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The focus of diagnostic radiology training is on creating competent professionals, whereas confidence and its calibration receive less attention. Appropriate confidence is critical for patient care both during and after training. Overconfidence can adversely affect patient care and underconfidence can create excessive costs. We reviewed the psychology and medical literature pertaining to confidence and competence to collect insights and best practices from the psychology and medical literature on confidence and apply them to radiology training. People are rarely accurate in assessments of their own competence. Among physicians, the correlation between perceived abilities and external assessments of those abilities is weak. Overconfidence is more prevalent than underconfidence, particularly at lower levels of competence. On the individual level, confidence can be calibrated to a more appropriate level through efforts to increase competence, including sub-specialization, and by gaining a better understanding of metacognitive processes. With feedback, high-fidelity simulation has the potential to improve both competence and metacognition. On the system level, systems that facilitate access to follow-up imaging, pathology, and clinical outcomes can help close the gap between perceived and actual performance. Appropriate matching of trainee confidence and competence should be a goal of radiology residency and fellowship training to help mitigate the adverse effects of both overconfidence and underconfidence during training and independent practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Abstract: The Lao Cai, Yen Bai and Bao Yen Basins connected with the Red River Fault Zone (RRFZ) are filled with over 1000m thick Neogene (Miocene) clastic deposits of different type and origin. Coarse-grained alluvial deposits predominate along the south-western margin of the Lao Cai and Yen Bai Basins, while different types of conglomerates and sandstones, even siltstones occur in their central and along their north-eastern parts. Such asymmetry in the cross-section basin fill points to the south-western active margin of these basins. Three main facies associations composed of 12 lithofacies have been recognized in the Miocene succession filling the studied basins: (1) debris-flow dominated alluvial fan association, (2) sheetflood dominated alluvial fan association, and (3) lacustrine association. Both alluvial fan facies associations are broadly spread in the studied basins, especially along their south-western margins. The debris-flow dominated deposits are represented by decimetre to several meters thick, sand- and mud-supported disorganized pebble- to cobble-size, occasionally boulder breccia and conglomerate beds. The sheetflood dominated deposits are represented by alternating planar-bedded pebble and cobble gravel couplets. The occurrence of conglomerate bodies within and overlapping fine deposits of the lacustrine facies association may suggest deposition in a debris-flow and sheetflood dominated alluvial-fan setting associated with narrow, elongated basins that could be occupied by lakes and bordered by active fault scarps. The facies pattern of the particular basins is connected with the evolution of the RRFZ. The origin of these basins may be correlated with a sinistral transtensional regime which occurred in the Early to Middle Miocene. Moreover, the high-grade metamorphic core of the Day Nui Con Voi Massif, presently the main structural element of the RRFZ, was probably not exposed during sedimentation of most of the strata in the studied basins. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The Lo River Basin (LRB) is one of several narrow sedimentary basins associated with the main faults of the Red River Fault Zone separating the South China and Indochina microplates. The basin is located on the NE boundary of the high-grade metamorphic Con Voi Massif and the sedimentary and metasedimentary Viet Bac fold zone in north-eastern Vietnam.The LRB is filled with over 6000 m of Oligocene/Miocene alluvial deposits. The source area was probably located on the NE margin of the basin and was composed mostly of low-grade metamorphic rocks with a minor component of sedimentary rocks. Three alluvial systems are recognised. The oldest system was a proximal braided river system, with the minor occurrence of alluvial fans. The younger systems record changes in clast composition and lithofacies, which suggests a transition from a distal braided river to a distal braidplain system. The LRB fill shows a range of features characteristic of strike-slip fault basins. The origin of the LRB is correlated with the left-lateral transtensional regime. The present shape of the basin is a result of post-sedimentation tectonic activity. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• The Na Duong Basin was developed in the Early Oligocene in warm temperate-to-subtropical climate. • Sedimentation was originally dominated by fluvial and peat-forming processes followed by lake deposition. • Studied basins belonged to the long-distance terrestrial fluvial-lacustrine system track. • The fluvial-lacustrine system is proposed as a main Oligocene feeder system for the Beibuwan Basin. The Cao Bang-Tien Yen Fault (northern Vietnam) is subparallel to the Red River Fault Zone. The fault-controlled Cao Bang, That Khe, Lang Son and Na Duong Basins along the Cao Bang-Tien Yen Fault are filled with thick series of terrestrial deposits. The investigations conducted in the present study focused on the sedimentary infill of the Na Duong Basin. Sedimentological observations were made from four geological sites in this basin, including an open-air coalmine, and samples collected for standard palynological, petrographical and geochemical analysis. Seven lithofacies were recognized, and their respective depositional mechanisms were interpreted. Sedimentation in the Na Duong Basin was initially dominated by fluvial and peat-forming processes (Na Duong Formation), followed by lacustrine deposition (Rinh Chua Formation). These formations were deposited in the Early Oligocene, under a warm temperate-to-subtropical climate. The sedimentary infill of the basin is petrographically mature and was deposited in a relatively long-lasting fluvial-lacustrine sedimentary system. The Na Duong Basin was compared to the Cao Bang Basin. The Na Duong Basin is filled with mature sandy and silty deposits of fluvial and lacustrine origin, while the Cao Bang Basin is filled with a wide variety of immature or submature clastic deposits, from coarse-grained alluvial-fan through sandy fluvial to fine, organic-rich lacustrine deposits. Paleogene basins along the Cao Bang-Tien Yen Fault zone are interpreted as belonging to an associated extensive terrestrial drainage system. This system is proposed as a main Oligocene feeder system for the Beibuwan Basin (South China Sea). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Oligocene Menilite Beds are considered the most important source rock for hydrocarbon accumulation in the Polish Carpathian region, whereas the Cretaceous Lgota Beds have been regarded as an additional potential source rock. Understanding their petrophysical and geochemical properties is essential for evaluating the hydrocarbon potential of these beds. This paper presents mineral and organic porosity characterization and focuses on factors responsible for the development of organic pores as a reflection of the depositional and diagenetic processes. Mudstones were evaluated as potential source and reservoir rocks, describing their diagenetic and thermal history and examining their effective porosity and permeability. The results show that the Lgota Beds mudstone in the Huczwice quarry is thermally mature (late oil/early gas window, T max 460–470 °C), containing type III kerogen and TOC between 0.68 wt% and 4.2 wt%, in contrast to the Menilite Beds mudstone (Monasterzec outcrop), which is thermally immature (T max <426 °C), containing type II kerogen and TOC content from 1.24 wt% to 8.7 wt%. The geochemical properties show that the Lgota mudstone is currently an ineffective source rock, whereas the Menilite mudstone can be a potential source rock. SEM-identified pores include mineral pores, organic pores and microfractures. Organic porosity is observable both in immature oil-prone type II kerogen and highly mature gas-prone type III kerogen. The amount of pores in organic matter increases with maturity, and no relation between TOC and organic porosity development has been observed. Palynofacies analysis showed that the Menilite and Lgota mudstones are dominated by amorphous organic matter, and that the Lgota mudstone also contains opaque woody material. MICP measurements indicate high (up to 15%) effective porosity values for the Menilite Beds and up to 8% for the Lgota Beds, with very low permeability values (<0.1 mD) in both cases. Isotherms obtained from nitrogen adsorption are type IV for the Lgota Beds and type II for the Menilite Beds, while the BET surface areas are around 13 m2/g and 3 m2/g, respectively. The Lgota Beds demonstrate advanced diagenetic processes such as compaction, cementation, dissolution, replacement, and transformation, which contributed to the significant reduction in porosity, while the Menilite Beds represent an early stage of burial with the prevailing impact of compaction and thus less destruction of original pores. Finally, the Menilite Beds from the Monasterzec outcrop do not demonstrate sufficient conditions for shale-oil/-gas source rock due to the lack of proper thermal maturity. Such criterion is fulfilled by the Lgota Beds in the Huczwice quarry, but due to very low hydrocarbon potential, the Lgota mudstone is an ineffective source rock. However, given the other petrophysical and geochemical properties, the analysed formations may constitute a basis for further research on the occurrence of unconventional reservoirs in the entire Carpathian region. • 90% of total porosity in Lgota and Menilite Beds mudstones is dominated by nanoporosity. • Organic pores are present in immature and mature mudstones. • No relation exists between TOC and organic porosity development. • The analysed formations may constitute a basis for further research on unconventional reservoirs in the Carpathian region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: To determine whether the Lake Ohrid population of Dendrocoelum lacteum is significantly genetically distant from the Central European populations of this species, the allozyme variation was studied. Phylogenetic analysis of isozyme electrophoretic data indicated that the D. lacteum populations from Central Europe exhibit a closer relationship to Dendrocoelum adenodactylosum from Lake Ohrid (used as a reference species) than to their conspecific population from this lake. The allozyme data support the suggestion that D. lacteum from Lake Ohrid could be classified as a distinct species. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]