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Arsenic is a human carcinogen widely distributed in the environment, and arsenic exposure from drinking water has received widespread attention as a global public health problem. Curcumin is a natural bioactive substance with high efficiency and low toxicity extracted from turmeric, which has a variety of biological properties such as antioxidation, anti-inflammation, anticancer, and immuno-modulatory activities. Curcumin is widely used in daily life as a food additive and dietary supplement. However, its protective effects in lung injuries by chronic arsenic exposure orally remain unexplored. In this study, curcumin treatment not only significantly accelerated arsenic elimination and improved lung tissue morphology, but also decreased arsenic-generated ROS by activating Nrf2 and its down-stream antioxidants. Further, curcumin alleviated inflammatory changes in mice exposed to arsenic for 6 and 12 weeks, as manifested by lung MPO levels, total protein and cellular levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), serum IL-4 levels, and MAPK/NF-κB expression in lung tissue. Notably, our study also confirmed that curcumin could promote the expression and nuclear translocation of the transcription factor EB (TFEB), as well as activate TFEB-regulated autophagy in lung tissue of arsenic-treated mice, accompanied by inhibition of the AKT-mTOR signaling pathway. Overall, our study here suggests that natural bioactive compound curcumin could alleviate arsenic-induced pulmonary oxidative stress and inflammation in vivo , which is closely related to enhanced TFEB activity and induction of the autophagic process. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve the physical realization of the chaotic secure communication, a chaos masking encoding method based on the synchronous control of chaotic neurons with different structure is proposed. The conventional chaotic neuron is set as the transmitting system, and the hysteretic chaotic neuron is set as the receiving system. Hysteretic parameters have creep characteristic which make the hysteretic chaotic neuron have uncertainty. Sliding mode control is used to perform the synchronous control, and fuzzy inference is used to reduce the chattering of the sliding mode control. Simulation results prove the effectiveness of the method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A hysteretic chaotic neural network with the uncertain term is constructed, and a novel control strategy based on fuzzy sliding mode is proposed to control its dynamic behaviors without changing its structure. The control law contains fuzzy inference term which can reduce the chattering on the sliding mode. The system stability is proved by the Lyapunov theory. The hysteretic chaotic neural network based on the fuzzy sliding mode control can be used to resolve the function optimization problem without destroying chaos generation mechanism and changing the structures of the neural network, which is different to the common annealing optimization strategy. Simulation results prove that the control strategy is a valid method to control the dynamic behaviors of the neural network and resolve the function optimization problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel hysteretic chaotic operator network is constructed to improve the prediction performance of the wind speed series. The network is composed of three layers: the input layer, the chaotic operator layer and the hysteretic output layer. The hysteretic output can enhance the storage and memory capacity of the network, which can restrain the error change of the neuron state. Genetic algorithm is used to change the dynamic behavior of the network to follow that of the predicted system. Thus, the network can obtain the regular information contained in the training samples, and the dynamic prediction can be performed. Simulation results show that the network can be applied to perform the wind speed series prediction, and it can obtain better prediction performance than conventional methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Polyvinylpyrrolidone–iodine (Povidone-iodine, PVP-I) is widely used as an antiseptic agent for lavation during joint surgery; however, the biological effects of PVP–I on cells from joint tissue are unknown. This study examined the biocompatibility and biological effects of PVP–I on cells from joint tissue, with the aim of optimizing cell-scaffold based joint repair. Cells from joint tissue, including cartilage derived progenitor cells (CPC), subchondral bone derived osteoblast and bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSC) were isolated. The concentration-dependent effects of PVP–I on cell proliferation, migration and differentiation were evaluated. Additionally, the efficacy and mechanism of a PVP–I loaded bilayer collagen scaffold for osteochondral defect repair was investigated in a rabbit model. A micromolar concentration of PVP–I was found not to affect cell proliferation, CPC migration or extracellular matrix production. Interestingly, micromolar concentrations of PVP–I promote osteogenic differentiation of BM-MSC, as evidenced by up-regulation of RUNX2 and Osteocalcin gene expression, as well as increased mineralization on the three-dimensional scaffold. PVP–I treatment of collagen scaffolds significantly increased fibronectin binding onto the scaffold surface and collagen type I protein synthesis of cultured BM-MSC. Implantation of PVP–I treated collagen scaffolds into rabbit osteochondral defect significantly enhanced subchondral bone regeneration at 6weeks post-surgery compared with the scaffold alone (subchondral bone histological score of 8.80±1.64 vs. 3.8±2.19, p <0.05). The biocompatibility and pro-osteogenic activity of PVP–I on the cells from joint tissue and the enhanced subchondral bone formation in PVP–I treated scaffolds would thus indicate the potential of PVP–I for osteochondral defect repair. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: An optimal scaffold is crucial for osteochondral regeneration. Collagen and electrospun nanofibers have been demonstrated to facilitate cartilage and bone regeneration, respectively. However, the effect of combining collagen and electrospun nanofibers on osteochondral regeneration has yet to be evaluated. Here, we report that the combination of collagen and electrospun poly-l-lactic acid nanofibers synergistically promotes osteochondral regeneration. We first fabricated bi-layer microporous scaffold with collagen and electrospun poly-l-lactic acid nanofibers (COL-nanofiber). Mesenchymal stem cells were cultured on the bi-layer scaffold and their adhesion, proliferation and differentiation were examined. Moreover, osteochondral defects were created in rabbits and implanted with COL-nanofiber scaffold. Cartilage and subchondral bone regeneration were evaluated at 6 and 12weeks after surgery. Compared with COL scaffold, cells on COL-nanofiber scaffold exhibited more robust osteogenic differentiation, indicated by higher expression levels of OCN and runx2 genes as well as the accumulation of calcium nodules. Furthermore, implantation of COL-nanofiber scaffold seeded with cells induced more rapid subchondral bone emergence, and better cartilage formation, which led to better functional repair of osteochondral defects as manifested by histological staining, biomechanical test and micro-computed tomography data. Our study underscores the potential of using the bi-layer microporous COL-nanofiber scaffold for the treatment of deep osteochondral defects. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• An improved nonlinear integral sliding mode surface is designed. • Global sliding mode control law is designed. • Sliding mode control is used to accomplish chaotic synchronization control. In order to avoid integral saturation of integral sliding mode surface, a new integral function which can magnify small errors and minify large errors is designed. Meanwhile, an attenuation function which can decay to zero in a finite time is designed to accelerate the convergence speed of global sliding mode surface. Then, an improved global nonlinear integral sliding mode surface (GNISMS) is constructed, and sliding mode control based on the proposed sliding mode surface is designed to accomplish the synchronization control of chaotic systems with external disturbances and internal parameters uncertainties. Simulation results show that the proposed sliding mode control method has good control performance, and it can be effectively applied to the chaotic secure communication system based on chaos synchronization control. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Non-flooded plastic mulching cultivation (PM) of rice can save much irrigation but usually exhibits a poor grain filling and low grain weight when compared to traditional flooding cultivation (TF). This study measured the variations of plant hormones during grain filling and investigated whether they were related to the grain-filling problem under mulching in a field experiment. Hormonal levels in the grains and the grain development of both superior (early flowered) and inferior spikelets (later flowered) were monitored continuously during the grain filling period. The contents of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), zeatin riboside (ZR) and abscisic acid (ABA) were higher in superior grains than in inferior ones at early grain-filling stage. For individual spikelets, the peaks of IAA and ZR contents appeared just before the peak grain-filling rate but the peak ABA content matched it. The earlier flowered superior spikelets did not show much difference in grain filling characteristics and hormonal changes under the two cultivation treatments. Distinctively with the inferior spikelets in a panicle, PM led to lower grain weight, higher grain-filling rate at early stage and shorter active grain-filling period than the TF. PM also resulted in less IAA and ZR but more ABA contents in the grains than TF at early and middle grain filling stages in these inferior spikelets. Peaks of these hormone contents in the PM inferior grains usually appeared earlier and also disappeared more quickly than those in TF inferior grains. When exogenous IAA was applied to plants at the initial grain-filling stage, IAA and ZR were increased and ABA was reduced in the inferior grains. The treatment prolonged the active grain-filing period and reduced the peak grain-filling rate of inferior grains, similarly as the case with TF. As a result, IAA spraying enhanced the weight of PM inferior grains but reduced that of TF ones. Exogenous ABA spraying led to the opposite effects to those of IAA. The results suggest that the shortened grain-filling period in the inferior grains under PM is related to the increased ABA and reduced IAA and ZR in the grains. Regulation of the ratio of ABA to IAA in grains could potentially increase the weight of inferior grains under the water-saving cultivation with film mulching. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• FMDV infection in PK-15 inhibit exosome secretion. • miRNA-136 in exosome from FMDV-infected PK-15 cells inhibit FMDV replication. • 2C of FMDV degraded Rab27a via the autophagy-lysosome pathway to suppress exosome secretion. • FMDV evades exosome-mediated immune responses via host Rab27a, which is a switch for exosome secretion. Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious infection caused by foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that mediate antiviral immune responses in host cells and could be used by pathogens to evade host cell immune responses. Whether FMDV affects exosome secretion or whether exosomes derived from FMDV-infected cells mediate host cell antiviral immune responses is not yet clarified. In this study, the exosomes were identified and extracted from FMDV-infected PK-15 cells, and it was found that FMDV inhibits exosome secretion. Further investigation revealed that FMDV suppresses exosomes by degrading Rab27a via the autophagy-lysosome pathway. Also, microRNA (miRNA) differential analysis was performed in exosomes, which revealed that miRNA-136 was highly differentially expressed in exosomes and may be the key miRNA that inhibits the proliferation of FMDV. In summary, these results showed that host cells take advantage of exosomes to mediate their antiviral immune response, while FMDV evades exosome-mediated immune responses by degrading the exosome molecular switch, Rab27a. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adenylate cyclases (ACs), play a critical role in the conversion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) into the second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Studies have indicated that adenylyl cyclase type 2 (AC2) is potential drug target for many diseases, however, up to now, there is no AC2-selective agonist reported. In this research, docking-based virtual screening with the combination of cell-based biological assays have been performed for discovering novel potent and selective AC2 agonists. Virtual screening disclosed a novel hit compound 8 as an AC2 agonist with EC 50 value of 8.10 μM on recombinant human hAC2 + HEK293 cells. The SAR (structure activity relationship) based on the derivatives of compound 8 was further explored on recombinant AC2 cells and compound 73 was found to be the most active agonist with the EC 50 of 90 nM, which is 160-fold more potent than the reported agonist Forskolin and could selectively activate AC2 to inhibit the expression of Interleukin-6. The discovery of a new class of AC2-selective agonists would provide a novel chemical probe to study the physiological function of AC2. A novel and selective AC2 agonist with the EC 50 of 90 nM on recombinant HEK293+ hAC2 cell was found, which is 160-fold more potent than the reported agonist Forskolin and inhibits the expression of Interleukin-6. Image 1 • Novel AC2-selective agonist was found by virtual screening in combination with synthesis and cell-based biological assays. • Compound 73 represents the most active agonist of AC2 up to now with the EC 50 of 90 nM. • Compound 73 could inhibit expression of Interleukin-6, making it a potential lead compound against respiratory diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adenylyl cyclases (ACs), which are responsible for catalyzing the conversion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) into the second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), play a critical role in cell signal transduction. In this study, a combined approach involving docking-based virtual screening, with the combination of homology modeling followed by an in-vitro , and cell-based biological assay have been performed for discovering a class of novel potent and selective isoform adenylyl cyclase type 8 (AC8) agonist. The computer-aided virtual screening was used to identify fourteen virtual cluster compounds as potential hits which were further subjected to rigorous bioassays. A novel hit compound VHC-7 (ethyl 3-(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)-2-oxoindoline-3-carboxylate) was identified as a highly potent selective AC8 agonist with EC 50 value of 0.1052 ± 0.038 µM. Remarkably, the molecule herein reported can be explored further to discover greater number of hit compounds with better pharmacokinetic properties as well as to serve as a promising novel hit agonist of AC8 for the treatment of various central nervous system disorders and its associated diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract A two-stage utilization of the waste heat of granulated blast furnace slag (BFS) was proposed, and the characteristics of bio-oil dry reforming under different conditions were investigated. For the bio-oil dry reforming utilizing granulated BFS as the heat carrier, when the temperature was higher than 800 °C, changes in the characteristics as bio-oil conversion and lower heating value (LHV) were not pronounced in response to the increasing temperature. The bio-oil conversion reached its maximum value with a CO 2 /C (molar ratio of CO 2 to carbon in bio-oil) of 0.85. When the liquid hourly space velocity (LHSV) was higher than 0.45 h−1, the bio-oil conversion and LHV dropped quickly as the LHSV increased. At the optimal condition with a temperature of 800 °C, a CO 2 /C of 0.85 and an LHSV of 0.45 h−1, the bio-oil conversion and LHV reached 90.15% and 511.02 kJ per mole of bio-oil, respectively. Granulated BFS could be beneficial for the bio-oil dry reforming process. Combining biomass pyrolysis and bio-oil dry reforming, a feasible industry application utilizing the waste heat of granulated BFS was presented systematically. Highlights • A two-stage utilization of the waste heat of granulated BFS was proposed. • Temperature of 800 °C, CO 2 /C of 0.85 and LHSV of 0.45 h−1 was regarded as the optimal condition for the bio-oil dry reforming. • At the optimal condition, the conversion of bio-oil and LHV were 90.15% and 511.02 kJ per mole of bio-oil, respectively. • Granulated blast furnace slag could catalyse the bio-oil dry reforming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Exosomes participate in intercellular communication between cells. • FMDV can utilize host exosomes to establish productive infection in vivo and vitro. • Exosome-mediated viral transmission can not be blocked by FMDV-specific neutralizing antibodies. • This discovery sheds light on FMDV transmission by exosomes as another new potential immune evasion mechanism. Exosomes are small membrane-enclosed vesicles that participate in intercellular communication between cells. Numerous evidences suggested that exosomes derived from virus-infected cells can mediate virus transmission or/and regulate immune response. Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is the prototype member of the Aphthovirus genus of the Picornaviridae family. It can cause highly infectious disease of cloven-hoofed livestock and significantly increase public awareness. However, the role of exosomes in the transmission of FMDV has still remained unknown. In this study, full length of FMDV genomic RNA and partial viral proteins were identified in purified exosomes isolated from FMDV-infected PK-15 cells with qRT-PCR and /MS. Exosomes from FMDV-infected cells were capable of transmitting infection to naive PK-15 cells and suckling mice. Furthermore, exosome-mediated infection cannot be fully blocked by FMDV-specific neutralizing antibodies. This finding highlights that FMDV transmission by exosomes as a potential immune evasion mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of plastic items with anisotropic heat and resistance distribution were prepared by 3D printing. Conductive graphene doped polylactic acid (G-PLA) and pure PLA were used as raw materials. The programmed mixing printing method was adopted to construct these objects. The effects of the extrusion ratios of G-PLA and PLA, applied voltage and heat distribution on the printed items were investigated. We observed that the resistance of the printed items was controlled by the extrusion ratio during the 3D printing process. The distribution of the resistance is programmed by the slicing software and the single chip microcomputer in the 3D printer. The temperature of the printed test sheet varied from 20 to 90 °C according to the applied electronic current and voltage. Heterogeneous temperature regions were identified and showed isotropy. The temperature gradient field was constructed by designing and printing items with a quasi-continuously change resistance. The thermal signal was presented in the form of color information through a thermography device. As such, a simple message can be expressed and stored in this printed objects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For opening a way to synthesize novel metal-free catalysts and clarifying the photodegradation performance difference of photoactive species (such as ·O 2 −, h+), a series of metal-free photocatalysts have been synthesized by using different existing forms of the same materials (boron carbon nitride (BCN) and boron carbon nitride-citric acid quantum dot (BCQD)) as precursors via calcinating their mixture at 350 °C. BCQD has good fluorescence and up-conversion fluorescence performance. BCN/BCQD-350 has the highest removal efficiency (90%, including adsorption 60% and photodegradation 30%) for tetracycline (TC) among all samples under visible light irradiation. TC adsorption by BCN/BCQD-350 conforms to pseudo-second-order kinetic and Langmuir isotherm models. TC photodegradation by BCN/BCQD-350 conforms to type II heterojunction mechanism. Photoactive species capture experiments suggest that·O 2 − makes a higher contribution for TC photodegradation, followed by h+, ·OH, 1O 2 and e−. From LC-MS results, TC photodegradation is initiated by the dehydration step. TC dehydration activated by ·O 2 − has the lowest barrier (43.4 kcal/mol) than that (50.1 kcal/mol) activated by h+, that (64.8 kcal/mol) without the activation by photoactive species. TC removal rate of BCN/BCQD-350 (0.01563 min−1) is higher than that of g-C 3 N 4 , P25 (TiO 2), BNPA, BCNPA, etc. Furthermore, BCN/BCQD-350 can also photodegrade TC under infrared light irradiation (λ > 800 nm). [Display omitted] • Boron carbon nitride-citric acid quantum dot (BCQD) is synthesized for the first time. • BCN/BCQD photocatalysts are first time synthesized by using BCN and BCQD as precursors. • BCN/BCQD-350 has better degradation ability for tetracycline (TC) than TiO2 (P25), g-C3N4, etc. • ·O2- has higher contribution for TC photodegradation by BCN/BCQD-350 than h+. • TC dehydration free energy barrier (43.4 kcal/mol) by·O2- is lower than that (50.1 kcal/mol) by h+. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work explores nucleation and epitaxy of graphene on crystalline Cu 2 O templates formed via self-assembly and surface reduction of Cu 2 O nanocrystallites on the cubic textured (100) orientation Cu (CTO-Cu) and polycrystalline Cu (poly-Cu) substrates, respectively. It has been found that the presence of sub-surface oxygen causes the reconstruction of Cu surface due to the formation of oriented Cu 2 O nanocrystallites at a low H 2 gas flow. Self-assembly of the Cu 2 O nanocrystallites into a textured surface template provides direct nucleation sites for graphene growth after the oxygen-sublattice on the template surface is reduced. The atomic Cu surface layer provides advantages of high graphene growth rate due to the catalytic role of Cu and in-plane alignment of graphene nuclei. It is particularly important that the Cu 2 O crystallites have predominantly (111) orientation aligned to each other in the plane of the (100) CTO-Cu substrates, which allows epitaxy of graphene with much lower defect density as compared to that in the poly-Cu case. Since Cu 2 O (111) templates may be developed on lattice matched (100) surfaces of other dielectric materials, this self-assembly approach provides a promising pathway for large-scale, transfer free graphene epitaxy on nonmetallic surfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The repair of osteochondral defects can be enhanced with scaffolds but is often accompanied with undesirable terminal differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) has been shown to inhibit aberrant differentiation, but administration at inappropriate time points would have adverse effects on chondrogenesis. This study aims to develop an effective tissue engineering strategy by combining PTHrP and collagen-silk scaffold for osteochondral defect repair. The underlying mechanisms of the synergistic effect of combining PTHrP administration with collagen-silk scaffold implantation for rabbit knee joint osteochondral defect repair were investigated. In vitro studies showed that PTHrP treatment significantly reduced Alizarin Red staining and expression of terminal differentiation-related markers. This is achieved in part through blocking activation of the canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. For the in vivo repair study, intra-articular injection of PTHrP was carried out at three different time windows (4–6, 7–9 and 10–12 weeks) together with implantation of a bi-layer collagen-silk scaffold. Defects treated with PTHrP at the 4–6 weeks time window exhibited better regeneration (reconstitution of cartilage and subchondral bone) with minimal terminal differentiation (hypertrophy, ossification and matrix degradation), as well as enhanced chondrogenesis (cell shape, Col2 and GAG accumulation) compared with treatment at other time windows. Furthermore, the timing of PTHrP administration also influenced PTHrP receptor expression, thus affecting the treatment outcome. Our results demonstrated that intra-articular injection of PTHrP at 4–6 weeks post-injury together with collagen-silk scaffold implantation is an effective strategy for inhibiting terminal differentiation and enhancing chondrogenesis, thus improving cartilage repair and regeneration in a rabbit model. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In bone tissue engineering, a combination of biomimetic nanofibrous scaffolds with renewable stem cells has recently emerged as a new strategy for promoting bone regeneration. We have previously developed a biomimetic nanocomposite nanofibrous scaffold of hydroxyapatite/chitosan (nHAp/CTS) [1]. However, the mechanism behind the supportive function of the scaffolds has not yet been adequately explored. Here, we evaluated the effect of nHAp/CTS seeded with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) on bone regeneration and examined the underlying mechanism in vitro and in vivo. The scaffolds of nHAp/CTS induced higher proliferation of BMSCs than membranous hydroxyapatite/chitosan (mHAp/CTS) and electrospun nanofibrous chitosan (nCTS) did. Interestingly, regardless the nanfibrous effect, nHAp/CTS and mHAp/CTS supported the spindle-shaped morphology, in contrast to the spherical shape of BMSCs on nCTS, indicating that HAp supports cell adhesion. Furthermore, the levels of the mRNA for Smad1, BMP-2/4, Runx2, ALP, collagen I, integrin subunits together with myosins were significantly up-regulated on nHAp/CTS whereas these genes were expressed at markedly low levels on mHAp/CTS and nCTS even in osteogenic medium. In addition, the critical proteins pSmad1/5/8 in BMP pathway showed clear nuclear localization and osteocalcin were significantly elevated on nHAp/CTS than mHAp/CTS (P < 0.01) and nCTS (P < 0.01). Similarly, the cells exhibited higher ALP activity on nHAp/CTS than mHAp/CTS (P < 0.01) and nCTS (P < 0.05). Therefore, the findings indicated the activating of intergrin-BMP/Smad signaling pathway of BMSCs on nHAp/CTS. Finally, in vivo, nHAp/CTS/BMSCs had a superior ability of bone reconstruction than other groups for cranial bone defects. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that nHAp/CTS scaffold promotes bone regeneration by supporting the adhesion, proliferation and activating integrin-BMP/Smad signaling pathway of BMSCs both in vitro and in vivo. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• Mixed polysaccharides (MPs) extracted from herbs enhanced H1N1 virus vaccination. • MPs increased serum total IgG and IgG2a levels of immunized mice. • MPs alleviated lung injury and eliminated lung virus following virus infection. • MPs increased lung CD19+ and CD278+ cells, and serum IFN-γ levels after infection. Influenza viruses are responsible for severe respiratory tract infections of individuals and may cause pandemics with a high risk of mortality and morbidity. Although vaccination is a primary means for prevention of influenza virus infections, poor vaccine performance or inadequate immune responses limits the efficacy of current vaccines and raises question regarding whether a better correlates of protection procedures should be performed. Here, we want to evaluate whether mixed polysaccharides (MPs) derived from shiitake mushroom, poriacocos, ginger, and dried tangerine peel could promote the immune response of inactivated influenza vaccine. Firstly, MPs were given to mice each day and for a total of 30 days, during which two immunizations were performed on mice on days 14 and 21. The results showed that serum total IgG and IgG2a levels were increased in MPs-treated mice on day 30. Following A/WSN/33 (H1N1) virus challenge, we found that MPs pretreatment in mice could increase mice weight gain and attenuate their clinical symptoms. Additional protective factors were also observed including prevention of excessive lung inflammation, promotion of CD19+ and CD278+ cell proportions in lung, elimination of virus in lung, and elevation of IFN-γ levels in serum. The current study demonstrate that MPs from shiitake mushroom, poriacocos, ginger, and dried tangerine peel could promote the immune efficacy and alleviate lung inflammation in mice with vaccines against H1N1 virus infection by activating both humoral and cellular immunity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]