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In clinical practice, accurately identifying self-injurious behavior among adolescents with major depressive disorder (MDD) is crucial for individualized treatment. This study aimed to examine the differences in prefrontal cortex activation using the functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) during the verbal fluency task (VFT) assessment of adolescents with MDD and self-harm (SH) compared with those without SH. A total of 60 eligible patients were included for final analysis, with the SH group containing 36 participants, and the Non-SH group containing 24 participants. We found that right middle frontal gyrus (rMFG) was more activated in the SH group than that in the Non-SH group during the VFT assessments (z = −3.591, p = 0.004, FDR correction). The z-scores of beta values of rMFG exhibited a good discriminatory power with the area under the curve (AUC) in distinguishing the two groups (AUC = 0.775, p < 0.001). These findings reveal that the fNIRS-VFT paradigm may be a useful tool for discovering neurobiological differences among adolescents with MDD. • The first study using fNIRS to explore PFC activation among adolescents with depression and self-injurious behavior. • Enhanced activation in right MFG is associated with self-injurious behavior in adolescents with depression. • The fNIRS-VFT paradigm may be a useful tool for discovering neurobiological differences among adolescents with MDD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoscale zero-valent iron loaded on N-doped biochar (nZVI/NBC) is a novel catalyst for activating peroxydisulfate (PDS) toward efficient degradation of endocrine disruptors in water. In this study, spent coffee grounds were modified by K 2 FeO 4 and then transformed into nZVI/NBC by one-step pyrolysis. The nZVI/NBC modified with 0.3 mol/L K 2 FeO 4 displayed an excellent PDS activating performance, and the specific surface area and average pore width of this nZVI/NBC were 277.19 m2/g and 2.47 nm, respectively. Bisphenol A (BPA) as a typical endocrine disruptor can be efficiently degraded by nZVI/NBC/persulfate advanced oxidation process. The optimum dosage of nZVI/NBC was 0.1 g/L, and the optimum PDS concentration was 20 mM. pH (3−9) had little effect on BPA degradation. In addition, the presence of Cl− had a facilitating effect on BPA degradation, while CO 3 2− and HPO 4 2− had strong inhibitory effects. nZVI/NBC had long-term stability in that the activation rate remained stable after five cycles and 90 days of storage in air and natural light. This study also investigated the activation mechanism of PDS by nZVI/NBC and concluded that radical (•OH, SO 4 •−, and O 2 •−) and non-radical (1O 2) processes were simultaneously presented under the synergistic catalysis of ZVI and N. The formation of metastable PDS intermediates on the surface of biochar substantially enhanced the adsorption of PDS/BPA and the electron transfer process. Finally, the degradation pathways of BPA were speculated based on nine identified intermediates. Overall, this study described a rapid and green method for nZVI/NBC fabrication, which simultaneously achieved the recycling of spent coffee grounds and the degradation of endocrine disruptors in water. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Qing-Yi Recipe, a classic traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), is widely used for treating acute diseases of the abdomen, especially pancreatitis, the efficacy of which has been demonstrated in more than thirty clinical trials. However, the in-vivo pharmacodynamic material basis for this formula remains unclear. A sensitive and accurate method for quantifying twenty-two potential bioactive constituents of Qing-Yi Recipe in biological samples was developed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and this method was fully validated. Then, the integrated pharmacokinetic properties of Qing-Yi Recipe and its major metabolites in rats were investigated using the post-listed granules at both dosages. Subsequently, tissue distributions of those constituents in nine organs (especially the pancreas) were determined, and the overall parameters between the two formulations were compared. Though the chemical profiles of the formulas varied across formulations, the overall exposure level was very similar, and baicalin, wogonoside, geniposide, rhein, costunolide, and paeoniflorin were the top six bioactive compounds in the circulation. All twenty-two natural products reached their first peak within 2 h, and several of them exhibited bimodal or multimodal patterns under the complicated transformation of metabolic enzymes, and the parameters of these products markedly changed compared with those of monomers. Diverse metabolites of emodin and baicalin/baicalein were detected in circulation and tissues, augmenting the in vivo forms of these compounds. Finally, the enrichment of tetrahydropalmatine and corydaline in the pancreas were observed and most compounds remained in the gastrointestinal system, providing a foundation basis for their potential regulatory effects on the gut microbiota as well as the intestinal functions. Herein, the pharmacokinetic properties and tissue distribution of multiple potential active constituents in Qing-Yi Recipe were investigated at two dosages, providing a pharmacodynamic material basis of Qing-Yi Recipe for the first time. This investigation is expected to provide a new perspective and reference for future studies on the physiological disposition and potential pharmacodynamic basis of traditional Chinese medicine to treat acute abdomen diseases. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] The high cost of anode material and the limitation of liquid-mass transfer on anode surface in electrochemical advanced oxidation processes always restrict the removal efficiency of organics. To overcome the limitations, this study synthesized a low-cost Ti 4 O 7 membrane electrode by simple sol-gel method, and developed a flow-through electrooxidation system based on Ti 4 O 7 membrane electrode. The membrane electrode presented high crystallinity, high specific surface area (10.18 m2/g), concentrated pore sizes distribution (0.1–1 µm), and high oxygen evolution potential (2.2 V vs. SHE). Furthermore, compared with stirring conditions, the flow-through conditions could enhance the liquid-mass transfer on anode surface, resulting in a high tetracycline degradation efficiency (97.24%) and a low energy consumption (0.18 kWh/gDOC). High degradation rates of tetracycline (more than 95%) were both observed with the initial tetracycline concentration ranged from 10 to 50 mg/L. The increase of pipeline pressure and current density had positive influence on tetracycline degradation. Hydroxyl radicals and sulfate radicals produced on the electrode surface are the main oxidants for tetracycline degradation. The degradation pathway of tetracycline included oxygenation, hydroxylation, demethylation, decarbonylation, ring-open, and C-N bond cleavage. Compared with materials prepared by conventional hot pressing and plasma spraying method, this simply synthesized Ti 4 O 7 membrane electrode exhibited efficient oxidation capability and competitive electric cost for contaminants degradation, demonstrating its practicability, feasibility, and facilitation for the potential application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a probable risk factor with speculative roles in the induction or aggravation of acute ischemic stroke (AIS).Methods: The association between OSA and AIS severity was retrospectively analyzed using clinical data of first-onset AIS patients, admitted to our hospital between January 2013 and September 2016. Eligible patients were categorized based on the presence of OSA prior to stroke. Stroke severity and functional outcomes were evaluated using the National Institute of Health Stroke Severity Scale (NIHSS) and the modified Rankin scale (mRS), respectively.Results: No significant differences were observed among OSA and non-OSA groups for infarction volume, NIHSS at admission and discharge, or mRS at discharge and at the 3-month follow-up (all P > .05). OSA prior to stroke negatively correlated with infarction volume (P = .008), NIHSS at discharge (P = .006), and the 3-month mRS (P = .015). In addition to OSA, it was also found that infarction volume significantly correlated with large artery occlusion (LAO), anterior circulation involvement, neutrophil count, and fibrinogen level; NIHSS at discharge significantly correlated with LAO, transient ischemia attack (TIA), neutrophil count, and thrombolysis; and the 3-month mRS significantly correlated with LAO, TIA, age, neutrophil count, and thrombolysis.Conclusions: OSA before AIS does not increase the severity of stroke. The negative association between OSA and infarction volume, stroke severity, and clinical outcomes suggests an endogenous neuroprotective effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One pathway for reducing the cost of concentrated solar power (CSP) is to increase the system efficiency by operating a heat engine with a higher hot side (inlet) temperature. If a turbine is used, then a system utilizing a combined cycle could potentially reach upwards of ∼60% efficiency, provided that the turbine could be operated with an inlet temperature >1300 °C. Such high temperatures place severe limits on heat transfer fluids; that is, such fluids would need to remain chemically stable, and be compatible with containment materials, at such extreme temperatures. One potential class of such fluids are liquid metals, such as molten tin. While possessing low melting and high boiling points (232 °C and 2600 °C, respectively) for a high operational range, molten tin also tends to be highly corrosive towards common structural metal alloys used as components for the containment and controlled flow of liquids ( i.e. , for pipes, tanks, valves, pumps, etc.). Thus, it would be useful to identify materials that are compatible with molten tin at ≥1300 °C. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate three candidate high-temperature materials, possessing a range of thermal conductivities, for the containment of molten tin: graphite (C), silicon carbide (SiC), and mullite (Al 6 Si 2 O 13 ). The corrosion and penetration of these materials by molten Sn or doped Sn liquids at 1350 °C for 100 h were evaluated via local electron microscopic analyses and global weight change measurements. Under appropriate conditions, all three of these materials exhibited minimal to no reaction with tin-based liquids at 1350 °C and were not penetrated by these liquids at this temperature. This work indicates that graphite, silicon carbide, and/or mullite can serve as effective containment materials for the use of tin-based liquids as heat transfer fluids operating at 1350 °C in CSP plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conversion of biomass energy of dewatered oily sludge to electricity is the rate-limiting process in bioelectrochemical system (BES). In this study, 2 mg g −1 rhamnolipids were added to dewatered oily sludge, resulting in a significant enhancement in maximum power density from 3.84 ± 0.37 to 8.63 ± 0.81 W m −3 , together with an increase in total organic carbon (TOC) and total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) removal from 24.52 ± 4.30 to 36.15 ± 2.79 mg g −1 and 29.51 ± 3.30 to 39.80 ± 2.47 mg g −1 , respectively. Rhamnolipids can also enhance the solubilization and promote the hydrolysis of dewatered oily sludge with increases in SOCD from 14.93 ± 2.44 to 18.40 ± 0.08 mg g −1 and VFAs from 1.02 ± 0.07 to 1.39 ± 0.12 mg g −1 . Furthermore, bacteria related to substrate degradation were predominant in dewatered oily sludge, and bacteria related to the sulfate/sulfide cycle were significantly enriched by rhamnolipid addition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: ZrC/W-based composites with complex shapes have been fabricated by combining rapid prototyping methods for synthesizing porous WC preforms with the shape/dimension-preserving, reactive infiltration-based Displacive Compensation of Porosity (DCP) process. Two automated rapid prototyping methods were examined: (i) computer-numerical-controlled machining of porous WC powder compacts, and (ii) 3D printing of WC powder. After binder removal and partial sintering (to neck the WC particles), the shaped, porous, and rigid preforms were exposed to molten Zr2Cu at 1150–1300°C and ambient pressure. Upon infiltration, the Zr in the melt underwent a displacement reaction with WC to yield more voluminous ZrC and W products that filled prior pores (reaction-induced densification). The resulting ZrC/W-based composites retained the shapes and dimensions (to within 1%) of the WC preforms. This work demonstrates, for the first time, that rapid preform prototyping can be integrated with the DCP process to generate dense, ultrahigh-melting carbide/refractory metal composites with tailorable near net-shapes and -dimensions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background: Although the association between sleep problems and suicidal behaviors were found in many studies, their associations are not built until now. One of the reasons may be the identified differences among different suicide behaviors, which also implied that sleep quality may play different roles on these suicidal behaviors. However, absent study explores the possible distinguishing associations between sleep quality and different suicidal behaviors.Methods: This is a population-based study conducted in Hebei province, China. Totally, 21,376 valid questionnaires were analyzed in this study. Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was used to evaluate sleep quality. Suicidal behaviors, living alone, and social-demographic variables were assessed for all the participants.Results: The prevalence of suicidal ideation, plan, and attempt were 1.4%, 0.3%, and 0.2%, respectively. The PSQI scores were separately associated with suicidal ideation (OR=1.25, p<0.001), plan (OR=1.19, p<0.001), and attempt (OR=1.18, p<0.001). The similar results were also supported when we compared conditional suicidal behaviors with general population without any suicidal behaviors. However, when we compared suicide attempters with suicidal ideators (with or without suicide plan), the associations between PSQI scores and suicide attempt were not supported (OR=1.93, P>0.05 or OR=1.02, p>0.05).Limitations: The cross-sectional design made us cannot get any causal relationships. The self-reported sleep quality may also produce some influence on the results.Conclusion: The results imply us that improving sleep quality may be not effective to control further suicidal behaviors, when people have considered or planned to suicide. The findings also can be translated into the clinical and preventive practice for suicide control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Appropriate task selection is the key to fNIRS-based major depressive disorder (MDD) diagnosis and treatment; however, there exists no unified rule for task selection, which limits its clinical application.Methods: Four tasks were employed to investigate the hemodynamic characteristics of MDD during motor, emotional, cognitive, and combinational tasks. A total of 69 subjects were studied: 50 with MDD and 19 healthy controls. The integral value of oxy-hemoglobin and the asymmetric characteristics of the bilateral frontal lobe were used to demonstrate the hemodynamic changes in MDD during different tasks. A detailed analysis and comparison among different tasks were conducted.Results: Compared with deoxy-hemoglobin (deoxy-Hb), oxy-Hb was more significant to differentiate between MDD subjects and healthy controls. In subjects with MDD, lower activation of the frontal lobe and smaller integral values of oxy-Hb were observed. In most task paradigms, MDD subjects and healthy controls exhibited diametrically opposite left-right frontal asymmetry. For the integral value of oxy-Hb and the asymmetric characteristics of the bilateral frontal lobe, the differences between MDD subjects and healthy controls under the combinational task were more significant than that under the single tasks.Limitations: Brain fatigue patterns over time and their effect on the hemodynamic analysis of MDD should be studied further.Conclusions: The difference in hemodynamic characteristics between MDD subjects and healthy controls is closely related to the choice of task, and the combinational task showed better discrimination than the single tasks. It provides guidance for the appropriate task design for MDD in clinics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To mitigate potential eutrophication risk caused by nitrogen species in the effluent of wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), nitrogenous compounds failed to be removed during biological wastewater treatment should be further eliminated. In this paper, an e lectrochemical process for a mmonia-oxidation, n itrate-reduction and d isinfection (eAND process) of WWTP effluent was developed and its performance for tertiary treatment of synthetic wastewater and actual effluent was evaluated. Results indicated ammonia and nitrate removal efficiencies in actual effluent reached 96% and 36% at 1.23 Ah l −1 , while coliforms were totally inactivated at 0.072 Ah l −1 under the optimal operation conditions. Ammonia removal due to the anodic indirect oxidation followed a pseudo first kinetic, while the modified model expressed as exponential decay fitted well to the experimental data with the presence of nitrate. The coliforms inactivation was attributed to the in situ generated active chlorine, indicating no extra addition of disinfectant. Nitrate reduction in cathodic area fitted to pseudo first order kinetic with kinetic constants of 0.13–0.54 l A −1 h −1 . These results clearly showed the potential of this eAND process to serve as a tertiary treatment of WWTP effluent for simultaneous removal of ammonia, nitrate and disinfection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The reduction of WC into W by reaction with a Hf–Cu melt has been found to proceed by the formation of layers of W and HfC. The extent of such incongruent WC reduction has been examined after the immersion of dense, polycrystalline WC plates in a vertical orientation in Hf–Cu melts at 1150–1300°C for 1–24h. A W layer of uniform thickness formed adjacent to the WC, whereas an irregular, but generally continuous HfC layer formed adjacent to the W layer. The rate of WC reaction was evaluated by measuring the thickness of the W layer as a function of reaction time, temperature and vertical position along the WC surface. Such kinetic data and microstructural analyses indicated that the incongruent reduction of WC in molten Hf–Cu is likely to be controlled by the diffusion of carbon through the W and/or HfC layers. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Composting microbial fuel cells can generate electricity from recycled organic waste at accelerated degradation rates. However, the problem of high internal resistance ( R int ), which results in low power density, is a technical obstacle related to this process, and the preferential conversion of the organic fraction by bioelectrogenesis remains unclear. This study involved designing a novel three-chamber bioelectrochemically assisted anaerobic composting process (AnC BE,III ) to dispose of dewatered sludge (DS), which was operated at reduced internal resistance. The maximum power density of the AnC BE,III was higher (7.0–8.6 W/m 3 ) than that of the two-chambered AnC BE,II (4.7–5.7 W/m 3 ), with lower R int (63.8–88.5 Ω) than that of the AnC BE,II (78.8–98.5 Ω). At the end of composting, the AnC BE,III had higher total chemical oxygen demand (TCOD) removal (42.3 ± 0.5%) than the AnC BE,II (32.1 ± 0.5%). During electrogenesis, the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) [hydrophilic fraction and hydrophobic acid fraction of EBOM] (extracellular biological organic matter) was substantially removed, the hydrophobic neutral fraction of aromatic macromolecules was increasingly solubilized (by 13.2%), and the aromatic protein-like and humic acid-like substances were substantially removed. The results demonstrate that the increases in both the proton exchange area and cathode surface area in the AnC BE,III can enhance electricity generation and organic matter degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pollution of wastewater and natural waters by organic contaminants is a major health issue, yet actual remediation methods are limited by incomplete removal of recalcitrant contaminants and by secondary pollution by chlorinated contaminants and catalytic metals. To attempt to solve these issues, we tested the removal of acid orange by peracetic acid (PAA), a safe oxidant, activated by Fe-biochar that iron anchored on biochar to prevent secondary pollution by iron. Fe-biochar was synthesized using a simple, one-step pyrolysis method. We investigated the effects of PAA concentration, pH, humic acids, chloride, bicarbonate on the reaction. Radical quenching and electron paramagnetic resonance were used to identify reacting species. Results showed that the granulous structure of Fe-biochar and the presence of Fe, Fe 3 O 4 , Fe 2 O 3 , and Fe 3 C on Fe-biochar surface. The highest removal of acid orange of 99.9% was obtained with 1.144 mM PAA and 0.3 g/L Fe-biochar at pH 7. Acid orange removal increases with Fe-biochar dose, decreases with pH, is slightly inhibited by humic acids and bicarbonate, and is not modified by chloride. Our experimental results suggested that CH 3 C(O)OO· and CH 3 C(O)O· are the main radical species, but there may also be non-radical effects in Fe-biochar/PAA process. Fe-biochar displayed high re-usability, with 92.8% removal after five uses. [Display omitted] • The mechanism of the Fe-biochar/PAA process was investigated by removing acid orange. • CH 3 C(O)O· and CH 3 C(O)OO· act as the primary radicals. • There may also be non-radical effects in the process of acid orange removal. • Fe-biochar has a high recycling rate in the Fe-biochar/PAA process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bioelectrochemically-assisted anaerobic composting process (AnC BE ) with dewatered sludge as the anode fuel was constructed to accelerate composting of dewatered sludge, which could increase the quality of the compost and harvest electric energy in comparison with the traditional anaerobic composting (AnC). Results revealed that the AnC BE yielded a voltage of 0.60 ± 0.02 V, and total COD (TCOD) removal reached 19.8 ± 0.2% at the end of 35d. The maximum power density was 5.6 W/m 3 . At the end of composting, organic matter content (OM) reduction rate increased to 19.5 ± 0.2% in AnC BE and to 12.9 ± 0.1% in AnC. The fuzzy comprehensive assessment (FCA) result indicated that the membership degree of class I of AnC BE compost (0.64) was higher than that of AnC compost (0.44). It was demonstrated that electrogenesis in the AnC BE could improve the sludge stabilization degree, accelerate anaerobic composting process and enhance composting maturity with bioelectricity generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The study creates a scale measuring language disorder in Mandarin-speaking children. • MCELP-CS is beneficial in language measurement for autistic, CP, and HI children. • MCELP-CS has good internal consistency and excellent structural validity. • The MCELP-CS measured language comprehension and production across domains. To test the psychometric properties of a newly developed Mandarin Clinical Evaluation of Language for Preschooler's Core Scale (MCELP-CS). Data were collected from 379 preschool-aged participants, including 81 children with language disorders associated with clinical conditions. The 155-item MCELP-CS consists of five subscales: vocabulary comprehension (VC), sentence comprehension (SC), vocabulary naming (VN), sentence structure imitation (SSI), and story narration (SN). The scale was used to measure the receptive and expressive language abilities of children aged 3–5 years and 11 months. The Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-revised (PPVT-R) was used to measure the receptive vocabulary abilities among the children (n = 338). The internal consistency, test-retest reliability, structural validity, convergent validity, and diagnostic accuracy were used to evaluate the scale. Differences between age groups were also examined using analysis of variance. The MCELP-CS had high internal consistency and good test-retest reliability. Fitting indices of the two-factor model from confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), including χ 2 , CFI, TLI, RSEAM, and SRMR, suggested that the model is consistent with the theoretical structure. Significant correlations between the MCELP-CS and PPVT-R showed a high convergent validity. In addition, the scale indicated good diagnostic accuracy in differentiating the language disorders of children with autism, cerebral palsy (CP), and hearing impairment (HI). The MCELP-CS is a reliable and valid diagnostic tool for language disorders of Mandarin-speaking preschool children with autism, CP, and HI. It is appropriate to collect normative data for the MCELP-CS with a large sample population of preschool children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microemulsion is the preferred vehicle for local anesthetics; however, the toxicity and irritation associated with a quantity use of surfactants (S) and co-surfactants (CS), i.e., medium- or short-chain alcohols, restrict its commercial application. In this study, efforts have been made to enlarge the CS-free microemulsion area by mixing olive oil (OL) with α-linolenic acid (ALA) and linoleic acid (LA), and by using vitamin E succinate (VES) as an auxiliary oil. Through Box-Behnken design and the optimization of nondominated sorting genetic algorithm II, the optimal microemulsion formulation (M E0) with a large steady-state simultaneous permeation rate (J s) and skin retention was screened as 3.23% OL, 0.45% ALA, 1.81% LA, 0.91% VES, 13.60% S, 5% lidocaine and water. Three percent ethanol was screened as a permeability enhancer for the hydrogel of M E0 , which showed a statistical increase in J s and skin retention through the abdominal skin of guinea pigs. The optimized formulation had desirable characterization, good stability and negligible irritation. The large J s and skin retention were well reflected in the pinprick test, wherein intensity of anesthetic effect and duration of action were increased significantly over the commercial cream. The developed CS-free microemulsion hydrogel with low S could be a promising strategy for the topical delivery of lidocaine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• First report on different alcoholic fermentation modes on raspberry wine production. • HS-GC-IMS methodology was used for comparison of volatile compounds. • Sequential culture resulted in a more complex aroma and overall best result. • T. delbrueckii / S. cerevisiae co-fermentation enhanced raspberry wine's floral note. • Spontaneous culture led to higher levels of volatile acidity and biogenic amines. Torulaspora delbrueckii is a widely studied non- Saccharomyces yeast, described as having a positive impact on the organoleptic quality of wines, however, little is known about its impact on the production of raspberry wine. In this study, we compared combined use of S. cerevisiae / T. delbrueckii pair, i.e., in sequential inoculation (RT) and co-fermentation (RC) modes, with spontaneous fermentation (RU) and single S. cerevisiae inoculation (RS), on various properties of raspberry wine including fermentation behaviors (using yeast counts and next-generation sequencing method), basic composition (by OIV, 2019), volatile profile (using headspace-gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry), sensory property (by quantitative descriptive analyses) and biogenic amine levels. All the alcoholic fermentations were completed within 9 days; T. delbrueckii was inhibited by S. cerevisiae in the co-culture; and Saccharomyces and Mrakia were the most abundant species in RU. A total of 40 aromas was identified, with RT abundant in volatile esters, ketones and terpenes and others showing relatively lower intensities. During sensory evaluation, RT was characterized by 'fruity' and 'sweet' notes; RC was notable for a high 'floral' attribute; RU scored the highest in 'pungent' and RS showed intermedium intensities for most descriptors. Partial least squares regression showed the relationship between aromas and sensory descriptors. As for biogenic amine, RU contained the highest total amount and RS had the least. Overall, RT had greater potential to be used in the production of raspberry wine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]