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Purpose Complications of anesthesia for pediatric radiation therapy are imperative for both radiation oncologists and anesthesiologists to clinically assess and manage. We performed the first systematic review to date addressing this important issue. Methods A systematic search of PubMed and EMBASE was conducted using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Searches were not restricted based on publication date. Nine original investigations were identified, analyzed, and collated for this report. Results General anesthesia has proven superior to conscious sedation with regard to maintaining satisfactory procedural sedation while maintaining low respiratory and cardiovascular complication rates. Although agents such as ketamine (complication rates approaching 23%-24%) have been used in the past, other agents such as propofol and volatile anesthetics have lower complication rates because of improved drug side effect profiles (0.01%-3.5%). Most common complications are respiratory-based (eg, airway obstruction, broncho/laryngospasm, desaturation, apnea), followed by those that are cardiovascular-based (eg, tachy/bradycardia, arrhythmias, hypotension) and nausea/vomiting. Though procedure duration and anesthetic dose can be associated with higher complication risks, prior or concurrent chemotherapy does not confer added risks other than neutropenia-related sepsis. Other potential complications include those with vascular access devices, observed in up to 20% to 25%, with peripherally inserted central catheters having the highest rates of vascular complications and port catheters the lowest. Conclusions Rates of anesthetic complications encountered in pediatric radiation therapy are similar, if not lower, than rates reported in controlled operating room settings, implying that anesthesia for pediatric radiation therapy is safe, with low complication rates periprocedurally. Propofol infusion and oxygen delivery via nasal cannula offer the lowest immediate anesthetic complication rates and are hence most recommended for use. Though the long-term neurocognitive consequences of multiple anesthetics in pediatric patients have yet to be clearly defined, health care providers should be cognizant of the potentially serious implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose In the present study, clinical stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) setup uncertainties from image-guidance data are analyzed, and the corresponding setup margin is estimated for treatment planning purposes. Methods Patients undergoing single-fraction SRS at our institution were localized using invasive head ring or non-invasive thermoplastic masks. Setup discrepancies were obtained from an in-room x-ray patient position monitoring system. Post treatment re-planning using the measured setup errors was performed in order to estimate the individual target margins sufficient to compensate for the actual setup errors. The formula of setup margin for a general SRS patient population was derived by proposing a correlation between the three-dimensional setup error and the required minimal margin. Results Setup errors of 104 brain lesions were analyzed, in which 81 lesions were treated using an invasive head ring, and 23 were treated using non-invasive masks. In the mask cases with image guidance, the translational setup uncertainties achieved the same level as those in the head ring cases. Re-planning results showed that the margins for individual patients could be smaller than the clinical three-dimensional setup errors. The derivation of setup margin adequate to address the patient setup errors was demonstrated by using the arbitrary planning goal of treating 95% of the lesions with sufficient doses. Conclusions With image guidance, the patient setup accuracy of mask cases can be comparable to that of invasive head rings. The SRS setup margin can be derived for a patient population with the proposed margin formula to compensate for the institution-specific setup errors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cuprous oxide (Cu 2 O), as one of the traditional photocatalytic antifouling agents, has its own defects for practical applications such as rapid recombination of carriers, serious photocorrosion (Cu 2 O changing into CuO) and explosive release of cuprous ions. Herein, a novel ternary interfacial heterojunction (Cu 2 O/C/CCN) was prepared by carbon doping of g-C 3 N 4 followed by in-situ carbon film covering and Cu 2 O loading. Compared with pure Cu 2 O and Cu 2 O/g-C 3 N 4 , Cu 2 O/C/CCN presented more powerful broad-spectrum and long-term photocatalytic antibacterial properties against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa , and the antibacterial rate remained at approximately 94.28% and 90.54%, respectively, even after storage 30 days. The high antibacterial rate of the Cu 2 O/C/CCN can be attributed to the high photocatalytic performance and stable and continuous release of cuprous ions. The carbon doping of g-C 3 N 4 could adjust its band gap and promote more efficient photoexcited carrier generation and transfer by the formation of delocalized large π bonds like "electron bridge" as the first charge transfer channel. The existence of carbon film between g-C 3 N 4 and Cu 2 O can build the second highly efficient charge transfer channel for the separation of photoexcited carriers by forming a Z-scheme interfacial heterojunction. DFT calculation and fluorescence spectrum results showed that more active electrons on CCN tend to transfer to Cu 2 O through the two nonradiative decay pathways. The highly efficient carrier transport and separation can also greatly reduce the 15.3% generation of CuO compared to Cu 2 O/g-C 3 N 4. The more negative reduction potential further promoted the ROS generation for sterilization. In addition, the loading of Cu 2 O on 2D C/CCN can reduce the contact area between Cu 2 O and solution and then slow the release rate of cuprous ions by 75% compared to Cu 2 O. Therefore, Cu 2 O/C/CCN has great potential for practical antifouling applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Interfacial adhesion of SiO 2 in epoxy nanocomposite is studied. • Hydrophilic SiO 2 has stronger interfacial adhesion in dry environment. • Hydrophobic SiO 2 has stronger interfacial adhesion in humid environment. • Molecular mechanism for the SiO 2 interfacial adhesion is revealed. In moist environment, water absorption in inorganic nanofiller reinforced polymer nanocomposite is inevitable. However, little attention has been paid to study the effects of the absorbed water on the interfacial binding behavior of the inorganic nanofiller in polymer matrix. In this study, atomistic molecular dynamics simulations have been conducted to investigate the effects of the absorbed water on the interfacial binding behavior of silica nanoparticles (SiO 2 NPs) in cross-linked epoxy nanocomposites (CENs). The results show that before water absorption, strong interfacial adhesion of hydrophilic SiO 2 NPs in CENs is observed originated from the strong van der Waals (vdW), electrostatic and H-bonds interactions. However, after water absorption, water molecule will transport in CEN and be adsorbed at the interface between hydrophilic SiO 2 NP and CEN. These adsorbed water will weaken the interfacial binding strength of the SiO 2 in CEN. In contrast, for hydrophobic SiO 2 , weak interfacial adhesion is obtained before water absorption, while the decrease of the binding strength after water absorption is also restrained. This work provides a molecular-level understanding of the interfacial binding behavior of inorganic NPs in CENs, and the results give some principles to improve the binding strength of inorganic NPs in CENs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multicomponent oxides (MCOs) have attracted considerable attention due to their wide range of applications. However, the extensive search space of MCO components and the scarcity of MCO crystal structures in existing literature have promoted the use of deep machine learning methods for predicting MCO properties. Despite these advances, accurately predicting the thermal expansion of MCOs across wide temperature and composition ranges remains a complex task. An innovative attention-based deep learning model was introduced in this study. The two proposed self-attention modules greatly improved the model's performance, achieving an 86.88% reduction in root mean square error for predicting thermal expansion coefficients of multicomponent oxides. Additionally, the model demonstrates impressive adaptability and interpretability. Its training results can further aid in comprehending the thermal expansion coefficient variations of multicomponent oxide materials. In summary, judiciously crafted self-attention models overcome tradeoffs between performance and interpretability for materials discovery. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To describe the impact of fractionation scheme and tumor location on toxicities in stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) for ≥5-cm non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), as part of a multi-institutional analysis.Methods: Patients with primary ≥5-cm N0 M0 NSCLC who underwent ≤5-fraction SBRT were examined across multiple high-volume SBRT centers. Collected data included clinical/treatment parameters; toxicities were prospectively assessed at each institution according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events. Patients treated daily were compared with those treated every other day (QOD)/other nondaily regimens. Stratification between central and peripheral tumors was also performed.Results: Ninety-two patients from 12 institutions were evaluated (2004-2016), with median follow-up of 12 months. In total there were 23 (25%) and 6 (7%) grade ≥2 and grade ≥3 toxicities, respectively. Grades 2 and 3 pulmonary toxicities occurred in 9% and 4%, respectively; 1 patient treated daily experienced grade 5 radiation pneumonitis. Of the entire cohort, 46 patients underwent daily SBRT, and 46 received QOD (n=40)/other nondaily (n=6) regimens. Clinical/treatment parameters were similar between groups; the QOD/other group was more likely to receive 3-/4-fraction schemas. Patients treated QOD/other experienced significantly fewer grade ≥2 toxicities as compared with daily treatment (7% vs 43%, P<.001). Patients treated daily also had higher rates of grade ≥2 pulmonary toxicities (P=.014). Patients with peripheral tumors (n=66) were more likely to receive 3-/4-fraction regimens than those with central tumors (n=26). No significant differences in grade ≥2 toxicities were identified according to tumor location (P>.05).Conclusions: From this multi-institutional study, toxicity of SBRT for ≥5-cm lesions is acceptable, and daily treatment was associated with a higher rate of toxicities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pseudocapacitor has recently emerged as an important electrical energy storage technology that plays a critical role in portable electronic device, hybrid electric vehicle, backup energy system, and so on. In spite of the great advances, preparing ultra-stable pseudocapacitor with excellent electrochemical performance is still very challenging. Herein, we developed a simple but novel self-template method to synthesize hierarchical hollow NiMoS 4 nanospheres with ultrathin shell thickness. During the preparation, nickel-molybdenum oxides coated SiO 2 precursors were firstly synthesized. After a sulfidation process with Na 2 S under hydrothermal condition, the precursors were transformed into hierarchical hollow NiMoS 4 nanospheres. Simultaneously, the interior SiO 2 was well etched by tuning the initial Ni/S molar ratio. In addition, hollow NiMoS 4 nanospheres with different shell thickness were also prepared. Remarkably, the obtained NiMoS 4 nanospheres show a very high electrochemical activity due to their fascinating structural and compositional features. The electrode prepared from the NiMoS 4 nanospheres delivers a high specific capacity of 1094 C g−1 current density of 1 A g−1 with enhanced cycling stability of 97.95% capacitance retention after 10,000 cycles, making them to be potential electrode materials for SCs and other related energy storage devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, graphene oxide (GO) membrane is becoming a new-generation material for desalination application with high water permeability and ion rejection rate. The unusual 2D interlayer nanostructure in GO membrane provides a reliable and precise molecular sieving function for fast water transport and ion rejection. However, the studies on molecular mechanisms for water and ion transport in the 2D interlayer nanochannels of GO membrane are far from adequate, and the trade-off between selectivity and permeability is another problem significantly restraining the further development of GO membrane for desalination. In this work, molecular dynamics simulations were conducted to investigate the atomic mechanism of water and ion transport in 2D nanochannels of GO membrane, and the influences of interlayer space and nanostructure on water and ion transport were also revealed. We find that there are strong electrostatic, vdW and hydrogen bond interactions between water/ion and the oxygen-containing groups in GO nanosheets, which largely impedes their transport. The hydration interaction also plays an important role in ion adsorption in the 2D nanochannels. The fast water and ion transport in GO membrane mainly occurs in the non-oxidized region of neighboring GO nanosheets. By combing the influences of interlayer space and nanostructure on water and ion transport, a new design principle for high-efficient GO desalination membrane is proposed. The findings in this work expand our understanding of water and ion transport in GO membrane and may also greatly promote the development of desalination membrane prepared by other 2D materials. Image 1 • Transport behavior of water and ion in 2D nanochannels of GO membrane is studied. • Effects of interlayer space and structure on water and ion transport are discussed. • Interfacing interactions between GO and ion/water are revealed. • A new method is proposed to obtain GO membrane with excellent desalination performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]