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The beneficial effects of exercise on the brain are well known. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are much less well understood. Interestingly, myokines, hormones secreted by muscle in response to exercise, gained attention as such beneficial mediators. In this review, we will focus on FNDC5 and its secreted form, the newly discovered myokine "irisin". We will discuss their role in the beneficial effects of exercise and its potential application in neurodegenerative disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an empirical study of digital plagiarism. Under two experimental conditions, undergraduate writers were guided by different achievement goals to write an essay with or without the copy-and-paste function on a website. The study focused on two possible influences on digital plagiarism, a) instructional goals for writing, and b) the affordances of digital learning environments specifically the availability of a copy-paste function. A 2 × 2 factorial design was used to analyze the effects of these contextual variables on digital plagiarism. Results indicated that overall 79.5% of the writers engaged in digital plagiarism. There was a significant interaction in which instructional performance goals lead to more plagiarism when copy-paste is available. Findings highlight individual-environment interactions, including a writer's adopted goals for writing as set by writing prompt instructions (learning goals vs. performance goals) and the affordances of the writing environment including the ease of copy-paste or precautions taken to protect text (such as using jpegs of text). Rather than being principally directed by student's beliefs prior to, or when they begin a writing task, the on-the-fly interactions they have during the writing task may best explain their tendency toward plagiarism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]