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Abstract: Background: Solitary thin-walled cavity lung cancer is a specific form of lung cancer, the diagnosis of which remains a formidable challenge. Objective: By comparing the computed tomography (CT) presentations and pathological findings, the purpose of present study was to explain the possible mechanism of thin-walled cavity formation and to improve the diagnostic accuracy for this disease. Methods: The medical records of eighteen patients with solitary thin-walled cavity lung cancer were analyzed retrospectively. Results: Chest CT demonstrated that solitary thin-walled cavities located at pulmonary periphery, and all these cavity lesions displayed suspected malignant signs. Pathological findings after surgery confirmed these lesions were adenocarcinoma, most of which were moderately or well differentiated. Microscopic findings showed tumor cells proliferated in the surface of thin-wall cavity in nine patients and infringed bronchiolar wall in five patients. No obvious necrotic tumor cell was observed in each patient. Conclusion: It was suggested some thin-walled cavities may be formed as a result of unidirectional check-valve mechanism. Together, a high index of awareness of this suspected CT signs is required for early diagnosis of this disease. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The analytical expressions for the equation of state and thermo-physical quantities of Exp-6 fluid are derived based on the Ross variational perturbation theory and with the quantum effect taken into account. The formalism developed is applied to the He–H2 mixtures. The agreement of numerical results of pressure and internal energy with MC simulations is shown far better than the analytic equation of state developed by [I. Ali, S.M. Osman, N. Sulaiman, R.N. Singh, Phys. Rev. E 69 (2004) 0561045]. The isotherms for pressure, internal energy and packing factor for five concentrations and four temperatures versus volume are calculated and analyzed. The numerical results for excess Gibbs free energy and entropy of mixing are presented. The variation of the excess Gibbs free energy of mixing, and the variation of the excess entropy of mixing versus temperature and pressure are different from and similar to that of Ali et al., respectively. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract Urea electro-oxidation reaction (UOR) is a promising but challenging renewable energy production technology, which generally requires lower electrochemical potential, and shows the capabilities in eliminating a potentially harmful substance from wastewater and/or converting human waste into treasure. However, the state-of-the art UOR suffers from the sluggish kinetics because of the 6 e− transfer process involvement. Herein, as a proof-of-concept study, we synthesized the NiIII -rich nickel diselenide nanoflake through a facile hydrothermal reaction. Compared to the counterpart nickel (oxy) hydroxide, the selenylation processing of nickel successfully produces synergetic effects of more exposed active sites and effective electron transports. Particularly, due to the NiIII –rich nature of the as-synthesized nickel diselenide, the reduction/oxidation reactions between NiII and NiIII is greatly accelerated, which in turn effectively decreases the required overpotentials, prolongate the catalytic lifetime, giving rise to the significantly enhanced UOR performances. In-depth mechanistic analysis evidences that the restructure of nickel diselenide (vs. nickel oxide hydroxide) could be the main reason for affording the decent UOR activity as the oxidation from NiII to NiIII was simultaneous occurred during the selenide species disappear process, a result that may be extended to other selenide -based systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reaction energy, reaction rate, and extent of reaction were the influencing factors of the damage effect of reactive materials. To improve the destructive effects of the reactive material, we systematically studied the influence of multi-component co-addition on the material properties. Reaction energy, burning speed, specific volume of explosive, and reaction processes under high-speed impact of the two kinds of reactive materials (50W-35PTFE-15Al and 50W-35PTFE-10Al-5Mg) were investigated. Furthermore, we fabricated incendiary bullets with the reactive material core and tested their damage effect. The results showed that the addition of the Mg increased the reaction heat in oxygen atmosphere. Meanwhile, we observed that the addition of Mg accelerated the reaction rate of the reactive material over different experimental conditions, including the combustion of natural stacking powder and the deflagration of dense bulk material under high-speed impact. Moreover, under the impact loading, the extent of reaction was improved significantly by Mg addition. Even though the smaller explosive specific volume of the 50W-35PTFE-10Al-5Mg, an obviously improved destruction were caused by the 50W-35PTFE-10Al-5Mg incendiary due to the sufficient reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Design principles for SCL materials forming high penetration depth and large penetration hole against reinforced concrete target are proposed. • An intermetallic-compound-reinforced Ti-17Al-29Nb alloy used as SCL material is designed and prepared via HIP for the first time. • The Ti-17Al-29Nb alloy liner penetrates through the C40 reinforced concrete target forming the max exit hole diameter of 0.42CD. • The excellent penetration performance benefited from the high-velocity and large-diameter jet of Ti-17Al-29Nb alloy. To avoid the aimless design of shaped charge liner (SCL) material for obtaining deep penetration and large penetration holes in reinforced concrete targets, new design principles are proposed in this study. Following the principles, an intermetallic-compound-reinforced Ti-17Al-29Nb alloy was prepared via hot isostatic pressing (HIP) sintering. This alloy shows high dynamic compressive strength (1583 MPa), high dynamic compressive plasticity (35 %), high elevated-temperature tensile strength (414 MPa at 800 °C), and low elevated-temperature plasticity (6 % at 800 °C). The penetrating experiments showed that the Ti-17Al-29Nb alloy liner penetrated through the 600-mm-thick C40 concrete target, forming large penetration holes. Although the penetration depth was slightly lower than that of the most commonly used pure copper liner, the diameter of the exit hole was 2.1 times that of the pure copper liner. The high jet tip velocity (7651 m/s) and large jet diameter (a maximum of 0.28 CD) were the key factors to form the high penetration depth and large penetration hole. This study not only brings a new type of SCL material with excellent penetration performance against reinforced concrete targets but also provides a new research direction for the design and selection of the SCL materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A Zr-Ti-Nb reactive alloy with high strength and sufficient ductility under dynamic loading is prepared by powder metallurgy. • Two critical impact velocities for energy release are determined through quantitatively assessing the energy release characteristics under impact. • The reaction mechanism is clarified by studying the recovered fragments having different sizes. • The degree of oxidation of the recovered fragments is investigated and found to be directly related to their sizes. Reactive structural materials are of interest in military applications due to their impact-initiated characteristics. The determination of critical impact velocity is of crucial importance in designing munitions to produce a maximum destructive effect on the target upon impact. Here, combining high-speed photography and image processing technique, we demonstrate an approach to determine the critical impact velocity through quantitatively assessing the energy-release characteristics of a Zr-Ti-Nb reactive alloy under high-speed impact. The Zr-Ti-Nb alloy is fabricated by powder metallurgy and has high strength and sufficient ductility under dynamic loading. By conducting a series of ballistic impact experiments, the relationship between the impact velocity of alloy projectiles and light emission from burning fragments is obtained and discussed. Two critical impact velocities are determined. The first represents the minimum impact velocity required for initiating the intense exothermic reaction of the alloy projectiles, while the second denotes the impact velocity when the extent of reaction reached the maximum. By analyzing the fragments recovered at different velocities, it is proved that the fragmentation behavior of the alloy projectiles is found to be highly dependent on the impact velocity. This results in obvious different energy-releasing characteristics of Zr-Ti-Nb alloy, and the corresponding mechanism was also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypobaric hypoxia exposure leads to brain edema, followed by neuropsychological disorders. However, the related mechanism and effective treatments are still unclear. The study aimed to discuss the neuroprotective effects of Cordycepin on hypobaric hypoxia-induced cognitive impairment. The study contained two parts. In the first part, rats underwent hypobaric hypoxia (HH) exposure for 7 days, with or without Cordycepin (10 mg/kg) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS,10 mg/kg) treatment once a day. In the second part, rats underwent HH exposure for 7 days, with or without TAK242 (3 mg/kg) and Cordycepin (10 mg/kg) once a day. Open field and Morris water maze test were performed one day after the 7days treatment. The BBB permeability was detected by the uptake of NaF. Western bloting was used to detect the levels of TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway related proteins in the hippocampus. The hippocampal and serous levels of cytokines were detected by ELISA. The structure of tight junctions in the hippocampus was observed under the transmission electron microscopy. Both acute HH and LPS exposure could activate the TLR4 pathway and neuroinflammation, further induced BBB disruption and cognitive injury. Cordycepin could inhibit the activation of theTLR-4/NF-κB/MMP-9 pathway, which further attenuated cognitive dysfunction, and disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in HH and LPS exposed rats. Furthermore, TAK242, a TLR4 antagonist, also inhibited the activation of theTLR-4/NF-κB/MMP-9 pathway and BBB disruption, as well as attenuated HH induced cognitive impairment. Cordycepin could ameliorate HH-induced neuroinflammation, BBB disruption, and cognitive damage partly by inhibiting the TLR-4/NF-κB/MMP-9 pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forming a transition phase (TP) layer between W and Cu phase can significantly improve the ductility of the W–Mo–Cu alloy. But, how the elements content affects the microstructure and mechanical properties of the W–Mo–Cu alloy is still unknow. In present work, to investigate these effects in detail, the W–Mo–Cu alloys with different TP layer structure were fabricated by the infiltration method by changing W and Mo content. The effects of distribution state of TP on the mechanical properties, deformation behavior and failure mechanisms of W–Mo–Cu alloys in tensile and compressive process at different temperature were investigated. The results suggest that by increasing Mo content, TP layer structure transforms from semi-continuous to completely coated network, leading to the high ductility of W–Mo–Cu alloy. Additionally, as compared to weak interfacial bonding between W and Cu interfaces, formation of TP layer can increase the interfacial strength then to significantly improve ductility and tensile strength. The effect of the TP layer structure induced by Mo content on the deformation behavior and failure mechanism of the W–Mo–Cu alloy are also discussed. The transition phase (TP) containing Mo element between W and Cu phase in W–Cu alloys can be formed by infiltration method. The TP layer with network structure separate the W/W and W/Cu phases at boundaries and could effectively enhance the interfacial bonding strength. As a result, the W–Mo–Cu alloy exhibits excellent ductility under both tensile and compressive loading condition. The reason for the high ductility is that the amorphous layer in TP could absorb and impede the dislocations simultaneously, which contribute to interface strength and plastic compatibility. Image 1 • TP layer structure transforms from semi-continuous to completely coated network. • TP with network structure significantly enhanced interfacial strength. • High ductility (∼18%) of W–Mo–Cu alloy is achieved due to formation of TP network. • Transgranular fracture dominates the fracture of the alloy by forming TP network. • Amorphous layer in TP contribute to relieve stress concentration in W–Mo–Cu alloy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three multi-oxidants reactive materials (59PTFE-23Al–18Bi 2 O 3 , 59PTFE-26Al–15Fe 2 O 3 , and 59PTFE-27Al–14MoO 3) were prepared and the effect of metal oxides on the reaction characteristics was systematically investigated. Reaction energy, burning speed, and specific volume of explosive were measured, and the dynamic mechanical properties were characterized by the split-Hopkinson pressure bar. The reaction processes under high strain rate and high-speed impact were recorded by the high-speed camera. Our results indicate that the Bi 2 O 3 is the most effective oxidant in increasing the reaction efficiency of the PTFE-Al system, which leads to the largest combustion flare and longest reaction time under high strain rate and high-speed impact. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the 59PTFE-23Al–18Bi 2 O 3 has the best penetration performance at a speed of 1200 m/s due to its high gas production rate compared to the other systems. Image 1 • Three kinds of reactive materials with multi-oxidants were prepared by powder metallurgy. • The effects of multi-oxidants on the reaction characteristic of the reactive materials were systematically investigated. • The Bi 2 O 3 is the most effective oxidant in increasing the reaction efficiency of the PTFE-Al system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Adding an appropriate interfacial layer is a viable way to decrease the W W contiguity and enhance the interfacial bonding of W Cu alloy simultaneously, hence increase the tensile ductility. In this regard, we prepared a new kind of W Mo Cu alloy with transition phase (TP) existing between W particles and Cu matrix using infiltration method. The TP consisting of amorphous and nanocrystalline structure is formed between the W particles and the Cu matrix. The formation of the TP simultaneously decreases the W W contiguity and enhances bonding with both W particles and Cu matrix, leading to the good tensile ductility of the W Mo Cu alloy. The underlying formation mechanism of the TP is thoroughly studied. The W Mo Cu alloy exhibits excellent ductility under both compressive and tensile loading at room temperature. Under the quasi-static tensile loading, the critical failure strain of the W Mo Cu alloy is 0.18. Our analysis demonstrates that a strong bonding is formed between the TP and the adjacent phases. Graphical abstract Unlabelled Image Highlights • Successfully prepared a new kind of W Mo Cu alloy with transition phase between the W particles and Cu matrix • Both the amorphous and nanocrystalline phases are formed in the transition phase layer. • The formation process of the transition phase interfacial layer is elaborated. • Improve the tensile ductility of the W Mo Cu alloy due to the formation of the transition phase [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]