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L'évolution humaine est cassée en deux : celle d'avant et celle d'après l'apparition de l'image. Dès cet évènement, l'emprise par la pensée sur le monde fut totale. Une fois enclenché, ce processus a été global et sans fin jusqu'à aujourd'hui où il est toujours actif. De l'image, ces procédés se sont transposés aux armes et aux conquêtes. L'animal est alors réduit à un matériau utile, à une illusion, à une référence, faisant contraste avec les modes de vie plusieurs centaines de fois millénaires lorsque la nature était respectée et considérée comme partenaire. En s'imposant à l'Europe, l'homme moderne a progressivement anéanti tous rapports à la nature, la sienne incluse. Human evolution is broken in two: that before and that after the appearance of the images. From this event, the influence of thought on the world was total. Once started, this process was global and endless until today where it is still active. From images, these processes were transposed to weapons and conquests. The animal is then reduced to a useful material, to an illusion, to a reference, contrasting with lifestyles several hundred thousand years old where nature was respected and considered as a partner. By imposing itself on Europe, modern man has gradually destroyed all relationships with nature, his own included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé Le matériel du Paléolithique supérieur façonné sur ivoire de mammouth comporte de nombreuses armes de chasse, principalement des armatures de sagaies et quelques grandes lances, provenant essentiellement d’Europe Orientale notamment de Pologne, de République tchèque et de Russie… Deux objets se singularisent par leur statut d’ unicum . Le premier, un fragment de propulseur en ivoire, le seul pris sur ce matériau, est orné d’une semi ronde-bosse figurant un jeune boviné, sans doute un bison, daté du Magdalénien moyen et provenant de l’Abri de la Madeleine, en Dordogne (France). Le second est un boomerang non retournant, à la poignée striée, datée du Gravettien ancien et provenant de la grotte d’Obłazowa, en Pologne. Il est morphologiquement et morphométriquement très proche de certains exemplaires australiens. The Upper Palaeolithic material made from mammoth ivory comprises many hunting weapons, mostly spear points and a few big hand spears, mainly from Eastern Europe notably Poland, the Czech Republic and Russia… Two objects stand out through their uniqueness. The first one is a fragment of a spearthrower, the only one made in ivory, decorated in semi round, in the shape of a young bovid, probably a bison. It dates to the Middle Magdalenian and comes from the La Madeleine shelter in Dordogne (France). The second one is a non-returning boomerang with a striated handle, dating to the Early Gravettian and coming from the Obłazowa cave in Poland. Its morphology and morphometry are very like some Australian examples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A mole gun is a weapon, which is used to trap and kill moles. This report provides an overview of the state of knowledge of mole gun injuries, comparable to blast injuries caused by fireworks, explosive or gunshot. Over a 2-year period, the authors reported their experience with ten hand injuries caused by mole gun. Radial side of the hand was often concerned, particularly the thumb. The authors explain their choices in the management of such lesions. Surgery was performed primarily and a large debridement currently seemed to offer the best outcome for the patient. Blast, crush, burns and lacerations may explain the higher rate of amputation to the digits. A long period of physiotherapy, specifically of the hand, was needed before the patient could return to work. This ballistic hand trauma encountered by surgeons requires knowledge and understanding of these injuries. It should be in accordance with firearms law because of severe injuries encountered and possible lethal wounds. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A novel model to measure Risk Treatment ARME (Assets Risk Value & Control Measures Effectiveness) under four clusters standards (ISO 9001, 14001, 27001, OHSAS 18001) was firstly proposed in this paper. Establishment, computation, realization flow and applications were discussed in this paper. Correctness of the model was proved; the corresponding indicator system was given. The computation and implementation flow were developed. It was proposed the superiorities of some organization undertook this model. According to the theory study and the practical implementation, the model proposed in this paper was effective for measuring risk treatment plan. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Objectives: This work consists in a study of the links between the concept of dangerousness and military environment so as to clarify predominant factors, which have an influence on the expression of a potential dangerousness in a hierarchical and well-organized setting. Methods: The concept of dangerousness refers to the uncertain eventuality of a threat, by implying potential realization of a danger, which can express himself according to multiple modalities, the common denominator of which articulates around a dimension of violence. The explicitation of the diverse notions, which are frequently associated with it in a partial semantic stepping, was a preliminary exercise necessary for the study of this complex phenomenon, by distinguishing what is of the register of the subject, its environment and the present situation. From these preliminary data, our study of the dangerousness was limited to that of a dangerousness applied to a given environment, the military environment, going from theoretical general points to a more restricted expression of the dangerousness. This transition finds its relevance in the absence of specificity a priori of the military population in comparison with the general population, where only the function here comes to particularize the subject. Peculiarities of expression of the dangerousness due to the dimension of constraints that the military environment implies, but also because of specificities organized around two essential coordinates, that liking the question of the weapons the availability of which appears to the foundation of the exercise of the function of serviceman and that bound to the question of the group within, which evolves the subject the interrelations of which modulate and sometimes condition the emergence of a potential dangerousness. Thus was described a particular dangerous collective phenomenon, the panic, whose emergence can deeply disorganize the group by representing a serious danger for its timelessness. The importance of the figure of the chief was emphasized by creating the unity of the group and giving sense to action; his lapse especially during time of war can be the source of important failures in the collective working leading to severe damages. Conclusions: Dangerousness seems to be connected with army for intrinsic reasons, as the use of weapons, which is correlative to its missions and the interrelations between a subject and a group whose disorganization can induce grave consequences. Military constraints due to its strict rules and discipline can participate to an appearance of dangerousness in particular during operational situations, whereas training and preparation enable to reduce the dangerousness, which is involved in these extreme conditions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]