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The rapidly emerging field of nanotechnology is considered an important achievement in the agriculture sector to increase the pest mortality rate and improve the crop production. The present study evaluates the novel pesticidal and anti-microbial activities of Chrysanthemum coronarium and Azadirachta indica in the nano-suspensions form. The anti-solvent precipitation method was used to formulate nano-suspensions proposed by Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Physicochemical nature of plant extracts and nano-suspensions was characterized through analysis of Zeta-sizer, FT-IR, and HPLC. Characterization results revealed a minimum particle size of 121.1 and 170.1 nm for Chrysanthemum coronarium and Azadirachta indica , respectively. The pesticidal activity of nano-suspension was performed against red flour beetle (RFB) and lesser grain borer (LGB) pests, which showed the maximum mortality rate of 100% with 100% concentration of plant extracts and nano-suspensions of Chrysanthemum coronarium and Azadirachta indica against both insects. In comparison, the combination of these both plant extracts revealed the maximum 100% mortality with a 50% concentration of nano-suspensions (mixing ratio 1:1) after 72 h. The antibacterial activity showed the maximum zone inhibition of 9.96 ± 0.17 and 14.17 ± 0.50 mm against S. aureus and E. coli with nano-suspension of Chrysanthemum coronarium , and 12.09 ± 0.11 and 14.10 ± 0.49 mm with nano-suspension of Azadirachta indica , respectively. It is concluded that individual nano-suspensions showed better pesticidal as well as antimicrobial activities than combinations. However, the constructed nanosuspension can be applied to control the plant pests and diseases simultaneously. [Display omitted] • The synergistic pesticidal effects of C. coronarium and A. indica were assessed. • The CCD of RSM was used for the evaluation and optimization of nano-suspensions. • Maximum mortality rate of insects was noted at 100% nanosuspensions concentration. • Combination of both plants showed maximum pesticidal effect at 50% concentration. • Individual nano-suspensions showed better pesticidal activity than combinations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foot-and-mouth disease is one of the devastating transboundary animal diseases causing heavy losses to the livestock industry. Different vaccines based on the inactivated FMD virus are used against this disease, but lack of immunological memory and the need for high biocontainment are the major drawbacks of these vaccines. A novel vaccine comprising recombinant antigenic regions is effective, as they lack viruses for production. Considering the fact, capsid proteins vp4, vp2, vp3, and vp1 with 3C protease of FMDV serotype Asia-1 were analyzed through reverse vaccinology approaches in this study. The sequence and structural analysis of the proteins is carried out through various bioinformatic tools and the sequence analysis has figured out the acidic nature and thermal stability of the proteins, likewise, the phylogenetic analysis helped us to trace the FMDV isolates, elucidating that selected proteins belong to the strain (Group VII), which is currently circulating in Pakistan. Next, the B-cell and MHC Class-I epitopes are identified from the antigenic proteins by immunoinformatic tools. The highly conserved, antigenic, and non-allergenic epitopes are used to design the vaccine. Accordingly, the codon adaptation and in silico cloning of the corresponding genes is performed. Thus, the bacterial expression vector could be used for efficient expression and large-scale production of the vaccine. [Display omitted] • Sindh-08 strain of serotype Asia-1, currently circulating in Pakistan. • Vp3, vp2 and vp1; the most antigenic ones among capsid proteins. • Highly antigenic and non-allergenic epitopes identified by immunoinformatic tools. • Alleles present in BoLA haplotypes taken from IPD-MHC database. • Highly conserved epitopes of vp3 and vp2 conjugated with CTB, an effective vaccine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]