Search

Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have become an important class of global environmental contaminants, yet their vertical profile in the marine water column is still less understood, especially for the semi-closed seas. In this study, the contamination level and spatial distribution of 8 PFASs were investigated in both surface and vertical water samples from two semi-closed seas, the Japan Sea and the Mediterranean Sea. Similar levels and compositions of PFASs were found between these two seas. The vertical profile of PFASs in the Mediterranean Sea was variable while that was relatively steady in the Japan Sea, probably due to their different pollution sources. The accumulation rate of PFASs from the East China Sea to the Japan Sea was calculated, for which perfluorooctanesulfonic acid and perfluorooctanoic acid were found to have high accumulation potency in both surface and deep water; most of the investigated PFASs were accumulated in the deep water due to the long residence time while they were more likely to escape to the Pacific Ocean in the surface water. This work aimed (i) to study the distribution of PFASs in both surface and vertical water samples in two semi-closed seas, namely the Japan Sea and for the first time the Mediterranean Sea, (ii) to assess the temporal trend in the Japan Sea, and (iii) to firstly investigate the potential transport of PFASs from the East China Sea and Taiwan Strait in order to estimate the inventory of PFASs in whole water mass in the Japan Sea. Image 1 • A remarkable increase in PFASs levels was found in the Japan Sea from 2005 to 2010. • The inventory of PFASs in whole water mass was firstly assessed in semi-closed sea. • The annual ΣPFASs inflow from the East China Sea to the Japan Sea was around 70.8 t. • The PFASs vertical profile in the Mediterranean Sea implied a few pollution sources. • PFOA predominated in the Japan Sea, the Mediterranean Sea, and the East China Sea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a group of contaminants of concern in agricultural crops, but little is known of their accumulation or behavior in grains. We grew Japanese rice (Oryza sativa subsp. indica) in lysimeters irrigated with tap water or tap water plus simulated contaminated water for 2 years, then analyzed the roots, straw, unhulled rice, white rice, bran, soil, and water for PFASs residues. Total fluorine was measured by combustion ion chromatography. Estimated per-plant residue levels were 3.0 pg perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) (bran: 0.5%, hull: 99.5%), 0.54 pg N -ethylperfluorooctanesulfonamide (N -EtFOSA) (white rice: 67%, hull: 33%), 1.2 pg perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) (white rice: 13%, bran: 7%, hull: 79%), 0.68 pg perfluoropentanoic acid (hull: 100%), 0.50 pg perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) (white rice: 65%, bran: 16%, hull: 19%), 0.21 pg perfluoroheptanoic acid (hull: 100%), 0.25 pg perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) (hull: 100%), and 0.12 pg perfluorodecanoic acid (PFNA) (white rice: 81%, bran: 19%). Estimated daily PFASs intakes were <1–3 ng perfluorooctanesulfonamide, <1–7 ng N-EtFOSA, 1–2 ng PFBA, <3–4 ng PFHxA, and 1–2 ng PFNA. Estimated PFOS, PFOA, and total PFASs in straw feed were 0.4, 0.1, and 2 kg yr−1 and 0.7, 0.4, and 8 kg yr−1 in 2015 and 2016, respectively. Estimated PFOS, PFOA, and total PFASs in straw fertilizer were 4, 1, and 23 kg yr−1 and 7, 4, and 86 kg yr−1 in 2015 and 2016, respectively. PFASs accumulation may cause longer residence time in agricultural systems owing to straw being used as animal feed and organic fertilizer. Image 1 • Lysimeter-grown rice was irrigated with tap water alone or added contamination. • PFASs were analyzed for rice plant. • PFOS and PFOA were not detected in white rice. • PFASs were accumulated in unhulled rice, rice bran, straw and roots. • FOSA had the highest transfer factor from soil to rice, similar to N and P. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In this work, the distribution of quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) in two dated sediment cores, collected from the Pearl River Estuary (PRE) and Tokyo Bay (TB), were investigated to understand the historical input of QACs and their diagenetic behavior in urban estuarine environments. The vertical variation profiles of QAC concentrations showed that benzylalkyldimethyl ammonium compounds (BACs) and dialkyldimethyl ammonium compounds (DADMACs) were widely used during 1970s and 1980s both in China and Japan. The declining environmental concentrations of QACs suggested a compositional change of commodities and the effectiveness of emission control strategies. For the individual QAC homologues, BAC homologues decreased significantly over time, while DADMAC compositions remained relatively stable. The differences in concentration and composition profiles of BACs and DADMACs in the sediment cores provided useful information on the patterns of use of QACs in China and Japan, as well as their diagenetic behaviors in the sediments. Graphical abstract Unlabelled Image Highlights • Historical occurrence of quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC) was reported in Asia. • Usage pattern of QAC is extrapolated in the dated sediment cores. • Diagenetic behaviors of QAC were presented in the sediments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To examine the impacts of urbanization and industrialization on the coastal environment, and assess the effectiveness of control measures on the contamination by chlorinated paraffins (CPs) in East Asia, surface and core sediments were sampled from the urbanized coastal zones in China and Japan (i.e., Pearl River Delta (PRD), Hong Kong waters and Tokyo Bay) and analyzed for short-chain (SCCPs) and medium-chain CPs (MCCPs). Much higher concentrations of CPs were found in the industrialized PRD than in adjacent Hong Kong waters. Significant correlation between CP concentration and population density in the coastal district of Hong Kong was observed (r2 = 0.72 for SCCPs and 0.55 for MCCPs, p < 0.05), highlighting the effect of urbanization. By contrast, a relatively lower pollution level of CPs was detected in Tokyo Bay. More long-chain groups within SCCPs in the PRD than in Hong Kong waters and Tokyo Bay implied the effect of industrialization. Comparison of temporal trends between Hong Kong outer harbor with Tokyo Bay shows the striking difference in historical deposition of CPs under different regulatory situations in China and Japan. For the first time, the declining CP concentrations in Tokyo Bay, Japan, attest to the effectiveness of emissions controls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Fourteen perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) were measured in serum of the highly endangered captive Chinese alligators, whole body homogenates of six kinds of fish (alligator prey species), and pond water (alligator habitat) in the Anhui Research Center for Chinese Alligator Reproduction. Six PFASs, including PFOS and five perfluorinated carboxylates, were detected in all alligator samples. The most dominant PFAS was PFUnDA, with a mean value of 31.4 ng/mL. Significant positive correlations were observed among the six PFASs, suggesting that they shared similar sources of contamination. Significantly higher PFOS and PFUnDA levels were observed in males, but the other four PFCAs did not differ between genders. An age related PFAS bioaccumulation analysis showed a significant negative correlation of the concentrations for five PFCAs to age, which means that higher concentrations were found in younger animals. Bioaccumulation factors (BAF) in fish for PFASs ranged from 21 to 28,000, with lower BAF for PFOA than that for longer carbon chain PFCAs, including PFUnDA, PFDA, and PFNA. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been globally detected in various environmental matrices, yet their fate and transport to the Arctic is still unclear, especially for the European Arctic. In this study, concentrations of 17 PFAS were quantified in two ice cores (n =26), surface snow (n =9) and surface water samples (n =14) collected along a spatial gradient in Svalbard, Norway. Concentrations of selected ions (Na+, SO4 2−, etc.) were also determined for tracing the origins and sources of PFAS. Perfluorobutanoate (PFBA), perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and perfluorononanoate (PFNA) were the dominant compounds found in ice core samples. Taking PFOA, PFNA and perfluorooctane-sulfonate (PFOS) as examples, higher concentrations were detected in the middle layers of the ice cores representing the period of 1997−2000. Lower concentrations of C8–C12 perfluorocarboxylates (PFCAs) were detected in comparison with concentrations measured previously in an ice core from the Canadian Arctic, indicating that contamination levels in the European Arctic are lower. Average PFAS concentrations were found to be lower in surface snow and melted glacier water samples, while increased concentrations were observed in river water downstream near the coastal area. Perfluorohexanesulfonate (PFHxS) was detected in the downstream locations, but not in the glacier, suggesting existence of local sources of this compound. Long-range atmospheric transport of PFAS was the major deposition pathway for the glaciers, while local sources (e.g., skiing activities) were identified in the downstream locations. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Objective: We investigated an adequate vitamin C dose during peripheral parenteral nutrition therapy in patients after gastrointestinal surgery by measuring blood concentrations and urine excretions of vitamin C. We also sought to identify the effects of vitamin C on the oxidative status. Methods: In a randomized trial, 2 d after undergoing gastrointestinal surgery, 16 patients started to receive a 5-d continuous intravenous infusion of vitamin C, either 100 or 500 mg/d. Blood concentrations of vitamin C and inflammatory and immunologic parameters were measured preoperatively, the day after surgery, and 3 and 5 d after starting administration of vitamin C (day 3 and day 5). Also, excretions of vitamin C and oxidative stress markers in 24-h, cumulative urine samples, collected and stored under light protection at 0°C, were measured on day 3 and day 5. Results: Mean blood vitamin C concentration decreased markedly after surgery. The concentration returned to normal on day 3 and on day 5 in the 500-mg group and only on day 5 in the 100-mg group. Concentrations differed significantly between the groups on day 3 and on day 5 (P < 0.001 for both days). Urinary vitamin C excretion was above normal on both days in the 500-mg group, but it never reached normal in the 100-mg group (P < 0.001 for both days). Urinary excretion of 8-isoprostane, a marker of oxidative stress, was significantly lower in the 500-mg than in the 100-mg group on day 3 (P = 0.002). Conclusion: Vitamin C dose of 500 mg/d, not 100 mg/d, is adequate for patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgery and receiving peripheral parenteral nutrition therapy. Vitamin C may decrease postsurgical oxidative stress. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Summary: A 65-year-old female with catecholamine-dependent ischemic cardiomyopathy was admitted to our hospital. Preoperative examination revealed severe triple vessel coronary artery disease, severe mitral valve regurgitation and left ventricular (LV) dilatation associated with low ejection fraction. Coronary artery bypass grafting with four distal anastomoses, mitral valve plasty using original papillary muscle application method, LV volume reduction using overlapping method and biventricular pacing were performed. Postoperative course was uneventful and quality of life at 2 years after surgery was good. Active combined surgery has the possibility of improving the outcome of patients with severe ischemic cardiomyopathy. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A simultaneous sampling of atmospheric and seawater samples was performed in the Taiwan Western Strait, western Arctic Ocean, and the Antarctic Ocean. Analysis of both particle and gas phase PFAS in oceanic air was conducted using cascade impactor particle fractionator, cryogenic air sampler and activated charcoal fiber sorbent for the first time with application in the Taiwan Western Strait. Mean concentration of Σ 12 PFAS in surface seawater and atmospheric samples were 1178 pg/L and 24 pg/m3 in the Taiwan Western Strait, 430 pg/L and 6 pg/m3 in the western Arctic Ocean, and 456 pg/L and 3 pg/m3 in the Antarctic Ocean. In oceanic air from the Taiwan Western Strait, fluorotelomer alcohol (FTOH) and the ionic PFAS [perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acid (PFSA) and perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acid (PFCA)] were found in 76% and 7% respectively. Regional comparison of air/water exchange (K AW) and gas-particle (K p) partition coefficients of PFAS in the oceanic environment indicated potential partitioning of ionic PFAS between surface seawater and oceanic air. These findings highlight the advancement in atmospheric PFAS measurements through combined novel technologies, namely size-fractionated particle sampling with cryogenic air trapping and/or activated charcoal sorption. Correlation between K p and carbon chain length of PFAS was observed using both hyphenated techniques. [Display omitted] • Ionic PFAS in surface water and atmosphere were analyzed from the Taiwan Western Strait, Arctic Ocean and Antarctic Ocean. • New air sampling techniques were firstly applied in the marine environment for PFAS. • Not only fluorotelomer alcohol also new class of neutral PFAS were detected in oceanic air from the Taiwan Western Strait. • Gas-particle partition coefficient (K p) and air-water partition coefficient (K AW) were estimated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solutions of technical polychlorinated naphthalene (PCN) Halowax formulations (Halowax 1014 and Halowax 1051) diluted with Milli-Q water and sealed in the Pyrex glass tubes and quartz tubes were subjected to artificial solar and natural solar irradiation under different time intervals and field conditions. In particular, the results of several field irradiation experiments have shown increased PCN photodegradation as altitude increases above sea level. Irradiation in artificial solar conditions caused a substantial change in the PCN congener profiles of Halowax 1014 and Halowax 1051 test solutions. Interestingly, in long-term experiments, the relative abundance of congeners that contribute to dioxin-like activity, i.e. the compounds such as 1,2,3,5,7- and 1,2,4,6,7-PentaCN (PeCNs #52/60), 1,2,3,4,6,7- and 1,2,3,5,6,7-HexaCN (HxCNs #66/67), and 1,2,3,4,5,6,7-HeptaCN (HpCN #73), temporally increased substantially. In the field photodegradation experiments, the PCNs #52/60 and #66/67 were formed, while a relative persistence of PCN #73 was evident. Highest chlorinated octachloronaphthalene (OcCN #75), exposed to strong UV radiation at high altitude, was much less stable than lower molecular mass PCNs. Photodegradation of the technical PCN formulations produced also an unidentified aromatic compound. We conclude, that photodegradation of PCNs, which are considered as a widespread anthropogenic pollutants, is not restricted to any specific environmental condition. It can also be observed at low altitudes. Image 1 • Halowax 1014 and 1051 photodegrade with yield in a few most persistent CNs. • Most toxic PCNs are also formed from a higher molecular mass PCN. • Photodegradation of PCNs accelerate as altitude increases above sea level. • Photodegradation of PCNs is not restricted to any specific environmental condition. • Unidentified aromatic compound was photoproduct from degraded PCNs. Photodegradation of polychlorinated naphthalene is not restricted to any specific environmental condition, while increases with altitude above sea level. A dioxin-like active 1,2,3,5,7- and 1,2,4,6,7-PentaCN (PeCNs #52/60), 1,2,3,4,6,7- and 1,2,3,5,6,7-HexaCN (HxCNs #66/67), and 1,2,3,4,5,6,7-HeptaCN (HpCN #73) are temporally abundant products of photodegradation of higher chlorinated congeners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A field study on the photolysis of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) was conducted at high altitudes in Mt. Mauna Kea (Hawaii, USA; 4200m) and Mt. Tateyama (Toyama, Japan; 2500m). Results of photolysis of PFASs in the field were further confirmed in laboratory studies. Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), which is perceived as a non-degradable chemical in the environment, can undergo photolysis. Long chain PFASs can be successively dealkylated to short chain compounds such as perfluorobutyric acid (PFBA) and perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS), but the short chain compounds were relatively more resistant to photodegradation. These results suggest that environmental levels of short chain PFASs would increase both due to their formation from photolysis of long chain PFASs and from direct releases. Earlier studies on photolysis of PFASs were focused on the formation of perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) and perfluorosulfonic acids (PFSAs) from precursor compounds (such as fluorotelomer alcohols) under laboratory conditions. Our study suggests that PFSAs and PFCAs themselves can undergo photodegradation in the environment. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A new method is preliminarily validated for the simultaneous analysis of ionic and neutral per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in both particulate and gaseous phases in air using a nanosampler-20 air sampler (NS20) composed of quartz fiber filters (QFFs), polyurethane foam (PUF) and artificial activated charcoal (GAIAC™). Perfluoroalkane sulfonamido ethanols (FOSEs) mainly remained in PUF, whereas the other neutral analytes were mainly found in GAIAC. Satisfactory recoveries were obtained for FOSEs, fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs), fluorotelomer iodides (FTIs), ranging fron 70%–120%, moderate recoveries were achieved for perfluorinated iodine alkanes (FIAs) and diiodofluoroalkanes (FDIAs), ranging from 50%–70%, while poor recoveries were found for perfluoroalkane sulfonamides (FOSAs). Breakthrough experiments revealed that almost all the target analytes were well trapped in GAIAC™, including the very volatile 4:2 FTOH. Applying to real sampling, our results showed that 6:2 and 8:2 FTOH were the most abundant species, with levels detected at 190 pg/m3 and 160 pg/m3. To the best of our knowledge, FDIAs were detected in ambient air for the first time at an average level of 8.3 pg/m3. Overall, the profiles observed from the real air samples reflected current industrial transition from longer chain to shorter chain in PFAS production. Our results revealed that the current method is promising for a more comprehensive understanding on the fates of PFASs in air. [Display omitted] • New research tool enables simultaneous analysis of neutral and ionizable per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in air were developed. • New air sampler satisfactory recoveries for not only most PFAS but also for some emerging PFAS (fluorotelomer iodides, perfluorinated iodine alkanes and diiodofluoroalkanes. • Validation experiment shown that there was environmental alteration of original PFAS in air during traditional sampling procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, environmental issues emerging from per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have raised high concern worldwide. Levels of human exposure to PFAS remain unknown in India. Biomonitoring data obtained from hair analysis have been evidenced to provide insight into retrospective human exposure to PFAS. In this study, 25 PFAS, including perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors, were measured in 39 human hair samples collected from 14 cities in India. The inuflence of gender on the PFAS levels was also examined. To our knowledge, this is the first attempt to provide preliminary indicative data (due to the limited sample size and variability in hair-length sampling) on the levels of PFAS in Indian hair. The concentrations of total PFAS in hair varied from below matrix-specific limit of quantification (<0.02 ng/g) to 3.78 ng/g. Among 9 PFAS quantified, perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS), perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) were the predominant compounds. Categorized into 4 regions, PFAS contamination exhibited certain regional difference where South India may show higher levels than the other regions. Highly significant positive correlation was observed between PFHxS and PFOS (p ≪ 0.001; r = 0.644), suggesting similar pathways of exposure to the two compounds. Higher PFAS occurrence was generally observed in the hair of females. Our results highlighted the urgent need to investigate the deposition mechanism of PFAS in hair. Image 1 • This is the first nationwide biomonitoring of PFAS in Indians. • PFHxS, PFOS, and PFOA were predominant in hair samples collected in India. • N -EtFOSA and 6:2 FTUCA were firstly detected in human hair samples. • Regional difference in PFAS levels was found in Indian hair. • Gender might influence PFAS accumulation in hair. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Twenty-five per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) were analyzed in water, sediment and biota from the Dongshan Bay (DSB) to study their seasonal variations, composition profiles, potential pollution sources, partitioning behavior and risk assessments. The total concentrations of PFASs (∑PFASs) in water ranged from 3.2 to 6.5 ng L−1 (mean 4.0 ng L−1) during the dry season, and 0.11–4.5 ng L−1 (mean 1.3 ng L−1) during the wet season. Perfluoro-butane sulfonic acid (PFBS), perfluoro-butanoic acid (PFBA) and perfluoro-octanoic acid (PFOA) were dominated and frequently detected in water. ∑PFASs in sediment were 0.15–0.37 ng g−1 dw (mean 0.24 ng g−1 dw) with the long-chain PFASs perfluoro-octane sulfonic acid (PFOS) dominating. High concentrations of PFASs in land-based drainage outlets (2.0–384.6 ng L−1 in water) and Zhangjiang estuary indicated that land-based discharges and the river discharge were the main sources. High concentration (366.1 ng L−1) and proportion (94%) of PFBA on one drainage outlet agreed with the trend that PFBA was as an alternative to long-chain PFASs. ∑PFASs in biota ranged from 0.11 to 0.40 ng g−1 ww, and only long-chain PFASs were detected. The partition coefficients (log K d) of PFASs between water and sediment ranged from 1.13 to 2.90, increased with carbon chain length, implied long-chain PFASs are more likely to adsorb to sediment. Results of ecological and health risk assessments indicated that PFASs had no significant risk for the aquatic organisms and local residents. • Short-chain PFASs as alternatives increase in the environment. • Drainage outlets and the river discharge contributed PFASs to the DSB. • Log K d of PFASs increased with the increasing of carbon chain length. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An inter-laboratory trial (ILT) has been performed to validate ISO 21675 method for the measurement of per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in water samples using solid phase extraction method and high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. A total of twenty-seven laboratories from eleven countries (Belgium: 1, Canada: 2, China: 2, France: 1, Germany: 3, Italy: 2, Japan: 6, Netherlands: 2, South Korea: 1, Sweden: 4, and USA: 3) participated in the ILT. Results of the homogeneity of ILT water samples showed that the repeatability tended to increase from short-chain to long-chain of PFAS. Results of stability of PFAS in Milli-Q water stored at 5 ± 3 °C ranged from 75% to 121% including those ultra-short-chain compounds, except for N- MeFOSA (44%), N- EtFOSA (44%), and 8:2 FTOH (30%) at 168 days. As for stability of PFAS in environmental waters, they were in acceptable range (between 70 and 125%) for most of PFAS, except for 8:2 FTUCA in the river water, seawater, and wastewater, and 8:2 FTSA and 8:2 FTOH in wastewater. Based on the performance data (reproducibility (CV R): <40%, recoveries (η): 70–125%) of the ILT, current ISO 21675 is validated for up to 30 PFAS depending on water type. Novel analytical techniques namely " In- situ Solid Phase Extraction" and the "Purge and Trap Extraction" were developed and explored to measure volatile PFAS. Preliminary results showed acceptable recoveries for volatile PFAS such as fluorotelomer alcohols and iodides in spiked Milli-Q water. [Display omitted] • The ISO 21675 method was validated for up to 30 PFAS depending on water types. • The in-situ SPE showed acceptable recoveries for N- EtFOSA, N- MeFOSE and N- EtFOSE. • Purge and trap extraction using ACFF showed acceptable recoveries for FTIs and FTOHs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Twenty-four per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) were analyzed in water and sediment from the Jiulong Estuary-Xiamen Bay to study their seasonal variations, transport, partitioning behavior and ecological risks. The total concentration of PFASs in water ranged from 11 to 98 ng L−1 (average 45 ng L−1) during the dry season, 0.19–5.7 ng L−1 (average 1.5 ng L−1) during the wet season, and 3.0–5.4 ng g−1 dw (average 3.9 ng g−1 dw) in sediment. In water samples, short-chain PFASs were dominated by perfluorooctanoic acid (PFBA) in the dry season and perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) in the wet season, while long chain PFASs, such as perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), dominated in the sediment. The highest concentration of PFASs in water were found in the estuary; in contrast, the highest level of PFASs in sediment were found in Xiamen Bay. These spatial distributions of PFASs indicate that river discharge is the main source of PFASs in estuarine water, while the harbor, airport and wastewater treatment plant near Xiamen Bay may be responsible for the high PFBS and PFOS concentrations in water and sediment. The partition coefficients (log K d) of PFASs between sediment and water (range from 1.64 to 4.14) increased with carbon chain length (R2 = 0.99) and also showed a positive relationship with salinity. A preliminary environmental risk assessment indicated that PFOS and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in water and sediment pose no significant ecological risk to organisms. • Concentrations and compositions of PFASs in the JEXB had significant seasonal variations. • Short chain PFASs were dominated in water. Long chain PFASs were high in sediment. • PFBA as an alternative increased in water compared with our previous data. • The river discharge, airport, harbor and wastewater treatment plant were the most important sources. • Log K d of PFASs increased with the increasing carbon chain length and salinity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]