limited by clinicians' imagination. Due to its lack of radiation, non-invasive nature, and gentle learning curve, medical ultrasonography is now a tremendously useful Point of Care technology in the clinical arena. What follows is a discussion of Point of Care Ultrasound (PoCUS) and how it can be incorporated in the daily practice of any regional anesthesiology. While most regional anesthesiologists usually focus on the interventional aspects of ultrasonography (i.e. nerve blocks), our discussion will center on the diagnostic value of ultrasonography-especially concerning assessment of cardiac physiology and pathophysiology, gastric anatomy, airway anatomy, and intracranial pathophysiology. After reading and reviewing this chapter, the learner will have the knowledge to start training themselves in a variety of PoCUS exams that will allow rapid diagnosis of normal and abnormal patient conditions. Once an accurate diagnosis is established, the anesthesiologist and his/her team can then confidently optimize an anesthetic pain, prevent harm, and/or treat a patient condition. In this day and age, the ability to rapidly establish an accurate diagnosis cannot be overstated-especially in a critical situation. It is the authors' sincerest hope that the following discussion will help regional anesthesiologist to become even better and well-rounded clinical leaders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forty-five participants performed a vigilance task during which they were required to respond to a critical signal at a local feature level, while the global display was altered between groups (either a circle, a circle broken apart and reversed, or a reconnected figure). The shape in two of the groups formed a configurative whole (the circle and reconnected conditions), while the remaining shape had no complete global element (broken circle). Performance matched the results found in the previous experiments using this stimulus set, where a configural superiority effect was found to influence accuracy over time. Physiological data, measured using functional near-infrared spectroscopy, revealed elevated activation in the right pre-frontal cortex compared to the left pre-frontal cortex during the task. Additionally, bilateral activation was found in the conditions that formed configurative wholes, while hemispheric differences over time were found in the condition that did not. These findings suggest that configural aspects of stimuli may explain why non-typical laterality effects have been found in similar research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to establish reliability and responsiveness of the dynamic visual acuity test (DVAT) at head speeds of 150e200 degrees per second (deg/s) and the gaze stabilization test (GST) in high school and college football players. Design: Reliability design. Participants: Fifty high school and college football athletes completed the DVAT and GST in both the yaw (horizontal) and pitch (vertical) planes twice within two weeks. Results: Testeretest reliability for the DVAT was good in yaw, Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) = 0.770, and moderate/good in pitch, ICC = 0.725. Minimal detectable change (MDC) was 0.16 logMAR for yaw and 0.21 logMAR for pitch. GST reliability was moderate in yaw, ICC = 0.634, and poor in pitch, ICC = 0.411. MDCs were 73.4 deg/s (yaw) and 81.2 deg/s (pitch). Conclusions: The DVAT is reliable at high head speeds in high school and college football athletes in both yaw and pitch. GST head speeds were higher than previously reported in the literature, but reliability of this tool for this population was poor to moderate. From a clinical perspective, DVAT may be reliably used in the assessment of high school and college football athletes; however, GST requires further evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The study examined driver's broader peripheral vision (≤70°) in highway driving using Tesla Autopilot. • A generalized Bayesian regression model was trained to predict the detection probability of eccentric LEDs as surrogate of peripheral vision. • Driver's near-peripheral vision was good and stable (within 20°-30°) but their useful field was narrower in highway driving. • Reduced speed, cognitive load, and older age degraded mid-peripheral vison (20°–50°), while Autopilot had little effect. The study aims to model driver perception across the visual field in dynamic, real-world highway driving. Peripheral vision acquires information across the visual field and guides a driver's information search. Studies in naturalistic settings are lacking however, with most research having been conducted in controlled simulation environments with limited eccentricities and driving dynamics. We analyzed data from 24 participants who drove a Tesla Model S with Autopilot on the highway. While driving, participants completed the peripheral detection task (PDT) using LEDs and the N-back task to generate cognitive load. The I-DT (identification by dispersion threshold) algorithm sampled naturalistic gaze fixations during PDTs to cover a broader and continuous spectrum of eccentricity. A generalized Bayesian regression model predicted LED detection probability during the PDT—as a surrogate for peripheral vision—in relation to eccentricity, vehicle speed, driving mode, cognitive load, and age. The model predicted that LED detection probability was high and stable through near-peripheral vision but it declined rapidly beyond 20°-30° eccentricity, showing a narrower useful field over a broader visual field (maximum 70°) during highway driving. Reduced speed (while following another vehicle), cognitive load, and older age were the main factors that degraded the mid-peripheral vision (20°-50°), while using Autopilot had little effect. Drivers can reliably detect objects through near-peripheral vision, but their peripheral detection degrades gradually due to further eccentricity, foveal demand during low-speed vehicle following, cognitive load, and age. The findings encourage the development of further multivariate computational models to estimate peripheral vision and assess driver situation awareness for crash prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 38-year-old otherwise healthy woman with no history of immunocompromise, recent travel, or concerning exposures presented to the ED with several days of nonspecific cold-like symptoms with associated generalized headache. After the patient was symptomatically treated and discharged, she returned several hours later with worsening of symptoms and new vomiting, confusion, and sensorineural hearing loss. Blood and cerebrospinal fluid cultures eventually returned positive for a Capnocytophaga canimorsus infection, a bacterial pathogen found in the saliva of dogs and cats. Only after that, the patient recalled being scratched and licked by her pets, two dogs and a cat. She was treated with a course of systemic steroids, antibiotics and discharged home. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Acceptance for automated technology increases following on-road experience. • Engagement is lower for partially automated driving than manual driving. • The design of automated vehicle interfaces can cause driver confusion between modes. • Drivers use strategies to counter hands-on steering wheel sensors. • Complacent behaviours and attitudes threaten the safe use of automated vehicles. Contextual investigations of automated vehicle technology have so far been rare, however they are crucial to uncover the challenges that exist around its acceptance and safe use. Twenty-one drivers used a partially automated vehicle on a public highway in unaltered traffic conditions, while their behaviour was observed. Subjective measures of technology acceptance were taken before and after the drive, as well as post-drive ratings of engagement, workload, and perceived safety for manual versus automated driving. Post-drive interviews were conducted to better understand participants' attitudes and their behaviours that were observed. Technology acceptance was higher following the drive as indicated by increased trust and perceived safety. Engagement was lower for automated driving, while no differences were reported for workload or safety between the driving modes. Perceptions of level-2 technology were highly positive, though complacent attitudes and behaviours were apparent. There was dissatisfaction with the hands-on steering wheel sensor, and observed behaviours indicate that it fails to adequately measure driver engagement. Many unintentional automation disengagements occurred due to problems interacting with the physical controls. Concerningly, this sometimes led to situations where the participant incorrectly thought they were still in automated mode, but were in fact responsible for primary driving tasks. Insufficient cues to inform the driver of mode changes and the current automation status contributed to the mode confusion observed. These findings can help inform the design of automated vehicle technology as well as policies and regulations, to ensure the inherent risks in partial driving automation can be managed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Defining the context dependence of ecological states or processes is a fundamental goal of ecology. Stressor-response functions are the quantitative representation of context dependence, where the context (environmental contingency) is defined by location on the stressor (x) axis, and represents a unifying concept in biological science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Addressing adolescent mental health difficulties often begins by first correctly identifying students who are at risk when using universal mental health screeners in the school setting. A comprehensive conceptualization of mental health may enhance school psychologists' ability to effectively understand the mental health of students they serve. The dual-factor model of mental health posits a more holistic approach to mental health by capturing subjective-wellbeing scores alongside psychopathology. When employing the dual-factor model, practitioners have various ways to classify students as at risk for mental health difficulties, including locally normed cut scores and latent profile analysis (LPA); without an empirical comparison between the two approaches, practitioners may be uninformed in their decision making. The present study surveyed 404 adolescents on subjective wellbeing and psychopathology and examined how mental health classification varied when two common dual-factor approaches were employed (i.e., locally normed cut scores and LPA). Results indicated that 71.2% of the sample were classified in the same dual-factor mental health group across the two approaches, whereas 28.8% of adolescents' mental health classifications changed. The lack of agreement between the two approaches for a sizable proportion of the present sample presents an area for future research to ensure the correct identification of at-risk students and appropriately allocate services in schools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Population data are normally collected at various census administrative levels, and areal interpolation of population is often required to transform population to the desired spatial resolution. Building footprint datasets, such as Microsoft building footprints, have proven to be useful in estimating population distribution and can therefore be used for areal interpolation of population. In addition to Microsoft building footprints, the recently released USA Structures dataset provides additional information such as building type and building height for some regions, which may provide valuable information for a better depiction of population distribution and improved population areal interpolation accuracy. In this study, we have conducted areal interpolation of population projections consistent with three different Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP2, SSP3, and SSP5) from 1-km grid cells to block level in Washington state for every ten years from 2020 to 2040 based on USA Structures. We assessed USA Structures-based population downscaling accuracy using U.S. decennial survey data in 2020 under three different downscaling schemes, including population downscaling from census tracts to block groups, from census tracts to blocks, and from block groups to blocks. The resulting accuracies were compared with those based on Microsoft building footprints. The comparison showed that USA Structures achieved higher accuracies across different population density regions and areas with different urbanization extent within our study area. • USA Structures, U.S.'s first national inventory of structures, can be used to achieve high-accuracy population downscaling. • This study generates block-level population projections across different SSPs for Washington state from 2020 to 2040. • Building height data doens't enhance population downscaling accuracy in our study, likely due to source zone homoneneity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Snake venoms are known to have different venom compositions and toxicity, but differences can also be found within populations of the same species contributing to the complexity of treatment of envenomated victims. One of the first well-documented intraspecies venom variations comes from the Mohave rattlesnake ( Crotalus scutulatus scutulatus ). Initially, three types of venoms were described; type A venom is the most toxic as a result of ~ 45% Mojave toxin in the venom composition, type B lacks the Mojave toxin but contains over 50% of snake venom metalloproteases (SVMPs). Also, type A + B venom contains a combination of Mojave toxin and SVMP. The use of an anti-disintegrin antibody in a simple Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) can be used to identify the difference between the venoms of the type A, B, and A + B Mohave rattlesnakes. This study implements the use of an anti-recombinant disintegrin polyclonal antibody (ARDPA) for the detection of disintegrins and ADAMs (a disintegrin and metalloproteases) in individual crude snake venoms of Mohave rattlesnakes ( Crotalus scutulatus scutulatus ) of varying geographical locations. After correlation with Western blots, coagulation activity and LD 50 data, it was determined that the antibody allows for a quick and cost-efficient identification of venom types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Annual phenological mismatches decrease survival of steelhead trout smolts. • Larger steelhead smolts at outmigration had higher ocean survival. • Optimal outmigration date varied annually. • Freshwater and marine growing conditions act together to influence ocean survival. • Match/mismatch hypothesis may be a useful tool for predicting salmonid recruitment. Climate-driven changes in the oceans, such as shifts in prey timing and abundance, could influence variability in population productivity of marine fishes. For example, according to the match/mismatch hypothesis, the temporal matching of the young salmon outmigration from freshwater to the ocean relative to the timing of availability of their prey could influence their marine survival. Indeed, understanding patterns and processes of marine survival is particularly pressing in many salmon and steelhead trout populations due to recent declines. To determine whether phenological mismatches between juvenile salmonids and their prey could contribute to low ocean survival, we analyzed the migration timing and ocean survival of 22,116 tagged juvenile steelhead trout Oncorhynchus mykiss over 12 years from the Wind River, Washington State, USA. We used a Bayesian multilevel modelling approach with variable selection to assess how survival was associated with body size, river exit date, the biological spring transition date (the day when northern zooplankton first appeared in the coastal region near the Columbia River estuary), and the degree of mismatch (the effect of the interaction between individual outmigration timing and biological spring transition date). The variables with the highest probability of contributing to individual survival were fish size (100%), river exit date (99%), the interaction between year and river exit date (91%), and the biological spring transition date (64%). Fish that were larger than average at outmigration had higher ocean survival, providing further evidence that freshwater growing conditions have carryover effects on marine survival. Years with greater annual phenological mismatches such as those years with late biological spring transition dates (i.e., occurring after June 1st), or warm sea surface temperatures, had sufficiently low marine survival to compromise recovery goals. Substantial intra-annual variation in outmigration timing buffered the population from inter-annual variation in optimal outmigration timing. Collectively these findings indicate that freshwater growing conditions, migration timing, and the timing of high-quality food availability in the nearshore coastal environment work in concert to influence individual survival and annual smolt-to-adult returns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]