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The dynamic mechanisms of self-ignition and flame propagation during high-pressure hydrogen release through a rectangular tube were experimentally investigated using pressure records, flame detection and high-speed photographs. Experimental results show that the minimum burst pressure for self-ignition decreases with an increase in axial distance to the diaphragm and then remains at an almost constant value. The self-ignition onset at the same location of the tube exhibits a certain randomness even if the intensity of the shock wave produced in the tube is similar. Multiple ignitions were observed at the early stage of hydrogen release. They usually had difficulty to sustainably develop and were extinguished owing to oxygen deficiency. At a subsequent stage, the ignition kernel appears again and grows rapidly in the axial and radial directions, finally converging to a complete flame across the tube width. It was found that the radial growth rate of the flame was lower than the axial growth rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optimizing collective walking has been a pivotal strategy for alleviating the excessive reliance on private cars. As an important criterion for residents' social interaction and mobility vigor, collective walking describes the results of walking activities in streets and positively correlates with the built environments. However, limited attention has been given to the contribution of built environment factors in peri-urban areas towards promoting collective walking. Therefore, this study employed multisource data to assess the impact of these factors on collective walking in peri-urban areas. Our analysis delved into the impact of these factors on collective walking across various urban spaces and explored intervention effects through cross-classification studies that prioritize planning strategies. These results revealed that (1) The impacts of the built environment on collective walking behavior differs in peri-urban areas. (2) Diversity and distance only show significant impacts in peri-urban areas. (3) A distinct spatial mismatch between urban spatial form and collective walking behavior is observed. Subsequent urban design interventions should consider these spatial distribution differences for prioritized zoning planning. Our findings provided convincing evidence that delineated the impact of built environments in peri-urban areas that can guide government and planners to precisely design pedestrian environments through targeted intervention measures. • This study explored the built environment's impact on collective walking behavior. • Different impacts were observed between peri-urban areas and core areas. • This study employed multi-source data to analyze large-scale samples. • Diversity and distance only influence collective walking in peri-urban areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, an experimental investigation is conducted to study the effects of CO addition (0%–7.5% vol.) on the self-ignition of pressurized hydrogen leakage. The result shows that more CO addition significantly decreases the likelihood of self-ignition inside the tube and the formation of self-sustained jet flame outside the tube. This can be mostly explained by the reduction of leading shock intensity inside the tube. Furthermore, CO addition effectively inhibits the flame propagation and development inside the tube. For pure hydrogen, the ignited flame quickly develops an intense flame spanning the tube width and eventually form a jet flame in ambient air. However, the H 2 –CO diffusion flame initiated approaching tube sidewall tends to propagate adjacent to the wall or be soon quenched with more CO addition. If the CO-weakened flame spouts to the tube exit, it may not survive the expansion at the tube exit and thus it is quenched. • The shock intensity is reduced in the presence of CO. • The critical pressure for self-ignition increases with CO addition concentration. • Shock intensity variation by CO addition is the main factor affecting self-ignition onset. • Small CO addition can effectively inhibit flame development inside the tube. • H 2 –CO flame spouting from the tube exit tends to be blown out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are the most common neurodegenerative diseases in the elderly. Recently, some variants of AD-causal genes (APP, PSEN1, PSEN2) have been reported in PD. In this study, we investigated the association between coding variants of AD-causal genes and PD in a large Chinese population cohort.Methods: We performed whole-exome sequencing (WES) on 1,917 patients with early-onset or familial PD and 1,652 controls, and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) on 1,962 sporadic late-onset PD and 1,279 controls. Genetic and phenotypic data were analyzed with regression analyses and the optimized sequence kernel association test. Further validation study was performed by Fisher's exact test.Results: We found that rs75733498 in the PSEN2 gene was significantly associated with early-onset or familial PD; however, no significant relationship was discovered between rs75733498 and sporadic late-onset PD. The result of the validation study still revealed a significant association between rs75733498 and PD. We observed a suggestive association with APP gene in early-onset or familial PD when considering damaging missense variants alone (p = 0.018) or combined with loss-of-function variants (p = 0.029). Further phenotypic analysis did not demonstrate any significant associations.Conclusion: Our results support a possible genetic contribution of AD-causal genes to PD. These findings warrant further genetic and functional confirmation, and more powerful association studies will better decipher the mechanisms of PD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Width of ecological greenspace was crucial for the conservation of soil fauna. • Tree layer seemed more important than herb layer for soil fauna colonization. • Higher deciduous tree ratio favored soil fauna. • Soil moisture was essential abiotic driver for hygrophilous meso -micro fauna. Urbanization accelerates habitat fragmentation and leads to the decline of biodiversity in cities. Urban greenway landscapes provide not only social functions but also important ecological services. In this study, taxonomic richness, abundance, diversity, and the distribution of soil meso- and microfauna were investigated in three different urban greenway landscapes to assess their environmental quality. Urban greenway landscapes that had a richer tree species composition, higher deciduous tree ratios, wider ecological greenspace, moderate soil temperature and moisture, and lower soil bulk density and less lead were conducive to the survival and development of the soil meso- and microfauna community. Different soil fauna groups had varied responses to different environmental conditions in urban greenway landscapes. Microarthropods were more sensitive to plant communities; in contrast, soil moisture was the most important abiotic driver for hygrophilous meso -micro fauna. Our study highlights the importance of deciduous trees for their rich litter input, and the wide ecological greenspace for its buffering effect on various disturbances, which promote the conservation of biodiversity in urban greenway landscapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the effects of triangle obstacles inside the tube on the ignition mechanism and subsequent flame development in a semi-confined space when high-pressure hydrogen sudden release. Smooth tube and obstructed tube with optical glasses are constructed where controlled high-pressure hydrogen are released. High-speed direct photography is used to image the flame evolution while pressure transducers are used to obtain pressure-time traces both inside the tube and exhaust chamber. These cases that hydrogen with various burst pressure jets into the smooth and obstructed tubes are tested. It is found that spontaneous ignition occurs in the boundary layer of the tube in the smooth tube, a complete fire spanning the cross-section is reached as the flame propagates within the mixing region. The appearance of obstacles is found to have a significant effect on the ignition mechanism and flame structure. A two-way dissemination reflected shock wave forms and three possible ignition region emerges surrounding the obstacles. The flame propagation restricted between the leading shock wave and hydrogen jet. The flame experiences a split that the front flame in the vicinity of the obstacle gradually dies out and the rear flame continues propagating within the mixing region. The flame evolution and pressure variation in the exhaust chamber show that obstacles inside the tube do not aggravate the disaster in the semi-confined chamber. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The abnormal expression of piRNA and PIWI protein in diabetes and cardiovascular disease is associated with disease progression. • Serum extracellular vesicles-related piRNA has been detected in a surprisingly stable form and defined as a potential disease biomarker and a novel therapeutic target in CVD. • piRNA promotes the occurrence and development of CVD mainly through piRNA/LINE-1/AKT, AKT and AMPK signal pathways. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is still one of the most significant diseases and is a considerable threat to human health globally. PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) are novel small noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) traditionally considered to be specifically expressed in the germline of many animal species and involved in the maintenance of germline stem cells and spermatogenesis. Although little is known about the origin and action of piRNAs and PIWI proteins in somatic cells, these molecules are emerging as readily available biomarkers for the diagnosis and treatment of cardiac injury and multiform CVD. Accumulating evidence reveals that piRNAs and PIWI proteins are associated with some molecular and cellular pathways in CVD. Here, we summarize recent evidence and evaluate the molecular mechanism of the involvement of piRNAs and PIWI proteins in CVD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper demonstrates experimental investigation on the self-ignition and subsequent flame propagation of high-pressure hydrogen-methane mixture release via a tube. The proportion of methane added to hydrogen is 2.5% (vol.). A transparent rectangular tube (d = 15 mm, L = 400 mm) is used in the experiments. It is shown that the minimum burst pressure required for self-ignition increases 1.57 times for only 2.5% methane addition from 2.89 MPa (pure hydrogen) up to 4.68 MPa (2.5% CH 4 addition). This is mainly caused by the following reasons: on the one hand, methane addition can result in the decease of shock intensity inside the tube, thereby lowering the temperature of the combustible mixture; on the other hand, the hydrogen-methane mixture has the higher minimum ignition energy than that of pure hydrogen. Besides, 2.5% methane addition can increase the initial ignition time, weaken the flame intensity and reduce the flame propagation velocity relative to tube wall inside the tube. Moreover, for cases with 2.5% methane addition, the complete flame throughout the tube is formed closer to the back end of the tube. When the self-sustained flame exits from the tube, the maximum overpressure in a confined space increases with 2.5% methane addition. • The effect of 2.5% methane addition to hydrogen is experimentally investigated. • The shock wave intensity is reduced in the presence of the methane. • The addition of methane can decrease the possibility of hydrogen self-ignition. • Initial ignition occurs in the tube wall and then develops into a complete flame. • The hydrogen-methane mixture brings greater combustion overpressure in chamber. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• [BMIm][HSO 4 ] was employed as dual catalyst-solvent for BuHE formation. • Effect of [BMIm][HSO 4 ] as extractant on esterification was demonstrated by LLE. • Effect of [BMIm][HSO 4 ] as catalyst on esterification was experimentally investigated. • Reactive extraction conditions for BuHE formation were optimized. • Intensification mechanism of [BMIm][HSO 4 ] on reactive extraction was proposed. Butyl hexanoate (BuHE) is currently synthesized through the Fischer esterification with mineral acid as catalyst, which suffers from the problems of side reaction, difficult recycling, and corrosion. To overcome these disadvantages, ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate ([BMIm][HSO 4 ]) is employed as dual catalyst-solvent for the esterification of hexanoic acid (HeAc) with n-butanol (BuOH) in a reactive extraction process. The dual functions of [BMIm][HSO 4 ], extraction and catalysis, were confirmed by liquid-liquid equilibria for the two systems {[BMIm][HSO 4 ] + HeAc + BuHE} and {[BMIm][HSO 4 ] + BuOH + BuHE}, and by the comparison of esterifications with or without [BMIm][HSO 4 ], respectively. Moreover, the optimal reactive extraction conditions for BuHE formation were obtained. Finally, the possible mechanism of intensification of [BMIm][HSO 4 ] on BuHE formation in reactive extraction process was proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sulfite has been widely employed as a key agent in many industrial processes, leading to a large amount of sulfite-laden wastes generated. Given its antimicrobial function and destructive ability on cell walls, detailed mechanisms for impacts of sulfite on waste activated sludge (WAS) and outcomes of methane production after the sulfite-pretreatment have not been clear so far. In this study, the feasibility of methane production from sulfite pretreated WAS was verified and investigated. Biochemical methane potential tests demonstrated that methane production from WAS after the pretreatment at 800 mg S/L of sulfite (a typical level in sulfite-laden wastes) increased by up to 25%. Kinetic analysis of the test results indicated that sulfite pretreatment increased the sludge hydrolysis rate (k hyd) by 1.71 times while the ultimate biochemical methane potential (B u) by 1.20 times. Further study investigated the effects of sulfite on WAS from the macro-scale (i.e. sludge physicochemical properties) to the micro-scale (i.e. bacterial viability, microbial community). Sulfite concentrations of up to 800 mg S/L substantially enhanced WAS disintegration and solubilization, reducing the particle size by up to 39%, boosting substrate release by 87% and improving cell lysis by 43% through the direct destruction of gram-positive microorganisms (e.g., norank_p_Saccharibacteria) in WAS. Adverse impact on anaerobic digestion by introduction of sulfite was not observed in this study, though a long-term evaluation is needed in the future work. Based on the findings of the present study, sulfite-laden by-products or wastes from industrial processes may be co-treated with WAS when overall cost-effectiveness is concerned. Image 1 • Sulfite enhanced methane production from both inoculum (by 97%) and WAS (by 25%). • Sulfite improved the hydrolysis rate and the ultimate biochemical methane potential of both inoculum and WAS. • Sulfite induced the disintegration and solubilization of WAS within 24 h. • Sulfite caused the cell lysis through the direct destruction of microbes in WAS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Uranium biomineralization can slow uranium migration in the environment and thus prevent it from further contaminating the surroundings. Investigations into the uranium species, pH, inorganic phosphate (Pi) concentration, and microbial viability during biomineralization by microorganisms are crucial for understanding the mineralization mechanism. In this study, Bacillus thuringiensis X-27 was isolated from soil contaminated with uranium and was used to investigate the formation process of uranium biominerals induced by X-27. The results showed that as biomineralization proceeded, amorphous uranium-containing deposits were generated and transformed into crystalline minerals outside cells, increasing the overall concentration of uramphite. This is a cumulative rather than abrupt process. Notably, B. thuringiensis X-27 precipitated uranium outside the cell surface within 0.5 h, while the release of Pi into the extracellular environment and the change of pH to alkalescence further promoted the formation of uramphite. In addition, cell viability determination showed that the U(VI) biomineralization induced by B. thuringiensis X-27 was instrumental in alleviating the toxicity of U(VI) to cells. This work offers insight into the mechanism of U(VI) phosphate biomineralization and is a reference for bioremediation-related studies. • Bacillus thuringiensis X-27 precipitated U rapidly to uramphite outside cells, which can alleviate U toxicity to cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The strength of shock wave is different before and after obstacles. • Obstacles decrease the minimum burst pressure and self-ignition occurs around obstacles. • Mechanism of self-ignition is different before and after obstacles. • Obstacles before the initial ignition location significantly accelerates initial self-ignition. The safe application of hydrogen has attracted increased attention. In particular, fire and explosion disasters may be induced by self-ignition during high-pressure hydrogen leakage. This study experimentally investigates the effect of obstacles on initial self-ignition when high-pressure hydrogen is suddenly released. High-pressure hydrogen release experiments are performed at burst pressures of 2–8 MPa. The hydrogen flame inside the tube is captured by a high-speed video camera and light sensors, and shock wave variations are measured by pressure transducers. The results show that the presence of obstacles inside the tube significantly affects shock wave flow. It is found in this study that obstacles decrease the minimum burst pressure needed for self-ignition and self-ignition is prone to occur in the vicinity of obstacles. The influence of obstacles on the initial ignition process are different at different self-ignition locations. On the one hand, the reflected shock wave originating from obstacles is the main reason for the promotion of self-ignition upstream of obstacles. On the other hand, the formation of a hydrogen/air mixture under the effect of turbulent flow and multi-dimensional shock waves leads to self-ignition downstream of obstacles. Meanwhile, the presence of obstacles before the initial ignition location (L in) shortens the distance between the ignition location and the burst disk and significantly accelerates the occurrence of initial self-ignition. Obstacles participate in the self-ignition process earlier when they are placed closer to the burst disk. However, obstacles after the initial ignition location (L in) show no effect on the initial ignition process. The results can guide the safe use of high-pressure hydrogen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Gangdese porphyry Cu-Au belt (South Tibet, China) in the eastern Tethyan metallogenic belt hosts many deposits, which formed in subduction and collisional settings. Several porphyry Cu-Au deposits have been discovered in the Xietongmen region, including a large porphyry Cu-Au deposit at Xiongcun. However, the formation mechanism for the Xietongmen Cu-Au deposits and their igneous host rocks remain enigmatic. This study reports whole-rock major- and trace-element compositions, Sr-Nd isotopes, in situ zircon Hf- and plagioclase Sr-isotope compositions, and major- and trace-element compositions of amphiboles to constrain the magmatic emplacement and evolution related to the porphyry Cu-Au mineralisation in the Xietongmen region. New zircon U-Pb ages show that the Xietongmen diorites formed at 185 Ma, consistent with the age of Cu-Au mineralisation. The Xietongmen diorites are characterised by enrichment in LILEs and LREE, and depletion in HFSEs. These features suggest that the diorites were produced by arc magmatism in an oceanic-slab subduction environment. In situ isotopic compositions exhibit radiogenic ε Hf (t) (+9.8 to +14.4) and low initial 87 Sr/ 86 Sr values (0.7039–0.7043); whole-rock results show positive ε Nd (t) (+5.26 to +5.31) and unradiogenic initial 87 Sr/ 86 Sr values (0.7042–0.7043). These isotopic results are similar to coeval mantle-derived hornblende gabbros and the Sangri volcanic rocks in the Gangdese belt. Amphibole clots in the Xietongmen diorites have higher MgO and Ni contents, with AlT > 1.0, Mg# > 0.5, Ni > 143 ppm, and REE patterns different from those of magmatic and idiomorphic amphiboles in the host diorites, suggesting that the clots are xenocrysts. All the petrological and geochemical evidence suggests that the Xietongmen mineralised diorites were derived from a Jurassic hydrous mantle wedge induced by slab dehydration. These magmas contain higher contents of water and other volatiles and have higher oxidation states. These conditions favored the transfer of metals (such as Cu, Au) to the upper crust, and then formed the Jurassic porphyry Cu-Au deposits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study the feasibility of treating dyeing wastewater with sulfate reducing granular sludge was explored, focusing on decolorization/degradation of azo dye (Procion Red HE-7B) and the performance of microbial consortia under alkaline conditions (pH = 11). Efficiency of HE-7B degradation was influenced strongly by the chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration which was examined in the range of 500–3000 mg/L. COD removal efficiency was reduced at high COD concentration, while specific removal rate was enhanced to 17.5 mg-COD/g VSS h −1 . HE-7B removal was also improved at higher organic strength with more than 90% removal efficiency and a first-rate removal constant of 5.57 h −1 for dye degradation. Three dye-degradation metabolites were identified by HPLC–MS. The granular structure provided enhanced removal performance for HE-7B and COD in comparison to a near-identical floc SRB system and the key functional organisms were identified by high throughput sequencing. This study demonstrates an example of a niche application where SRB granules can be applied for high efficient and cost-effective treatment of a wastewater under adverse environmental conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When applying ionic liquids (ILs) in extractive and oxidative desulfurization of fuel oils, the potential solubility of IL in fuel phase is an important concern whereas research particularly on this issue is still scarce. In this work, COSMO-RS was first employed to predict the solubilities of 220 imidazolium-based ILs (11 cations and 20 anions) in 7 model fuel hydrocarbons (namely, n -hexane, n -heptane, n -octane, i -octane, cyclohexane, benzene and toluene), which cover different characters of ILs and hydrocarbons. To understand the effect of IL and hydrocarbon on the IL-in-hydrocarbon solubility, different types of molecular interactions between IL and hydrocarbon were further analyzed from COSMO-RS point of view. Finally, the solubilities of 5 representative ILs in the studied hydrocarbons were experimentally determined by nitrogen analyzer, demonstrating the good qualitative and acceptable quantitative ability of COSMO-RS for predicting IL-in-hydrocarbon solubilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oligocene and Miocene Himalayan anatexis is generally thought to have been induced by intracrustal heating or processes without the involvement of mantle-derived heat and materials, suggesting that the Himalayan leucogranites are typical examples of purely crustal melts. This study focuses on a Miocene leucogranite at Langkazi within the Himalayan orogen, an intrusion that contains a large number of dioritic enclaves. These enclaves have typical igneous textures, contain acicular apatites, and have back-veining structures, quenched margins, and crystallization ages identical to the hosting two-mica granites, indicating that these enclaves are magmatic. Although the enclaves are evolved, the most primitive samples contain high concentrations of MgO (up to 4.3 wt.%), Cr (up to 159 ppm), and Ni (up to 102 ppm), are strongly enriched in large-ion lithophile elements, are depleted in high-field-strength elements, have negative ε Nd(t) values (–8.6 to –6.1), and have relatively high 87 Sr/ 86 Sr (i) values (0.7085–0.7137), suggesting that they were derived from a relatively enriched region of the lithospheric mantle source. Whole-rock geochemical data indicate that the hosting Langkazi leucogranite formed from magmas generated by the partial melting of metapelite material within the High Himalaya crystalline sequence, and these magmas subsequently mixed with mantle-derived melts that are now represented by the Langkazi dioritic enclaves. This indicates that mantle-derived material played an important role in the generation of the Langkazi intrusions. The whole-rock geochemical compositions of samples from the study area also indicate that the primary melts that formed the Langkazi enclaves were significantly contaminated by the relatively juvenile Himalayan lower crustal material, suggesting in turn that these mantle-derived magmas underwent MASH (crustal melting, melt assimilation, magma storage, and homogenization) processes at the base of crust, introducing heat to the lower crust. This mantle-derived heat may have induced partial melting of the Himalayan lower crust, forming adakite-like magmas. Although the small volumes of these dioritic enclaves suggest that this heat may have assisted the genesis of the north Himalayan granites and the High Himalayan leucogranites, whereas in situ crustal radiogenic heating, shear heating, and decompression melting dominated the melting processes in this region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast cancer (BC) is a common reason of cancer-associated death in female. To develop novel strategy of therapeutics, it is crucial to comprehensively understand the receptor status of BC cells on the surface and inner, because chemical messengers can bind the receptors and promote tumorigenesis. Compared with normal and benign samples, BC cell lines and malignant biopsies showed higher expression of neurokinin-1 receptor (NK1). In current work, we examined the role and mechanism of NK1 receptor signaling in BC cell migration. Human hemokinin-1 (hHK-1) was the peripheral agonist of NK1 receptor. Our results showed that by activating NK1 receptor, hHK-1 promoted the migration of BC cells. Gelatin zymography and WB experiment showed that hHK-1 enhanced the levels of MMP-2 and MMP-14; inhibition of these two MMPs blocked hHK-1-induced cell migration. We further explored the underlying mechanism. hHK-1 incuced the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, JNK and Akt through PKC or PKA pathway. The phosphorylation of these kinases further regulated the activation of transcriptional factor AP-1 and NF-κB. Inhibition of AP-1 and NF-κB reduced the up-regulation of MMP-2 and MMP-14 by hHK-1. Taken together, we showed NK1 receptor was an important regulator of human BC cell migration and a potential target for BC treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • GHG emissions from an industrial-scale AD plant were assessed. • The AD process before digestate treatment achieved carbon offset. • Electricity consumption caused the major GHG emissions. • Waste oil recovery and biogas reuse are pivotal for offsetting GHG emissions. • Net GHG emissions from digestate process varies with different final disposal ways. Anaerobic digestion (AD) has been widely applied for treating organic waste and is known as a carbon-offsetting process. However, most studies relied on laboratory-scale experiments or literature to calculate carbon emissions from AD process, and the impact of digestate processing was overlooked. This study assessed the carbon footprint for an industrial food waste co-digestion plant with operational data. The results indicated that carbon emission before digestate treatment is −88.5 ± 4.4 kg CO 2 -eq/t. The major source of carbon emission is electricity provision, followed by fuel combustion, unburned biogas, and fugitive gas emissions, while waste oil recovery and biogas utilization offset the carbon emissions. Considering digestate treatment and disposal options, the plant's net carbon emissions are as follows: −86.1 ± 6.2 kg CO 2 -eq/t (incineration) < -80.7 ± 6.5 kg CO 2 -eq/t (land application) < 6.7 ± 12.2 kg CO 2 -eq/t (landfilling). This work aims at providing a roadmap for making site-specific calculations of the carbon footprint for AD process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In-situ analysis of minerals, such as zircon hafnium (Hf) and oxygen (O) isotopes, has been pivotal in investigating magmatic evolution and related ore systems. In order to better constrain the petrogenesis of Cu-porphyries and related ore-forming processes in southern Tibet, we used a combined application of both zircon by Hf-O isotopes and apatite by developing geochemical indicators involving Sr-O isotopes and volatile (chlorine and sulfur) concentrations. Apatite has several advantages over zircon: it carries ore-related volatiles, is present in less-evolved magmas and is sensitive to magmatic processes. Data on major- and trace elements and Sr-O isotopes in gem-like apatite can supplement information from zircon Hf-O isotopes. We have applied these techniques to granitoids from the Jurassic arc in southern Tibet to illustrate their use in tracing volatile evolution and related genesis of porphyry systems. We demonstrate that (1) robust apatite Sr-O isotopes combined with zircon Hf-O isotopes can record recycled oceanic components in the sources of Gangdese Jurassic porphyries; (2) volatile-enriched magmas metasomatised hydrous mantle wedge to form the Jurassic mineralised rocks; (3) the ore-forming magma with higher contents of water, Cl and S, favoured the transfer of metals and volatiles to the upper crust and to form the Jurassic porphyry Cu-Au deposits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Human epididymis protein 4 (HE4) had been shown to be an ideal biomarker in ovarian cancer. However, there were fewer reports on its application in lung cancer. We explored the diagnostic value of serum HE4 as a biomarker in early lung cancer by comparing it with other biomarkers. Methods 162 individuals including 112 cases of lung cancer at early stage and 50 healthy people as controls were enrolled. The serum concentrations of biomarkers were determined with the Roche Elecsys assays. Results In comparison to the other biomarkers such as carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), neuron-specific-enolase (NSE), serum cytokeratin 19 fragment (CYFRA 21-1) and progastrinreleasing peptide (proGRP), serum HE4 was one of the biomarkers with the highest sensitivity (43.8%) and specificity (95.0%) for early lung cancer diagnosis. In terms of histological results, serum HE4 was the best biomarker both in adenocarcinoma (AC) and squamous carcinoma (SC), and serum proGRP was the best in small cell lung cancer (SCLC). The combination of proGRP, NSE and HE4 could determine the histological type of lung cancer with a very high accuracy of 93.8%. Conclusions These findings suggested that serum HE4 was a better biomarker in early lung cancer than other frequently-used biomarkers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surface properties of the clean and O adsorption Cr 2 Nb (1 1 1) are investigated using a density functional theory. The result shows that the Cr 2 Nb (1 1 1) with Cr–Nb mixed termination is more stable than the Cr-terminated surface in both Cr-rich condition and Nb-rich condition for clean (1 1 1) surface. The O atoms strongly interact with both Cr and Nb atoms on the Cr 2 Nb (1 1 1) with Cr–Nb mixed surface. And the O atoms strongly interact with the Cr atom on Cr-terminated surface. The binding energy increases with increasing O atom coverage due to the repulsive interaction between O atoms. It is found the Cr 2 Nb (1 1 1) with Cr–Nb mixed surface is more stable than the Cr-terminated Cr 2 Nb (1 1 1) under O-rich or O-poor conditions. And a Cr–Nb oxide layer may be produced at the initial stage of oxidation on Cr 2 Nb (1 1 1) surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Baiyangping Pb–Zn–Cu–Ag deposit is located in Lanping basin, northwestern Yunnan province. The deposit is composed of a few ore veins and can be divided into several ore blocks. The ore bodies are primarily hosted in Mesozoic carbonate, sandstone and siltstone along the north–south-striking, NWW-striking and NE–SW-striking fault zones. There are breccia, massive, vein like and disseminated ores. The main ore minerals are sphalerite, galena, gratonite, jordanite, tetrahedrite series minerals, chalcocite, chalcopyrite, realgar, orpiment, bournonite, cobalt-bearing arsenopyrite, argentite, kongsbergite, cobaltine, siegenite. The sizes of fluid inclusions in Baiyangping deposit are generally less than 10 μm and have the shape of round, oval, irregular, etc. The ore-forming fluid system is Ca 2+ –Na + –K + –Mg 2+ –Cl − –F − –NO 3 − brine system. The freezing temperature of fluid inclusions in mineral deposits ranges from −26.4 to −0.2 °C, average −14.6 °C; the homogenization temperature is concentrated in 120–180 °C, and the salinity is between 0.35 and 24.73 wt% (NaCl eq ), average 16.9 wt% (NaCl eq ). δ 13 C PDB and δ 18 O SMOW values of hydrothermal calcite range from −4.16‰ to 3‰ and −2.5‰ to 20.4‰, respectively. δ 34 S values of sulfide minerals range from −10.2‰ to 11.2‰, average 5.6‰. The sulfide samples yield 206 Pb/ 204 Pb values of 18.609–18.818, 207 Pb/ 204 Pb of 15.548–15.842 and 208 Pb/ 204 Pb = 38.514–39.556. C–O–S–Pb isotope compositions of the Baiyangping deposit indicate a homogeneous carbon source, and the carbon in hydrothermal calcite is derived from the dissolution of carbonate rock strata, the ore-forming fluid belongs to basin brine fluid system, which is mixed with the precipitate water, sulfur in sulfides and sulfosalts is derived from thermal chemical sulfate reduction, and the thermal decomposition of sulfur-bearing organic matter. The metal mineralization material is from sedimentary strata and basement. The late Pb–Zn polymetallic mineralization event superposed within early Cu–Co polymetallic mineralization event resulted in the differences of ore-forming elements for Baiyangping deposit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The important role of microbes in the biomineralization and migration behavior of uranium in the field of environmental chemistry has been well emphasized in previous work. However, limited work on mineralization processes of indigenous microorganism has prevented us from a deeper understanding of the process and mechanisms of uranium biomineralization. In this work, the dynamic process and mechanism of uranium biomineralization in Enterobacter sp. X57, a novel uranium-tolerant microorganism separated from uranium contaminated soil, were systematically investigated. Enterobacter sp. X57 can induce intracellular mineralization of U (VI) to Uramphite (NH 4 UO 2 PO 4 ·3H 2 O) under neutral conditions by alkaline phosphatase. In this biomineralization process, soluble U (VI) first bonded with the amino and phosphate groups on the plasma membrane, providing initial nucleation site for the formation of U (VI) biominerals. Then the impairment of cell barrier function and the enhancement of alkaline phosphatase metabolism occurred with the accumulation of uranium in cells, creating a possible pathway for soluble U (VI) to diffuse into the cell and be further mineralized into U (VI)-phosphate minerals. All the results revealed that the intracellular biomineralization of uranium by Enterobacter sp. X57 was a combined result of biosorption, intracellular accumulation and phosphatase metabolism. These findings may contribute to a better understanding of uranium biomineralization behavior and mechanism of microorganisms, as well as possible in-situ bioremediation strategies for uranium by indigenous microorganisms. [Display omitted] • The dynamic process of U-mineralization by Enterobacter sp. X5 7 has been revealed. • Toxic soluble U (Ⅵ) could vitiate the cell wall and diffuse into the cell gradually. • Intracellular U (Ⅵ) converted into insoluble U mineral along the plasma membrane. • U-biomineralization in Enterobacter sp. X57 was promoted by alkaline phosphatase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Mechanisms underlying electrochemical sludge treatment are reviewed. • Electrochemical process-assisted sludge resource recovery is discussed. • Electrochemical process optimal operating modes are proposed. • Current limitations and future research directions are discussed. The electrochemical process is gaining widespread interest as an emerging alternative for sludge treatment. Its potentials for sludge stabilization and resources recovery have been well proven to date. Despite the high effectiveness of the electrochemical process having been highlighted in several studies, concerns about the electrochemical sludge treatment, including energy consumption, scale-up feasibility, and electrode stability, have not yet been addressed. The present paper critically reviews the versatile uses of the electrochemical processes for sludge treatment and resource recovery, from the fundamentals to the practical applications. Particularly considered are the enhancement of the digestion of the anaerobic sludge and dewaterability, removal of pathogens and heavy metals, and control of sludge malodor. In addition, the opportunities and challenges of the sludge-based resource recovery (i.e., nitrogen, phosphorus, and volatile fatty acids) are discussed. Insights into the working mechanisms (e.g., electroporation, electrokinetics and electrooxidation) of electrochemical processes are reviewed, and perspectives and future research directions are proposed. This work is expected to provide an in-depth understanding and broaden the potential applications of electrochemical processes for sludge treatment and resource recovery. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: We have conducted a whole-rock geochemical, U–Pb zircon geochronological, and in situ zircon Hf–O isotopic compositional study of rocks in southern Tibet from the Langxian igneous suite (including a lamprophyre dyke, mafic enclaves, a granodiorite, and a two-mica granite) and the Nuri igneous suite (a quartz–diorite). U–Pb zircon dating indicates that the timing of crystallization of the mafic enclaves and host granodiorite of the Langxian suite are ca. 105Ma and 102Ma, respectively, that the Langxian lamprophyre dyke and the two-mica granite were emplaced at ca. 96Ma and 80–76Ma, respectively, and that the Nuri quartz–diorite was emplaced at ca. 95Ma. With the exception of the lamprophyre dyke and mafic enclaves in the Langxian area, felsic rocks from the Langxian and Nuri igneous suites all show signs of a geochemical affinity with adakite-like rocks. The high Mg-numbers, high abundance of compatible elements, high εNd(t) (2.7 and 2.8) and δ18O (8.9 and 9.2‰) values, elevated zircon εHf(t) (11.0–17.0) values, and low 87Sr/86Sr(i) ratios (0.7040), collectively indicate that the Nuri adakite-like quartz–diorite was derived from partial melting of the low temperature altered Neo-Tethyan oceanic crust, and that these dioritic magmas subsequently interacted with peridotite as they rose upwards through the overlying mantle wedge. The observation of identical differentiation trends, similar whole-rock Sr–Nd and zircon Hf isotopic compositions, and consistently low (Dy/Yb)N ratios among the Langxian igneous suite rocks, indicates that the adakite-like granodiorite was produced by low-pressure fractional crystallization of precursor magmas now represented by the (relict) mafic enclaves. However, relatively high Al2O3 contents, low MgO, Cr and Ni contents, and low (La/Yb)N and (Dy/Yb)N values indicate that the two-mica granite was derived from partial melting of the southern Tibetan mafic lower crust in the absence of garnet, while isotopic data suggest that at least 70% of the magma source region was juvenile materials. Combined with the presence of HT (high temperature) charnockitic magmatism, HT granulite facies metamorphism, and large volumes of Late Cretaceous batholiths, the oceanic-slab-derived Nuri adakitic rocks indicate a substantial high heat flux in the Gangdese batholith belt during the Late Cretaceous, which may have been related to subduction of a Neo-Tethyan mid-ocean ridge system. According to this model, hot asthenosphere would rise up through the corresponding slab window, and come into direct contact with both the oceanic slab and the base of the overlying plate. This would cause melting of both the oceanic slab and the overlying plate by the addition of heat that was ultimately linked with peak magmatism and the significant growth and chemical differentiation of juvenile crust in southern Tibet during the Late Cretaceous (105–76Ma). In addition, the petrogenesis of the Langxian adakite-like two-mica granite indicates that the southern Tibetan crust was still of normal thickness prior to the emplacement of these intrusions at ca. 76Ma. This probably means that large parts of southern Tibet were not very highly elevated prior to the Indian–Asian collision. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• The minimum release pressure for self-ignition is significantly higher. • The decrease of binary mixture self-ignition enhances with fuel molecular weight. • Nitrogen addition effectively inhibits flame development inside the tube. • Nitrogen-weaken ignited flame spouting from tube exit tends to blow out. • When self-ignition occurs, a partially premixed flame evolves first. This paper reports on the nitrogen addition effects on the self-ignition of high-pressure hydrogen leakage. It reveals that the intensity of produced incident shock decreases with more nitrogen addition, unbeneficial for self-ignition occurrence. Besides, nitrogen addition in hydrogen significantly reduces self-ignition possibilities inside the tube and self-sustained jet flame formation outside the tube. There exists a certain critical threshold of shock overpressure of about 1 MPa for self-ignition occurrence at different nitrogen additions. In our experiments, the impurity gases (N 2 , CO, CH 4) reduce the self-ignition possibilities in the same order as it reduces the shock intensity, namely, the effect of N 2 is similar to that of CO, larger than that of the same volume of CH 4. It suggests that the decrease of binary mixture self-ignition can be mostly explained by the reduction of shock intensity, and the decrease effect enhances with fuel molecular weight. Furthermore, nitrogen addition inhibits the flame development and propagation inside the tube. Nitrogen-weaken ignited flame barely survives during the expansion outside the tube or is soon extinguished inside the tube with more nitrogen addition. Moreover, the flame has a rapid flame length growth rate of 1–2 mm/μs in the initial stage, but the expanding velocity becomes lower to 0–1 mm/μs after a period of spread. Accordingly, a mechanism of the self-ignition process for high-pressure hydrogen release is proposed for cases with 0%-7.5% nitrogen addition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Electrochemical pretreatment (EPT) (12 V/30min) suppressed biogas production. • EPT with carbon electrode induced propionate production (308 ± 23 mg HAc/g VS added). • Acetate was enriched to 75% of the total VFA after graphite-EPT. • Titanium-EPT increased biogas yield by around 20%. • EPT inhibited heterodisulfide reductase without affecting hydrolysis/acidogenesis. Low economic gains from biogas drive research on shifting to volatile fatty acid (VFA) production during anaerobic sludge digestion. pH control and methanogenesis inhibition are widely used strategies for VFA production via anaerobic digestion of sludge. However, these strategies require perpetual dosing of chemicals, increasing cost and operation complexity. Here, we applied electrochemical pretreatment (EPT) (12 V/30 min) for VFA production during anaerobic sludge digestion. The underlying mechanisms of the VFA production induced by EPT were explored systematically through analyses of the changes in the EPT operation parameters, the sludge characteristics, and the microbial community structure and functional enzymes involving in the subsequent sludge digestion. EPT with carbon-based electrodes selectively inhibited methanogenesis by down-regulating heterodisulfide reductase without affecting enzymatic acidogenesis and hydrolysis, resulting in accumulation of VFAs (up to 389 ± 12 mg acetic acid equivalent/L). Propionate and acetate were, respectively enriched to 89 and 75% of the total VFAs after carbon- and graphite- EPT. Titanium-EPT produced lower levels of VFA; instead, biogas yield increased by ∼20%. We anticipate that EPT will advance VFA recovery from diverse organic wastes to meet the global challenge of resource supply and waste management. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Azo dye is the most versatile class of dyes used in the textile industry. Although the sulfidogenic process shows superiority in the removal of azo dye, the role of biogenic sulfide produced by sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) in the decolorization of azo dye is unclear. This study explored the mechanism of biogenic sulfide for removal of a model azo dye (Direct Red 81 (DR 81)) through biotic and abiotic batch tests with analysis of intermediates of the azo dye degradation. The results showed that biogenic sulfide produced from sulfate reduction directly cleaved two groups of azo bond (-N N-), thereby achieving decolorization. Moreover, the decolorization rate was enhanced by nearly 3-fold (up to 42 ± 1 mg/L-hr; removal efficiency > 99%) by adding an external carbon source or elevating the initial azo dye concentration. This study showed that biogenic sulfide plays an essential role in azo dye decolorization and provides a new avenue for the potential application of biogenic sulfide from the sulfidogenic system for the treatment of azo dye-laden wastewater. [Display omitted] • Azo dye could be effectively removed under sulfidogenic condition. • Biogenic sulfide plays a key role in decolorization of azo dye. • Biogenic sulfide donated electrons to the –N N- in azo dye achieving decolorization. • Addition of pyruvate or riboflavin boosted decolorization of azo dye. • Sulfidogenic process could be an alternative for textile wastewater treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Tectonic models for the evolution of the Himalayan orogen interpret the Greater Himalayan crystalline complex (GHC) to be the result of either thick-skinned thrusting involved Indian basement, thin-skinned thrusting involving exotic terranes, middle-crustal ductile flow, or wedge extrusion of the Indian crust during India–Asia collision. Two key pieces of information needed to test the validity of these models is the temporal–spatial distribution of, and the identification of the dynamic mechanisms involved in, regional melting under southern Tibet. Here, we document an Eocene–Oligocene melting event in southern Tibet, which forms a 150-km-long, NW–SE-trending granitoid belt along the Zedong–Lhunze traverse between the Indus–Yarlung suture (IYS) and the south Tibetan detachment (STD). U–Pb dating of magmatic zircons indicates that this granitoid belt youngs northward from ∼46Ma (in Lhunze) to ∼30Ma (in Zedong). 40Ar/39Ar dating of deformed biotite within 42–46Ma granitoids constrains the timing of shearing to ∼39–41Ma. The granitoid belt of southern Tibet is dominated by Eocene two-mica granites in the Tethyan Himalaya, with minor ∼30Ma granodiorites along the IYS and ∼35Ma granites in the Yelaxiangbo dome, where Indian mid-crustal rocks are exposed. The ∼35Ma granites are characterized by variable Na2O/K2O ratios (1.03–4.44), relatively high Sr concentrations, and high Sr/Y (14.0–126.3) and La/Yb (11.1–42.8) ratios, which distinguish these granitoids from Miocene leucogranites in the Himalaya. Comparison of the Sr–Nd isotopic compositions of these granites with mid-crustal amphibolites exposed in the Yelaxiangbo dome suggests that the granites were derived from melting of the amphibolites at ∼880°C and ∼10kbar. The ∼30Ma granodiorites and ∼42–46Ma two-mica granites are Na-rich and peraluminous, and are adakitic. They contain inherited Proterozoic zircons, and have a much wider range in ε Nd(t) of –14.9 to –2.5 and (87Sr/86Sr) i of 0.7062–0.7188, and have a Nd isotopic model age of 1486–1978Ma, indicating that these magmas were derived from a thickened Indian lower crust and were subsequently mixed with amphibolite-derived granite melts or were contaminated by the middle crust under southern Tibet. An apparent northward-younging age trend and shearing of the Eocene–Oligocene granitoids requires the southward migration of slices of middle crustal material, in which the Eocene granitoid magmas were emplaced and stored. Our data, along with structural, metamorphic, and intrusive histories of the Himalaya, lead us to propose a model for crustal anatexis and tectonic evolution of the Himalayan orogen, controlled by a number of large-scale events, such as slab break-off, buoyancy-driven uplift, lateral movement, and subsequent exhumation of slices of the subducted Indian crust during Indo-Asia collision at 55–40Ma. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: We describe the whole-rock geochemistry, biotite Ar–Ar and zircon U–Pb geochronology, and in situ Hf–O isotopic compositions of the Linzhi two-mica granitoid in the southeastern Lhasa terrane. The granitoids are calc-alkaline to high-K calc-alkaline in composition, and they have geochemical affinities with adakites. The whole-rock geochemistry, with high SiO2 and Al2O3 contents, low MgO, Cr, and Ni contents, low Mg# values, negative εNd(t) (−6.2 to −2.9), and low 87Sr/86Sr(i) (0.7059–0.7074), together with the in situ zircon Hf–O isotopic data (εHf(t) =−2.7 to 2.7; δ18O=7.2‰–8.8‰), indicates that the granitoid was derived mainly from the partial melting of a rejuvenated lower crust underneath the Lhasa terrane. This lower crust was dominated by ancient crustal material with the minor involvement of juvenile mantle inputs (<55%). SIMS zircon U–Pb analyses of two samples indicate that the crystallization of the Linzhi granitoid took place around 26Ma, implying that the crust of the Lhasa terrane was already thickened up to 50km prior to emplacement of the adakitic rocks. 40Ar/39Ar ages for biotites, and the presence of magmatic epidote, suggest the granitoid was intruded at mid-crustal depths, indicating that the eastern Lhasa terrane experienced a pulse of rapid uplift in the interval from 26 to 22Ma. The geochemical features of the Linzhi adakitic rocks are significantly different from those of Eocene adakitic rocks from the north Himalayan belt, and this suggests that we can rule out the possibility of crustal thickening in the eastern part of Lhasa terrane, caused by impingement of the Indian lower crust. Post-collisional (26–10Ma) adakitic rocks occur within an E–W-trending magmatic belt that runs parallel to the Yarlung–Tsangpo suture in the Lhasa terrane. These rocks have distinctive variations in geochemistry along the strike of the Lhasa terrane, indicating that the lower crust is isotopically heterogeneous from west to east along the terrane. These geochemical variations probably result from variable degrees of input, along strike, of juvenile mantle-derived melts into an old lower crust. The middle part of the Lhasa terrane is marked by a juvenile lower crust that contains large amounts of mantle-derived melt, underplated during Neo-Tethyan oceanic crust subduction. In contrast, the lower crust below the western and eastern parts of the terrane is relatively ancient. Therefore, crustal thickening caused by underplating of mantle-derived magmas could play an important role in the middle segment of the terrane, whereas crustal compression and shortening as a result of the collision of the Indian and Asian plates could be the major cause for crustal thickening in the western and eastern segments. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A valve-based microfluidic micromixer was developed for multiply component droplets generation, manipulation and active mixing. By integrating pneumatic valves in microfluidic device, droplets could be individually generated, merged and well mixed automatically. Moreover, droplet volume could be controlled precisely by tuning loading pressure or the flow rate of the oil phase, and certain droplets fusion conditions were also investigated by adjusting the droplet driving times and oil flow rates. In these optimized conditions, fluorescence enhancement of droplets was used to detect Hg (II) ions in droplet by mixing with probe droplets (Rhodamine B quenched by gold nanoparticle). This method would have powerful potential for tiny volume sample assay or real-time chemical reaction study. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

To investigate the behavior of Li isotopes during magmatic differentiation and the petrogenesis of Cu-bearing ore deposits, a suite of post-collisional adakitic rocks from Qulong region, southern Tibet, was studied. Their lithologies range from diorite through granodiorite to granite porphyry with the latter containing giant Cu deposits. Detailed evidence of field observation and geochemical signature suggest that these three sets of rocks were most likely formed by various degrees of partial melting and fractional crystallization from the same source. The dioritic enclave, granodiorite and granite porphyry have δ7Li values ranging from 0.2 to 8.2‰, 3.1 to 6.8‰, and 3.9 to 7.4‰, respectively. Most of these samples are overlapping in Li isotope composition, comparable to other granitoids worldwide, indicating insignificant Li isotope fractionation during partial melting and magma differentiation in adakite-like rocks. By contrast, their Li concentrations are mainly controlled by fractional crystallization as suggested from different modal mineralogy. This process does not lead to further enrichment of Cu although they have initial high concentrations (an average of ∼ 104 ppm). In comparison, granite porphyry has extremely high Cu contents (up to 2000 ppm) and their δ7Li values are positively correlated with Cu content, suggesting the involvement of magmatic fluids that most likely exsolved from deep magma chamber. Such fluids not only modified the Li isotopic compositions of granite porphyries, but also extracted metal elements from the highly evolved magma, eventually resulting in the Cu mineralization. Our work here provides new insight into the formation and evolution of the porphyry Cu-bearing deposit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The effect of EPT on sludge solubilisation and digestibility was studied. • EPT effectively destroyed the extracellular polymeric substance matrix. • EPT promoted sludge floc fragmentation. • EPT enhanced the hydrolysis rate of waste activated sludge (WAS). • EPT improved the overall digestibility of WAS. Anaerobic digestion (AD) of waste activated sludge (WAS) is widely used for stabilisation, mass reduction and resource recovery. However, AD performance is often hampered by the poor digestibility and slow degradation rate for WAS. A series of bench-scale tests was conducted using innovative electrochemical pretreatment (EPT) method to enhance the destruction of the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) matrix and anaerobic digestibility. The results showed that the EPS matrix destruction was enhanced by 15–30% after EPT for 0.5 h at voltages of 8–15 V. The highest improvement in hydrolysis rate and overall digestibility was achieved at EPT of 15 V for 1.5 h, which was determined as 59% (from 0.27 to 0.43 d-1) and 28% (from 105 to 134 mL CH 4 /g VSS added) respectively, compared with the WAS treatment without EPT. The economic analysis showed 1 h, 12 V EPT was more economically feasible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Combined electrochemical process (CEP) reduced the COD by 96% in 3.5 hours • Electrocoagulation-electrooxidation enhanced the BOD 5 /COD from 0.015 to 0.530 • Cathodic electrocoagulation was dominant in electrooxidation-electrocoagulation • Chloride can be a surrogate to determine electrocoagulation efficiency in CEPs • Changes in CEP sequence can deter Pb dissolution from Ti/ß-PbO 2 anodes Reverse osmosis (RO) is a widely applied technique for wastewater effluent reuse and landfill leachate treatment. The latter generates a refractory RO leachate concentrate (ROLC), for which cost-effective treatment is required. This study focuses on a two-step electrochemical method consisting of aluminum-based electrocoagulation (EC), and simultaneous electrooxidation-electrocoagulation with a titanium-based lead dioxide (Ti/ß-PbO 2) anode and aluminum cathode (EO EC) assembly. The sequence and electrode arrangements of the combined electrochemical process were investigated to determine the organic transformation, Ti/ß-PbO 2 anode viability, and energy consumption. Series-based EC-EO EC decreased the total chemical oxygen demand (COD) from 8750 mg L−1 to 380 mg L−1, a 96% removal efficiency, in 3.5 hours at 141 A m−2. Under a low energy consumption of 28.7 kWh kg COD −1, the ROLC biodegradability (BOD 5 /COD) significantly increased from 0.015 to 0.530, which was ascribed to aromatic removal (e.g., -C=C) and an increase in -COOH functional groups. Furthermore, the rapid removal of natural organic matter and increase in pH elevation from EC suppressed the dissolution of Pb from the Ti/ß-PbO 2 anode during the subsequent EO EC , thereby leaving 0.061 mg L−1 in the ROLC after treatment. The treatment cost was 3.86 USD kg COD −1, which was approximately 34% lower than that of previously reported electrochemical processes for ROLC treatment. These findings obtained with a real RO concentrate provide a foundation for scaling up this new electrochemical treatment approach. Image, graphical abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ore systems are located in zones of enhanced and focused heat and fluids flux within the lithosphere. In order to target deep ore deposits under cover, a better understanding of lithospheric architecture is essential, especially in relation to magmatism and fluids. Here we attempt an integrated approach using zircon Lu Hf isotopic mapping (455 samples with 5049 zircon analyses, including 1021 new data), combined with whole-rock geochemistry and isotopes of mantle-derived mafic rocks, high-resolution seismic tomography from 325 seismic stations and new thermochemical modelling, to establish the lithosphere architecture in southeastern Tibet. The integrated data suggest lithospheric refertilisation accompanied by heat flux from the asthenosphere, and also reveal the evolutionary pathway of the volatile components. The approach adopted in our study can be used in exploration for porphyry Cu Au, orogenic-Au and rare earth element deposits in Southeastern Tibet, and illustrate the usefulness of lithosphere-architecture mapping as a useful tool for mineral exploration. • Zircon Lu Hf isotopic mapping reveals distinct lithospheric domains in southeast Tibet. • Zircon ε Hf values distinguish magmatism associated with porphyry Cu-Mo-Au, orogenic-Au and rare earth element deposits. • The juvenile domains correlate with low seismic velocity (−2% to −6%) and fertile mantle signature (Mg# ~89). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The critical pressure for ignition increases with methane addition concentration. • Methane addition can effectively inhibit flame development in the tube. • Three mechanisms of self-ignition for hydrogen with methane addition is proposed. • Hydrogen-methane flame spouting from tube exit tends to blow out. • The hydrogen-methane mixture brings greater combustion overpressure in chamber. In this paper, experimental investigations are carried out to study the effects of methane addition (2.5%, 5% and 7.5% vol.) on self-ignition and subsequent flame propagation of pressurized hydrogen release via a tube. The visualization method utilizing the high-speed direct photography and the measurements of pressure and light sensors are applied in this study. The result shows that the existence of methane can reduce the shock wave overpressure and the temperature of shock-heated air. Therefore, it has great effects on the self-ignition possibility. The minimum burst pressure required for self-ignition increases from 2.89 MPa (0% CH 4) up to 6.05 MPa (7.5% CH 4). Besides, methane addition can extremely reduce flame intensity and inhibit flame development inside the tube. Three possible self-ignition mechanisms for the hydrogen with methane addition are discussed. Under the effects of methane addition, hydrogen flame spouting from tube exit tends to blow out. In all cases with 7.5% methane addition, no self-sustained jet flame is formed outside the tube for burst pressure up to 10.0 MPa. When self-sustained flame is formed in a confined space, a great rise in overpressure is generated due to the intense combustion. It is suggested that more methane addition can reduce the self-ignition probability and the formation of self-sustained flame. However, with the increasing of CH 4 additions, once the jet fire is formed in a confined space, it may cause greater overpressure and thus bring greater casualties and property losses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Volatile fatty acids (VFAs), the intermediate of the anaerobic process, are considered to be the critical, high-sensitive and reliable indicators of the process stability. Close monitoring and control of VFAs are paramount for the efficient operation of the anaerobic reactors. In this study, a buffer intensity-based mathematical model was developed, and the least square method was integrated into the model to solve the issue of non-linear fitting of the titration curve. An automatic analyzer embedded with the developed model was designed and implemented for measuring VFAs and alkalinity. Through model optimization, the pH range of 3.5–5.6 was found to be suitable for VFAs analysis. The developed approach was validated by different VFAs (up to 500 mg/L as acetic acid) and carbonate alkalinity concentrations (up to 1500 mg/L as CaCO 3) with high recovery rates (>0.9). Optimal ratios of carbonate alkalinity to VFAs are identified in the range of 2.4–7.5 for accuracy. Owing to the non-linear fitting of the titration curve, the impact of other weak acid subsystems (e.g., phosphate, ammonium and sulfide) can be negligible. The one-year real-time monitoring of environmental samples by using the automatic analyzer indicates a high consistency and stability compared with the 5 pH point titration. This approach proves to be rapid (<3 min/sample), accurate, reliable and can be applied for real-time automatic monitoring of the anaerobic process. Image 1 • A novel approach for real-time VFAs and alkalinity measurements was developed. • A mathematical model was derived based on buffer intensity for titration curve fitting. • Model optimization suggests pH between 3.5 and 5.6 is eligible for VFAs measurement. • Impact of other weak acid subsystems is insignificant on the developed approach. • An automatic analyzer was designed and tested with good accuracy and reliability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dewatering and sulfide control are the key challenges in treating chemically enhanced primary treatment (CEPT) sludge. In this study, an electrochemical pretreatment (EPT) approach with the input of 10 V/800 mA was explored for simultaneously improving the dewaterability of CEPT sludge and eliminating its sulfide production. The effects of different electrode materials (carbon and titanium) and EPT durations (from 5 to 15 min) were documented to reveal the underlying EPT mechanism. EPT with titanium electrodes (titanium-EPT) led to limited improvement in dewaterability and sulfide control. EPT with carbon electrodes (carbon-EPT) for 15 min, however, led to decreases in capillary suction time and specific resistance in filtration of over 80% and the suppression of about 99% of hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S (g)) production over 5 days of anaerobic storage. Analysis of the characteristics of treated CEPT sludge revealed that carbon-EPT disintegrated sludge flocs with ∼70% reduction in sludge particle sizes and release of aromatic and tyrosine protein-like substances, thus enhancing sludge dewaterability. The sulfur balance in the liquid and gaseous phases showed that most of the sulfur-containing compounds remained in the solid phase as aliphatic sulfur and sulfonic acid after carbon-EPT, thereby mitigating sulfide emission. While the pattern of sulfur distribution in sludge with titanium-EPT was dominated by sulfide, it was similar to the control sample. Reduction in bacteria associated with sulfide production (i.e., Lachnospiraceae) in CEPT sludge after carbon-EPT also contributed to sulfide elimination. This study demonstrates that EPT can be a superior option for simultaneously enhancing the dewaterability of CEPT sludge and mitigating its sulfide production. Image 1 • Two types of electrodes (carbon and titanium) were tested for sludge pretreatment. • Only carbon-EPT can enhance dewaterability and mitigate sulfide of CEPT sludge. • Carbon-EPT disintegrated CEPT sludge flocs and enhanced dewaterability by over 80%. • Carbon-EPT removed ∼99% of sulfide while Ti-EPT slightly increased sulfide production. • Sulfur compounds were stored in the solid phase, mitigating H 2 S emission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Fluids in the three skarn stages are characterized by complex volatile system, respectively. • Isotopic data showed a primary magmatic source, mingled with meteoric water at the late stages. • Boiling, temperature falling and f O 2 rising are the key to metal deposition at the retrograde stage. • f O 2 and temperature decreasing play role in metal precipitation at the late hydrothermal stage. Scheelite mineralization accompanied by traces of chalcopyrite occurs in skarn systems in the giant Zhuxi deposit in the Taqian area, Northeastern Jiangxi province, South China. Three paragenetic stages of skarn with ore deposition have been recognized: the prograde skarn, retrograde skarn and hydrothermal quartz-sulfide stages. Microthermometer data showed that the prograde skarn were formed at relatively high temperatures (450–>500 °C) and pressures (0.97–1.38 kbars) and low oxidation to weak reduction conditions. The Raman microprobe data demonstrated that the fluid of the stage was H 2 O–NaCl/KCl/CaCl 2 ± CH 4 /C 2 H 4 system. The retrograde skarn alteration formed at 1.24 kbars and relatively medium temperatures (280–320 °C), and the ore-forming fluid was H 2 O–NaCl/KCl/CaCl 2 system. During the hydrothermal quartz-sulfide stage, the fluids were methane-bearing aqueous, low-salinity (0.9–8.0 wt% NaCl eqv) and low homogeneous temperature (160–240 °C). Correspondingly, the minimum fluid pressures were evaluated between 75 and 252 bars. The H- and O-isotopic values from the prograde and retrograde stages implied that the mineralizing fluids were derived principally from magmatic water. The mineralizing fluids in the quartz-sulfide hydrothermal stages were mingled with magmatic water with some meteoric water as well as minor contributions of wall rocks. The sulfur and lead isotopes indicated that ore-forming materials including sulfur, lead, copper, zinc and iron in the Zhuxi deposit were derived from local magmatic and sedimentary sources. Geological, fluid inclusion and isotopic data supported that the Zhuxi deposit is a typical skarn-type W(Cu) deposit related to ilmenite-series granitic rocks and formed in a compressional tectonic environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Extractive separation of model LCO was performed using DES. • TBPB:LA (1:4) was determined as the extractant due to its excellent performance. • LLE data were experimentally determined and fitted using NRTL model. • Continuous extraction process was simulated and optimized. • High mass purity and high recovery ratio were achieved. Separation of components of light cycle oil (LCO) into aromatic-rich and nonaromatic-rich fractions is the essential step for upgrading LCO to produce benzene, toluene, xylene enriched fraction, and high-quality diesel. In this work, extractive separation of model LCO which contains 70 wt% tetralin and 30 wt% dodecane was performed using deep eutectic solvent (DES) as the extractant and water as the anti-extractant. Tetrabutylphosphonium bromide (TBPB) and levulic acid (LA) at a molar ratio of 1:4 was determined as the extractant, due to its high and stable performance during extraction and regeneration processes. The liquid-liquid equilibrium data of ternary systems involving TBPB:LA(1:4) were then experimentally determined and fitted using non-random two-liquid model. The continuous extraction process was simulated and optimized, high mass purity (0.980 for tetralin and 0.987 for dodecane) and high recovery ratio (0.994 for tetralin and 0.954 for dodecane) were achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recovering materials with high value and increasing market demand from sewage and/or sludge is becoming more attractive than recovering traditional resources such as nutrients and biogas. Sulfated polysaccharides (SPs) are valuable and scarce raw materials that can only be produced from marine algae and a few types of animal tissues. This study evaluated if SPs are present in activated sludge obtained from saline sewage with a high level of sulfates present. The presence of SPs-containing extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) was confirmed and quantified for both sludge from lab-scale reactors and full-scale plants for the first time. SPs in the sludge of a lab-scale reactor operated under alternating aerobic/anoxic conditions with 500 mg/L sulfate in the influent (which is typical of Hong Kong saline sewage) reached 342.8 ± 0.3% mg/gVSS, and sludge taken from a full-scale saline wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) contained 418.1 ± 0.4% mg/gVSS of SPs. Purity of the extracted SPs was comparable to that of commercial industrial-grade products. Key bioactivities of SPs (i.e. fucoidan, carrageenan and heparin), namely anti-angiogenesis, anticoagulant and antioxidant, were confirmed after extraction and purification. Interestingly, operating conditions had a strong influence on the contents and types of SPs synthesized in sludge as well as its bioactivities. Although the detailed synthetic pathways of SPs in activated sludge remain unclear, the current study has made a first attempt to recover a high–value scarce resource from biological wastewater treatment. Image 1 • Sulfated polysaccharides (SPs) were found in the EPS of sludge biomass. • SPs recovery is a novel resource recovery approach with superior economic value. • Bioactivity and purity of sludge extracted SPs are comparable to the commercial SPs. • Sulfide may inhibiting enzymes for polysaccharide synthesis and their sulfation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We summarized the role of circRNA in the pathogenesis of diabetic cardiomyopathy. • CircRNA defined as a potential biomarker and a novel therapeutic target in diabetic cardiomyopathy. • We reviewed the biogenesis and function of circRNA can better understand circRNAs and effectively control diabetic cardiomyopathy. Diabetic cardiomyopathy is an important irreversible chronic cardiovascular complication in diabetic patients. This condition is described as early diastolic dysfunction, myocardial fibrosis, cardiac hypertrophy, systolic dysfunction and other complex pathophysiological events, which ultimately lead to heart failure. Despite these characteristics, the underlying mechanisms resulting in diabetic cardiomyopathy are still unknown. With the developments in molecular biotechnology, increasing evidence shows that circRNAs play critical roles in the pathogenesis of diabetic cardiomyopathy. The purpose of this review is to summarize recent studies on the role of circRNAs in the pathophysiological process to provide novel prevention and treatment strategies for diabetic cardiomyopathy, oxidative stress, inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, myocardial fibrosis and cell death in diabetic cardiomyopathy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The shock wave dynamics, spontaneous ignition and flame variation during high-pressure hydrogen release through tubes with different cross-section shapes are experimentally studied. Tubes with square, pentagon and circular cross-section shapes are considered in the experiments. The experimental results show that the cross-section shape of the tube has no great difference on the minimum burst pressure for spontaneous ignition in our tests. In the three tubes with length of 300 mm, spontaneous ignition may occur when overpressure of shock wave is 0.9 MPa. When the spontaneous ignition is induced in a non-circular cross-section tube, the possible turbulent flow in the corner of the tube increases can promote the mixing of hydrogen and air, thus producing more amount of the hydrogen/air mixture. As a result, both the peak light signal and flame duration detected in the non-circular cross-section tubes are more intense than those in the circular tube. The smaller angle of the corner leads to a more intensity flame inside tube. When the hydrogen flame propagates to the tube exit from the circular tube, the ball-like flame developed near tube exit is relatively weak. In addition, second flame separation outside the tube is observed for the cases of non-circular cross-section tubes. • The effect of cross-section shapes of tube has been experimentally investigated. • The use of burst disk with cross notching on surface exhibits good repeatability. • The ignition occurs when the overpressure of shock wave is about 0.9 MPa. • The cross-section shape shows a significant influence on the flame intensity. • Twice flame separation are observed for cases of non-circular cross-section tubes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the high probability of hydrogen leaking from narrow cracks of the vessels, an experimental study is conducted to investigate the spontaneous ignition of high-pressure hydrogen released into a tube through inlets with different narrowness, including circular, square (length-width ratio χ = 1), and two slit shapes of χ = 2 and 3, with the same area. Pressure transducers and photoelectric sensors are used to detect shock wave dynamic variation and ignition occurrence. The results indicate that narrow inlets weaken the shock wave intensity and speed, and the weakening effect increases with narrowness. Moreover, spontaneous ignition is affected. The minimum burst pressure required for spontaneous ignition is higher in the cases with square and slit inlets. Most significantly, when χ is 3 , it is 2.5 times that of circular inlet. Meanwhile, for narrow inlets, the ignition flame intensity and speed are enhanced, and the inlet of χ = 2 has the greatest impact. • The influence of narrow releasing ports on self-ignition hydrogen is investigated. • Narrow ports weaken the shock wave intensity and speed. • It requires higher burst pressure for self-ignition under narrow ports. • The flame intensity is enhanced under narrow ports. • Different narrowness of the ports brings different effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the risk factors for REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) in a case-control study. Participants with probable RBD (pRBD) were defined using the RBD Questionnaire–Hong Kong (RBDQ-HK). Controls were collected by matching age and sex. Demographic information, lifestyle, comorbidity, prodromal symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD), and blood biomarkers were assessed. The associations between these factors and pRBD were investigated by logistic regression. Partial correlation analysis was used to assess the association between the severity of RBD and depression. A total of 278 pRBD participants (age = 58.31 ± 15.82 years) and 556 controls (age = 58.16 ± 15.84 years) were enrolled in this study. Patients with pRBD were more likely to be current alcohol drinkers (OR 1.50, 95% CI 1.0–2.32). Participants with pRBD had a higher Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD-17) score (OR 1.17, 95% CI 1.11–1.22) than controls and were more likely to report arthritis (OR 1.53, 95% CI 1.08–2.16), constipation (OR 1.93, 95% CI 1.31–2.86), hyposmia (OR 1.71, 95% CI 1.10–2.67), and depression (OR 3.15, 95% CI 2.17–4.58). Higher levels of total cholesterol (OR 1.15, 95% CI 0.99–1.33) and low-density lipoprotein (OR 1.21, 95% CI 0.99–1.47) had borderline associations with pRBD. Additionally, the severity of pRBD was positively related to depression (r = 0.31, P < 0.01). We determined several risk factors for pRBD in this case-control study. Future studies are needed to understand the mechanism underlying the association between these factors and pRBD. • Patients with pRBD were more likely to be current alcohol drinkers. • Participants with pRBD had a higher HAMD-17 score than controls and were more likely to report arthritis, constipation, hyposmia, and depression. • Higher levels of total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein had borderline associations with pRBD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Coqen zircon xenocrysts were originated from ancient recycled continental crustal. • Zircons record the temporal evolution of magmatism and crustal thickness in Coqen. • Lhasa terrane evolutionary process is restored by these zircon xenocrysts. The Cenozoic volcanic rocks of Coqen are located in the western central Lhasa subterrane, where knowledge of the regional lithospheric architecture and related magmatic processes is still lacking. To address this issue, we used in situ U–Pb dating, Lu–Hf isotopic and mineral inclusion analysis in zircon xenocrysts among trachyandesite. These zircons from volcanic samples yielded wide U–Pb ages from 18 Ma to 2424 Ma, showing three significant age peaks at ∼ 246 Ma, 193 Ma, and the most intense one at 128 Ma, which represent three major magmatic processes that developed in the area. The earliest zircon dates suggest the age of volcanic eruption in the Coqen area was not earlier than 18 Ma. Zircon xenocrysts trace elements data point to the continental crust origin of central Lhasa subterrane. We provide the evidence for evolutive magmatism of the Lhasa terrane by calculating ΔFMQ, and show that the oxygen fugacity goes from reduced to oxidized (Cambrian to Miocene). The very low ε Hf (t) indicate a long-term magmatic event sequence, with the Zenong Group having the most vigorous magmatic activity. The old U–Pb ages and T DM C confirmed that an ancient basement of the Precambrian exist in the middle Lhasa terrane. Our work also restores the tectonic and crustal thickness evolutionary process of Coqen area even entire Lhasa terrane. In the back of a series of thickening and thinning processes, the Tibetan crust drastically thickened at ∼ 54 Ma, and gradually created what is now believed to be the thickest crust in the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Cenozoic high–Sr/Y shoshonites in western Yunnan, China, are spatially and temporally associated with porphyry deposits and mafic volcanic rocks that formed at a post–collisional setting. However, the petrogenesis of these rocks and the origins of the associated mineralization remain unclear. Here we present new geochemical data for the high–Sr/Y shoshonites and associated mafic microgranular enclaves (MMEs) in the Jinshajiang–Ailaoshan mineralization belt, which formed as a result of India–Asia collision during the Cenozoic. Both fertile and barren shoshonitic porphyries were emplaced during the Eocene–Oligocene (32–37 Ma) and are characterized by enrichment in large–ion lithophile elements (LILE), depletion in high field strength elements (HFSE), high K 2 O (4–6 wt%), Sr contents (674–1370 ppm), and low Y contents (7–18 ppm). The barren Zhanhe, Yongsheng, Songgui, and Jianchuan, and fertile Machangqing (Cu–Au–Mo mineralization) porphyry intrusions have variable zircon εHf(t) values of −6 to +9 and old T DM2 ages of 1433 to 900 Ma. However, the barren Shigu porphyry intrusion yields relatively positive zircon εHf(t) values (−4 to +8) and younger T DM2 ages (903–631 Ma). These features indicate that the Shigu intrusion was derived from late Permian juvenile lower crust, and the other high Sr/Y shoshonites were derived mainly from Neoproterozoic juvenile lower crust. Fertile and barren porphyries have variable whole–rock εNd(t) values (−5 to −0.7) and (87Sr/86Sr) i ratios (0.70595–0.70788) that are within the range of coeval mafic magmas in western Yunnan. The MMEs comprise mafic enclaves and andesitic enclaves that formed during the Eocene (34–35 Ma) and have spheroidal shapes, igneous textures and contain acicular apatites. This indicates that the MMEs are globules of coeval mafic magma that was injected into and mixed with the host shoshonitic magma. The enclaves show low TiO 2 contents (0.7–0.8 wt%), high MgO (6–9 wt%), Cr (184–450 ppm) and Ni contents (98–157 ppm), positive LILE anomalies, marked negative HFSE anomalies, a narrow range of εNd(t) values (−1.2 to −0.6), and (87Sr/86Sr) i values of 0.70556–0.70635. The andesitic enclaves show adakitic geochemical affinities and have similar zircon εHf(t) values (−2.7 to +2.5) to the host porphyries, whereas, the mafic enclaves have relatively negative zircon εHf(t) values (−8.7 to +1.5), similar to enriched mantle. These evidences suggest the high−Sr/Y shoshonites were produced by partial melting of juvenile lower crust mixed with ultrapotassic or potassic mafic magmas as represented by the andesitic enclaves. The mafic enclave melts were derived from enriched mantle metasomatized by slab–derived fluids, which elevated the Mg#, Cr, Ni contents of the host porphyries at Machangqing, Zhanhe and Yongsheng. Zircon saturation temperatures (T Zr) of the high–Sr/Y shoshonitic rocks range from 735 to 777 °C and indicate the shoshonites were derived mainly from water–fluxed melting of lower crust. The Manchangqing fertile intrusion had a high oxidation state (zircon Ce4+/Ce3+ = 38–180, average = 91) and was derived by mixing between juvenile lower–crustal melts and voluminous coeval lamprophyres. In contrast, the barren Jianchuan, Songgui, Shigu, Yongsheng and Zhanhe high–Sr/Y shoshonites formed by partial melting of juvenile lower crust and some mixing with mafic lavas, and are characterized by low oxygen fugacity (zircon Ce4+/Ce3+ = 0.5–77, average = 20). As such, we suggest the mafic magmas triggered water–fluxed, moderate–degree partial melting of the lower crust and caused amphibole breakdown during melting. This process could not provide enough water for the formation of porphyry Cu-Au deposits in western Yunnan, and therefore formed low–fO 2 , relatively low–H 2 O, and barren high–Sr/Y magmas. However, ultrapotassic magmas (e.g., lamprophyres) with high H 2 O are able to trigger intense water–fluxed, partial melting of metal–fertilized lower crust, which generated high–fO 2 , relatively high–H 2 O, fertile, high–Sr/Y shoshonitic magmas in this intracontinental setting. Highlights • The high-Sr/Y shoshonites were emplaced during the Eocene-Oligocene. • The shoshonites were derived from heterogeneous juvenile lower crust. • The MMEs are dominated by mafic enclaves and andesitic enclaves. • Fertile shoshonites were formed by intense water-fluxed partial melting. • Barren shoshonites were originated from moderate water-fluxed partial melting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]