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Ports play critical roles in modern society as they connect water and land transportation and integrate transportation with energy systems, leading to high demand of various types of energy and emissions from various sources. Based on high quality of data from the ports authority, energy consumption characteristics of cargo handling equipment and ships in Chuanshan Port Area of Ningbo Zhoushan Port are analyzed. Besides, emissions of cargo handling equipment and ships are evaluated using fuel-based top-down and activity-based bottom-up methods, respectively. Moreover, as a reflection on the impact of COVID-19 on ports, energy consumption patterns indicate the resilience of port operation. The results reveal different energy requirement of various types of energy resources and show that container trucks, rubber-tire gantry and berthed ships are main sources of several kinds of emissions in the considered port. The findings of this study are significant in providing support for port authorities to adopt measures towards achieving a green and sustainable port. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The poor surface charge separation and transfer properties as well as sluggish water oxidation kinetics jointly limit the performance of BiVO 4 photoanode for water oxidation. In this work, p-type CuCoO 2 with high-spin Co3+ (Oh) was investigated as co-catalyst to synergistically improve the surface charge separation and transfer efficiencies as well as reaction kinetics of BiVO 4 film for photoelectrochemical water oxidation. In comparison with the photocurrent on BiVO 4 photoanode for water oxidation (1.21 mA/cm2 at 1.23 V vs. RHE), the CuCoO 2 -coupled BiVO 4 (CuCoO 2 /BiVO 4) photoanode exhibits a higher photocurrent density of 3.32 mA/cm2 at 1.23 V vs. RHE under AM 1.5G illumination. In addition, a significant improvement on the reaction stability is achieved on the CuCoO 2 /BiVO 4 photoanode, about ∼79% water oxidation activity is retained on the CuCoO 2 /BiVO 4 photoanode after operating at 0.8 V vs. RHE for 5 h, while only ∼9% activity is retained on the BiVO 4 photoanode. The boosted water oxidation activity and stability on CuCoO 2 /BiVO 4 photoanode could be attributed the synergistic effect that originated from CuCoO 2 -electrocatalysis and BiVO 4 -photocatalysis in thermodynamics and kinetics. Specifically, p-n heterojunctions are formed in the coupling interface between CuCoO 2 (p-type) and BiVO 4 (n-type), which thermodynamically improve the surface charge separation and transfer efficiencies of BiVO 4 photoanode during water oxidation. Simultaneously, the high-spin Co3+ (Oh) of CuCoO 2 could act as active sites to accelerate the water oxidation of CuCoO 2 /BiVO 4 photoanode in kinetics. In addition, Cu2+ active sites are formed for water oxidation through the oxidation reaction of photogenerated holes with the Cu+ of CuCoO 2. Graphical abstract The CuCoO 2 -coupled BiVO 4 film is of enhanced photoelectrochemical water oxidation activity and stability, which is originated from the synergistic effect between CuCoO 2 -electrocatalysis and BiVO 4 -photocatalysis in thermodynamics and kinetics. Image 1 Highlights • CuCoO 2 /BiVO 4 film is of higher PEC water oxidation performance than BiVO 4 film. • CuCoO 2 -coupling improves the charge separation and transfer of BiVO 4 thermodynamically. • CuCoO 2 -coupling accelerates the water oxidation in kinetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing distributed rooftop solar photovoltaic generation in the southern California coast necessitates accurate solar forecasts. In summertime mornings marine boundary layer stratocumulus commonly covers the southern California coast. The inland extent of cloud cover varies primarily depending on the temperature inversion base height (IBH, i.e. boundary layer height) and topography as confirmed using radiosonde sounding measurement and satellite irradiance data. Most operational numerical weather prediction models consistently overestimate irradiance and underpredict cloud cover extent and cloud thickness, presumably due to an underprediction of IBH. A thermodynamic method was developed to modify the boundary layer temperature and moisture profiles to better represent the boundary layer structure in the Weather and Research Forecasting model (WRF). Validation against satellite global horizontal irradiance (GHI) demonstrated that the best IBH ensemble improves GHI accuracy by 23% mean absolute error compared to the baseline WRF model and is similar to 24-h persistence forecasts for coastal marine layer region. The spatial error maps showed deeper inland cloud cover. Validation against ground observations showed that IBH ensembles were able to outperform persistence forecast at coastal stations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exergy analysis are carried out on a novel 100 kW wind-to-heat system to investigate the thermodynamic performances by employing the experimental data. Nine different combinations of the wind speed and water flow rate are selected as the typical operating conditions. Through the conventional exergy analysis, the wind turbine accounts for the most of the system's total exergy destruction at high wind speeds. In terms of the heat pump subsystem, the compressor is the most critical component, followed by the condenser. For further obtaining the optimal design directions of the key components, the advanced exergy analysis is applied to this system. By establishing the mathematical model, the exergy analysis of the ideal conditions, experimental conditions and unavoidable conditions are compared. Averagely 87.32% exergy destruction of the compressor is endogenous and avoidable, which can be decreased by optimizing the internal structure parameters. The average proportions of the avoidable exergy and endogenous exergy destruction of the condenser are 57.48% and 68.41%, respectively. Both the internal parameters of the condenser and interactions with other components must be taken into consideration. The optimizing potential of the wind-to-heat system through exergy analysis methods can be used for further research and improvement of the system. • Exergy analysis is utilized in a novel wind-to-heat system. • A mathematical model is established for the advanced exergy analysis. • The wind turbine is of the most exergy destruction in the system at high wind speed. • The most critical part in the heat pump subsystem is the compressor. • The compressor and the condenser appear great improvement potentials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photoreduction of diluted CO 2 is an effective strategy for the sustainable and environmentally friendly development of energy. In this study, lattice strain in NiSe is modulated through the control of the Ni concentration for the photoreduction of diluted CO 2. Refined XRD data and the results of the Williamson–Hall analysis indicate that the lattice strain is induced by lattice distortion caused by an absence of Ni atoms in the crystal lattice. In pure CO 2 , the cumulative CO yield and selectivity of Ni 1−x Se nanoflowers reached approximately 19.39 µmol and 90.7 % in 3 h, respectively. For lower CO 2 concentrations of 0.1 and 0.05 atm, the CO selectivity of Ni 1−x Se was approximately 72.7 % and 61.7 %, respectively. On characterization of the synthesized nanoflowers, we deduced that the lattice-strained Ni 1−x Se exhibited a favorable electronic band structure that improved the separation efficiency of the photogenerated carriers. DFT calculations results revealed that the lattice strain significantly facilitated the adsorption and activation of CO 2 , which resulted in highly efficient CO 2 photoreduction. This study provides an effective strategy for the design and synthesis of high-performance catalysts based on the modification of their crystal structures. [Display omitted] • Lattice-strained Ni 1−x Se nanoflowers were synthesized using the solvothermal method. • Lattice strain could be adjusted by modulating the Ni concentration. • Lattice-strained catalysts were utilized for the photoreduction of diluted CO 2. • Ni 1−x Se exhibited effective photocatalytic conversion of diluted CO 2 to CO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The New Goddard shortwave (SW) radiation scheme of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) numerical weather prediction model leads to positive biases in the clear-sky downwelling SW radiation (also referred to as global horizontal irradiance, GHI). Clear-sky GHI is attenuated primarily by four atmospheric constituents: (i) ozone (ii) background gases (e.g., trace gases), (iii) precipitable water and, (iv) aerosols. The effect of each constituent in the New Goddard SW scheme is isolated here by subtracting from the GHI predicted for an atmosphere that lacks one constituent, the GHI predicted for an atmosphere with all the constituents. Compared with the WRF’s Rapid Radiative Transfer Model for Global Circulation Models (RRTMG), the main contributions to the clear-sky irradiance bias in the New Goddard SW scheme come from modeling issues with the absorptions by water vapor and ozone. Enhancing the absorption due to water vapor continuum and using the RRTMG’s ozone profiles in the New Goddard SW scheme improved the agreement with the WRF’s RRTMG predictions for both GHI and direct normal irradiance. These results are further confirmed with the REST2 radiative transfer model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to simulate historical Global Horizontal Irradiance (GHI) and Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI) solar resources, a method using MODIS level 3 (L3) daily satellite data as input to the REST2 clear sky model is presented to derive clear sky solar irradiance for California. MODIS L3 precipitable water (PW) and especially aerosol optical depth (AOD) were found to be significantly biased and were therefore calibrated based on AOD and PW from Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) ground monitoring sites. For reference, MODIS input data was replaced by the following input data sources: 3 hourly PW and AOD from Monitoring Atmosphere Composition and Climate (MACC) and monthly climatological Linke Turbidity from Solar radiation Data (SoDa). Similarly, other clear sky models, specifically Ineichen and McClear, were also run for reference. Validation was conducted using irradiance anomalies defined as the difference between irradiance and its 15 day moving average against ground measurement from California Irrigation Management Information System (CIMIS), National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), and Integrated Surface Irradiance Study (ISIS) stations. It was found that the calibration of MODIS data markedly improves the accuracy of modeled GHI and DNI anomalies and REST2 clear sky model with calibrated MODIS data achieved the highest accuracy among all model and input data combinations. The improvement in accuracy of PW and AOD input data through calibration is relatively more important than the choice of clear sky model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a leading cause of intestine inflammatory disease, and macrophage is significantly activated during NEC development. Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of proteins, particularly ubiquitination, play critical roles in immune response. This study aimed to investigate the effects of ubiquitin-modified proteins on macrophage activation and NEC, and discover novel NEC-related inflammatory proteins. Proteomic and ubiquitin proteomic analyses of intestinal macrophages in NEC/healthy mouse pups were carried out. In vitro macrophage inflammation model and in vivo NEC mouse model, as well as clinical human samples were used for further verification the inhibitor of nuclear factor-κB kinase α (IKKα) ubiquitination on NEC development through Western blot, immunofluorescence, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and flow cytometry. We report here that IKKα was a new ubiquitin-modified protein during NEC through ubiquitin proteomics, and RING finger protein 31 (RNF31) acted as an E3 ligase to be involved in IKKα degradation. Inhibition of IKKα ubiquitination and degradation with siRNF31 or proteasome inhibitor decreased nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation, thereby decreasing the expression of pro-inflammatory factors and M1 macrophage polarization, resulting in reliving the severity of NEC. Our study suggests the activation of RNF31-IKKα-NF-κB axis triggering NEC development and suppressing RNF31-mediated IKKα degradation may be therapeutic strategies to be developed for NEC treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel wind turbine direct driving heat pump (WTDHP) system is proposed, in which the heat pump is employed to replace the wind turbine's generator. The impacts of the blades with different tip speed ratios on WTDHP system are analyzed in this study. The inverse design method, verified by importing the design shape into FAST for simulation and comparing the simulated tip speed ratio and axial induction factor, was employed to create blades with different tip speed ratios. The heating performances of different blade shape designs at various turbulence and wind speeds are understood. The conclusion is drawn that the blades with a low tip speed ratio (λ =6–8) are clearly superior for heating in the turbulence categories IEC A at wind speeds between 6 and 14 m/s. However, the dynamic responses of the system are weakened by low turbulence and wind speeds. Taking into account the cost and manufacturing process, the blades with a high tip speed ratio can be chosen. Furthermore, the multi-objective optimization of blades was carried out using the enhanced Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm, considering heating capacity, flapping load and blade mass. Based on the Wilson method, initial blade of PSO optimization algorithm is generated. Obtaining the heating capacity, flapping load and blade mass in real time from the simulation, the objective functions is calculated to update the status of particle swarm. After optimization using the improved multi-objective algorithm under turbulent wind with an average wind speed of 7 m/s, the blade mass is reduced by 2.96%, the flapping moment is reduced by 3.17%, and the heating capacity is increased by 1.22%. The results show that the optimization effect is more obvious at higher wind speeds. [Display omitted] • The novel concept of wind-to-heat system is studied. • The impacts of the blades on the system are analyzed. • The relevant structure dimensions of the blades are optimized. • The multi-objective optimization of blades was carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Offshore wind energy is booming and floating offshore wind has been proved to be a promising clean energy. Wake effect is one of the biggest challenges in large-scale floating wind farm which results in power loss and increased fatigue load. In this paper, actuator line model (ALM) coupled with unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) is adopted to investigate the wake characteristics and evolution of floating wind turbine under motion. Besides, modal analysis is adopted to extract typical features of turbine wake. Velocity fluctuation is the prominent characteristic of floating turbine wake. The increase of surge frequency results in the decrease of velocity fluctuating region and large surge amplitude leads to bigger velocity deficit fluctuations. In addition, the surge motion brings a faster recovery rate than fixed wind turbine. The induced velocity field generated by vortex ring structure is the key to understanding complex evolution of turbine wake and the vortex ring structure is analyzed in this paper. With the deep understanding of FOWT wake, an innovative vortex ring structure model is proposed in this paper. This work is the basic work of developing the engineering wake model of floating wind turbine, to cope with the wake effect challenge in the large-scale floating wind farm. • Wake characteristics and vortex structure is analyzed using actuator line method. • Wake evolution mechanism is clearly revealed through modal analysis. • Instability theory of helical vortices is introduced into the study of turbine wake. • A semi-empirical vortex structure model is proposed based on theoretical analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Floating offshore wind turbines, as large equipment for deep-sea wind energy utilization, must be carefully studied for their aerodynamic performances under platform motions. In experiments, the model wind turbine designed by the traditional thrust coefficient similarity is usually insufficient for unsteady aerodynamic reproductions of the prototype wind turbine. In this paper, a dynamic aerodynamic similarity criterion based on the mapping of the optimal tip speed ratio is introduced for wind tunnel model tests, and a model wind turbine is designed using the NREL 5-MW prototype wind turbine. In this case, to avoid the over-height model tower aroused in pitch motions, a method of equivalent surge motions instead of pitch motions is proposed and validated for feasibility. Then dynamic aerodynamic similarities under different pitch amplitudes and frequencies are validated by the Unsteady Blade Element Momentum theory. Results indicate that temporal and spatial characteristics and hysteresis effects of thrust and power coefficients all maintain better similarity with those of the prototype wind turbine than those of the model wind turbine designed by the traditional criterion. This paper provides a criterion with equivalent pitch motions for unsteady aerodynamic studies in wind tunnel model tests, especially the high-fidelity Hardware/Software-In-the-Loop test. • A new similarity criterion is proposed for FOWT wind tunnel model tests. • The feasibility of equivalent surge motions instead of pitch motions is verified. • The problem of over-height model tower is avoided by equivalent pitch motions. • Spatiotemporal and hysteresis characteristics of unsteady aerodynamics are analyzed. • Unsteady aerodynamic performances of the prototype can be reflected more accurately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The relationship between magnetic field intensity and frost suppression effect is not linear. • As the temperature of the cold surface decreases, the suppressing freezing ability of the magnetic field becomes worse. • The initial freezing time of the droplet decreases as its volume increases from 20 μL to 50 μL. In this study, the effect of magnetic field on droplet freezing was investigated based on a visualization system. Possible influencing factors on droplet freezing, such as magnetic field intensity, cold surface temperature, and droplet volume, were considered in this study. During the two stages of droplet supercooling and freezing process, the changes of the droplet internal temperature, the formation of initial crystal nucleus, and the freezing time were observed. Experimental results show that in comparison with the non-magnetic surface, the supercooling degree of droplets was increased in the range of 150–300 mT magnetic field intensity, thereby prolonging the freezing time of droplets. Particularly, the droplet was best suppressed on a cold surface with 250 mT magnetic field intensity. The freezing time of droplets was prolonged by 132.0 %. However, the droplets were accelerated to freeze on the cold surface with magnetic field intensities of 350 mT and 400 mT. Droplet freezing on cold surfaces was also affected by surface temperature and droplet volume. As the surface temperature of magnetic cooling dropped from −10 °C to −20 °C, the ability of the magnetic field to inhibit droplet freezing would be gradually weakened. With the increase of droplet volume from 20 μL to 50 μL, the initial freezing time of droplets was shortened. These results are related to the influence of magnetic field on the nucleation process and hydrogen bond in the water molecular cluster. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Model tests and real-time hybrid simulation tests of floating offshore wind turbines have recently been extensively conducted to explore the aero-hydro-servo-elastic coupling mechanism. The traditional thrust similarity criterion under the Froude scale cannot satisfy the dynamic aerodynamic similarity in the wave basin experiments. Meanwhile, the traditional model wind turbine in model tests shows huge differences in Reynolds number and significant deviations in the optimal tip speed ratio, and the dynamic performance is different from that of the prototype wind turbine. Therefore, a new criterion based on the mapping of the optimal tip speed ratio is proposed, and a new model wind turbine is designed to physically reproduce the dynamic aerodynamics of the prototype wind turbine accurately in wind tunnel experiments. Then the dynamic aerodynamic similarity in this criterion is numerically verified and compared with that in the traditional criterion. The simulation is performed in steady and unsteady inflows by the open-source OpenFAST. The platform motions of the prototype and model wind turbine are inflow-motivated and program-forced, respectively. The calculation results show that the dynamic thrust, power and their coefficients in the new criterion all maintain better similarity compared to those in the traditional criterion. This study is important for wind tunnel model tests and RTHS tests to accurately obtain unsteady aerodynamics, and it can guide the aero-hydro-structure load evaluations and turbine-floater-mooring integrated designs for large-scale floating offshore wind turbines. • A new similarity criterion is proposed for FOWT's wind tunnel model tests. • Dynamic aerodynamics under wind-wave inflows and coupled motions are simulated. • Motions of prototype and model are inflow-motivated and program-forced respectively. • Similarity of dynamic thrust, power and their coefficients are analyzed and verified. • The criterion is important for RTHS tests to accurately obtain unsteady aerodynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coupling effects between rotor aerodynamics and platform motions are being focused for floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs). Ignoring these effects during the controller design can deteriorate some essential loads or lead to aero-elastic instabilities. Superimposed proportional model-free adaptive control (SP-MFAC) is proposed to cope with these effects by simultaneously optimizing blade root moments, rotor speed, platform-pitch and -yaw motions. Trailing edge flap (TEF) is used as the active flow control device. Actuators' saturation and energy consumption are considered by introducing penalty factors into control cost function. A typical semi-submersible FOWT is selected for simulation study. A comparison is made against proportional-integral-differential-based (PID-based) TEF control and baseline control in turbulent and extreme gust conditions. Numerical results reveal that SP-MFAC costs less in TEF deflection activity, but realizes better overall performance than PID-based TEF control. Further, the physical mechanisms of load reduction are analyzed with cross-wavelet transformation. The original in-phase aero-hydro-elastic mechanisms in the semi-submersible FOWT are crippled by the TEF deflection activity. • SP-MFAC is presented to reduce loads on floating wind turbines. • The main rotor-platform coupling effects are considered during controller design. • The potential of trailing edge flap for damping platform motions is explored. • SP-MFAC costs less TEF deflection activity but realizes better performances than PID. • The physical mechanisms of load reductions are analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High surface states induced photoelectrochemical (PEC) activity and stability issue is the major performance bottleneck for nanostructured WO 3 photoanode. Here we report that amorphous TiO 2 ( α -TiO 2 ) be used as passivator to modify the surface states of WO 3 nanoflakes film for improving its PEC water oxidation performance. In comparison with bare WO 3 film, the α -TiO 2 -coupled WO 3 ( α -TiO 2 /WO 3 ) film is of higher PEC water oxidation activity and stability. The photocurrent on α -TiO 2 /WO 3 film photoanode is improved by 2 times that reached 1.4 mA/cm 2 in 0.1 M Na 2 SO 4 solution at 0.8 V ( vs. SCE). After α -TiO 2 coupling, the UV–vis absorption edge and intensity of WO 3 film do not change obviously, but the formation and oxidation kinetics of H 2 O 2 on WO 3 photoanode are modified. The density functional theory calculations indicate the monoclinic WO 3 (002) has a surface energy of 1.17 J/m 2 , whereas the α -TiO 2 /WO 3 (002) with a much lower surface energy of 0.3 J/m 2 . Additionally, the length of Ti O bond of α -TiO 2 is changed from the initial 1.929 Å to a shorter length of 1.886 Å and a longer length of 2.290 Å in α -TiO 2 /WO 3 (002) through the O 2- -W 6+ bonding effect at α -TiO 2 /WO 3 interface. Therefore, the enhanced PEC water oxidation performance on α -TiO 2 /WO 3 film can be attributed to that α -TiO 2 passivates the surface states of WO 3 nanoflakes film, and the formation of H 2 O 2 from the photoexcited-electrons/dissolved-oxygen route is depressed and the PEC oxidation of H 2 O 2 is accelerated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A MoO 3 /BiVO 4 heterojunction film consisting of dispersed nano-MoO 3 on the surface of BiVO 4 nanoflake was constructed for photoelectrochemical water oxidation. In comparison with bare BiVO 4 and MoO 3 film, the MoO 3 /BiVO 4 heterojunction film shows enhanced water oxidation activity. At 0.8 V vs. SCE, the photocurrent on the optimal MoO 3 /BiVO 4 heterojunction film increases by up to about 6 times compared to that on the bare BiVO 4 film. The conduction and valence band potential of MoO 3 are found to be more positive than those of BiVO 4 , and the electric conductivity for MoO 3 and BiVO 4 is on the order of 10 −6 S cm −1 and 10 −9 S cm −1 , respectively. Thus, the origin of enhanced water oxidation activity on the MoO 3 /BiVO 4 heterojunction film can be primarily ascribed to the band potential and conductivity differences between MoO 3 and BiVO 4 , which are advantageous for separating and transferring the surface charge of BiVO 4 . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to high electrocatalytic activity, Ag nanoparticles (Ag NPs) always be a good candidate for electrochemical sensors. However, it suffers from the aggregation problem during synthesis, storage and immobilization process. In this paper, hierarchical Sn 3 O 4 was selected as scaffold for Ag NPs to prevent aggregation and ensure the stability. As a sensitive electrode to detect H 2 O 2 , Ag/Sn 3 O 4 exhibits wide linear range and reliable stability, which can be attributed to the hierarchical structure, strong immobilization of Ag NPs and structural, physical and chemical stability of Sn 3 O 4 scaffold. It was concluded that the hierarchical Ag/Sn 3 O 4 architecture has potential applications in the design of nonenzymatic H 2 O 2 sensors and the load of Ag NPs on heterovalent tin oxides demonstrates a promising way for building H 2 O 2 detection electrodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, energy storage system (ESS) with carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) as working fluid has been proposed as a new method to deal with the application restrictions of Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) technology, such as dependence on geological formations and low energy storage density. A novel ESS named as Compressed CO 2 Energy Storage (CCES) based on transcritical CO 2 Brayton cycle is presented in this paper. The working principle of CCES system is introduced and thermodynamic model is established to assess the system performance. Parametric analysis is carried out to study the effect of some key parameters on system performance. Results show that the increase of turbine efficiency is more favorable for system optimization and the effect of minimum pressures on system performance is more significant compared with maximum pressures. A simple comparison of CCES system, liquid CO 2 system and Advanced Adiabatic Compressed Air Energy Storage (AA-CAES) system is conducted. It is shown that the system efficiency of CCES is lower than that of AA-CAES system but 4.05% higher than that of liquid CO 2 system, while the energy density of CCES system is 2.8 times the value of AA-CAES system, which makes CCES a novel ESS with potential application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The concept of wind-to-heat system is studied. • A Matlab model is developed to simulate the system. • The simulation model is verified compared with the experimental data. • A suitable hot water flow rate and refrigerants for the system are selected. The growing demand for energy and the pressure of carbon emission increase the proportion of renewable energy in the global energy consumption. In the wind-to-heat system, the compressor is utilized to replace the generator in the wind turbine to allow the wind energy driving heat pump directly, which simplifies the energy conversion process. In this study, a dynamic simulation model of the wind-to-heat system is proposed, which consists of the following six parts: wind turbine, compressor, condenser, thermal expansion valve, evaporator, and controller. Validations of this model was conducted by comparing the simulation result with the experimental data from a 100 kW wind-to-heat system. Effects of different operational conditions, such as hot water flow rate, inlet water temperature and types of refrigerants, on the characteristics of the system are explored and analyzed. The conclusion is drawn that the hot water flow rate is optimized as 3 kg/s, lower inlet water temperature led to lower heating capacity and lower COP, R245fa and R717 have good performances in heating production, which is in favor of the further design and optimize of the system. After debugging the simulation model for different design alternatives, different performances will be acquired to improve the efficiency of the design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]