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Currently, renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most prevalent type of kidney cancer. Targeted therapy has replaced radiation therapy and chemotherapy as the main treatment option for RCC due to the lack of significant efficacy with these conventional therapeutic regimens. Sunitinib, a drug used to treat gastrointestinal tumors and renal cell carcinoma, inhibits the tyrosine kinase activity of a number of receptor tyrosine kinases, including vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR), platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR), c-Kit, rearranged during transfection (RET) and fms-related receptor tyrosine kinase 3 (Flt3). Although sunitinib has been shown to be efficacious in the treatment of patients with advanced RCC, a significant number of patients have primary resistance to sunitinib or acquired drug resistance within the 6–15 months of therapy. Thus, in order to develop more efficacious and long-lasting treatment strategies for patients with advanced RCC, it will be crucial to ascertain how to overcome sunitinib resistance that is produced by various drug resistance mechanisms. In this review, we discuss: 1) molecular mechanisms of sunitinib resistance; 2) strategies to overcome sunitinib resistance and 3) potential predictive biomarkers of sunitinib resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In attacking a large ship such as an aircraft carrier, if the fuze is able to estimate the point of impact (POI) of the anti-ship missile at the end of the trajectory in real time, combined with the POI to control the different standoff, the damage effect can be effectively improved. Given that the sea surface and the deck have different reflectivity when irradiated by a laser with a wavelength of 1.06 μ m , this paper proposes a method for predicting the POI of an anti-ship missile by making use of known typical target geometic features, CEP and laser fuze detection information. Firstly the reflection characteristics of the sea surface and the deck were tested at a wavelength of 1.06 μ m and the experiment proved that the reflectivity of the sea surface and the deck are significantly different. On this basis, the geometric features model of a typical target and the ideal missile-target distance model were established, and the missile-target distance model in consideration of CEP was further derived. Combined with the target geometric features, CEP and the detection information of the four-way laser detection device, Monte Carlo method was used to simulate the prediction of POI of the anti-ship missile. The simulation results show that the method can effectively predict POI of the anti-ship missile. It was also shown that the POI prediction accuracy of the anti-ship missile can be effectively improved by analyzing the detection information of the multiple ballistic experience points of the anti-ship missile, and the uncertainty of POI prediction can be reduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]