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• A novel audio encryption approach is proposed that uses DNA computing and RCM chaotic map. • A new pseudorandom bit generation approach is proposed that is used for audio encryption purposes. • DNA-based parallelism translates to faster encryption and decryption processes, a crucial aspect for real-time audio applications like video conferencing. • A new-term "AUDEL" is coined in this work which is an abbreviation of the AUDio ELements. Fig. 4 illustrates the construction of the AUDEL matrix from the stereo audio data that helps in designing an efficient audio encryption framework. • A new scrambling approach is proposed that applies the RCM chaotic map and the proposed pseudorandom bit sequence generator. In this work, an audio encryption framework is proposed based on the chaos theory and DNA encoding. Traditional encryption algorithms designed for text data might not be efficient for handling the bulk data of audio files, leading to slow processing times and increased storage requirements. Striking the right balance between robust encryption and efficient processing is crucial. Additionally, some encryption methods can introduce noise or artifacts into the audio signal, impacting its clarity. Maintaining high-fidelity audio quality while ensuring strong encryption remains an ongoing area of research. Despite these challenges, the need for secure audio communication is undeniable. The RCM chaotic map is used to introduce chaotic properties in the encryption framework. A novel pseudorandom bit generator approach is proposed and used for encryption purposes. The proposed work is a symmetric encryption approach and is completely lossless. The proposed approach uses some lightweight computational procedures that make the algorithm simple and computationally less expensive which makes it suitable for real-time applications. Furthermore, the proposed approach shows significant performance and resilience against various cryptographic attacks. A new scrambling algorithm is proposed to add a layer of security. The proposed scramble algorithm uses logistic map beside the RCM map. The proposed approach achieved 98.28 % NSCR value and 33.63 % UACI values on average. The experimental outcomes are encouraging for practical applications of the proposed approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, an image encryption algorithm using Quantum Chaotic Map and DNA Coding (QCMDC-IEA) has been reported. It consists of two main components: pixel-level permutation and DNA domain substitution. To support its ability to withstand various attacks, several security analyses and experimental simulations were presented. However, after careful cryptanalysis, we found that QCMDC-IEA has inherent fatal security problems. Although formally using complex chaos and DNA encoding, the chaos-based sequences used for encryption in QCMDC-IEA are independent of a plain image such that it suffers from the defect of the existence of an equivalent key. Moreover, the lack of confusion and diffusion in DNA domain encryption makes it vulnerable to cryptographic attacks. DNA domain encryption is then essentially a 2-bit data substitution process, so it can be equivalently simplified. On this basis, we propose an attack method to crack QCMDC-IEA, which first obtains an equivalent permutation key by differential cryptanalysis, and then eliminates the DNA domain substitution based on a chosen-plaintext attack using only four special plain images and their corresponding cipher images, and finally recovers the original plain images. Our attack method takes full advantage of the security defects in QCMDC-IEA and achieves complete decipherment with low complexity, thus better revealing its intrinsic security mechanism. To improve the security performance, some security enhancement suggestions are recommended for similar cryptosystems. Both theoretical analysis and experimental simulation results show that the proposed cryptographic attack method is effective and feasible for QCMDC-IEA with low attack complexity. Therefore, the cryptanalysis work in this paper can provide some theoretical hints for improving the security of a class of image encryption algorithms based on DNA coding and chaos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, an improved color image cipher (ICIC-DNA) based on multiple deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequence operations with DNA synthetic image and chaos was proposed. ICIC-DNA features the use of multiple chaotic systems and diverse DNA operations. However, after our careful cryptanalysis, we found that ICIC-DNA has several fatal security flaws. First, despite the use of multiple chaotic systems, the corresponding encryption sequences are independent of the plaintext, such that equivalent keys exist. Second, the diverse DNA operation is essentially a 2-bit data substitution process, and thus can be equivalently simplified. Third, ICIC-DNA includes substitution and permutation of DNA domains, and based on the equivalent simplification operation, the substitution and permutation can be attacked separately. Based on these, we propose a chosen-plaintext attack method to attack ICIC-DNA. Differential analysis is firstly adopted to break the DNA-base permutation process, and then the DNA domain encryption is eliminated, and finally the equivalent key is used to achieve complete cracking. Theoretical analysis and experimental results show that the proposed attack method is effective and has low computational complexity and data complexity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, an encryption algorithm for color images using chaotic system and DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) sequence operations is proposed. Three components for the color plain image is employed to construct a matrix, then perform confusion operation on the pixels matrix generated by the spatiotemporal chaos system, i.e., CML (coupled map lattice). DNA encoding rules, and decoding rules are introduced in the permutation phase. The extended Hamming distance is proposed to generate new initial values for CML iteration combining color plain image. Permute the rows and columns of the DNA matrix and then get the color cipher image from this matrix. Theoretical analysis and experimental results prove the cryptosystem secure and practical, and it is suitable for encrypting color images of any size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, image watermarking has attracted considerable research interest, especially jointing with chaotic map and DNA sequences. In this work, we propose a novel architecture of image watermarking using chaotic map and DNA coding. Firstly, two logistic chaotic maps are used to structure a secure architecture with embedding watermarking into the LSB (least significant bit) of cover image. Analyzing numerical experimental results and comparing with previous works show that the proposed architecture possesses higher security than previous works. Then the method of DNA coding is jointed into the architecture to improve the ER (embedding rate). It not only significantly increases the ER, but also accelerates the development of DNA-based watermarking. The improved architecture is suitable for protecting the copyright of cover image in DNA-based information security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we propose a new variable coded hierarchical fuzzy model (VCHFM) for handling classification problems. The proposed hierarchical framework classification model synergistically integrates the standard fuzzy inference system and DNA coding with supervised learning. The VCHFM automatically generates fuzzy rules from numerical data and membership functions using both the feature extraction unit and the inference unit. Furthermore, three modified algorithms are employed by the proposed VCHFM. The implementation of this model comprises four stages. First, a genetic algorithm procedure is used to determine the distribution of fuzzy sets for each feature variable in the feature extraction unit. Second, the membership functions are adjusted by DNA computing. Third, chaotic particle swarm optimization is used to regulate the weighting grade of the principal output node in the inference unit. Finally, a multi-objective optimum fitness function is used to ensure the best classification rate with the minimum number and length of rules. We validated the proposed VCHFM by classifying five benchmark datasets: the UCI Pima Indians Diabetes, Glass, Wisconsin Breast Cancer, Wine, and Iris datasets. The computer simulation results demonstrate that the proposed VCHFM can obtain a sufficiently high classification rate, unlike other models proposed in previous studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a new encryption scheme for color images based on Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequence operations and multiple improved one-dimensional (1D) chaotic systems with excellent performance. Firstly, the key streams are generated from three improved 1D chaotic systems by using the secret keys and the plain-image. Transform randomly the key streams and the plain-image into the DNA matrices by the DNA encoding rules, respectively. Secondly, perform the DNA complementary and XOR operations on the DNA matrices to get the scrambled DNA matrices. Thirdly, decompose equally the scrambled DNA matrices into blocks and shuffle these blocks randomly. Finally, implement the DNA XOR and addition operations on the DNA matrices obtained from the previous step and the key streams, and then convert the encrypted DNA matrices into the cipher-image by the DNA decoding rules. Experimental results and security analysis show that the proposed encryption scheme has a good encryption effect and high security. Moreover, it has a strong robustness for the common image processing operations and geometric attack. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Image security becomes increasingly critical as the multimedia technology and Internet of things evolve rapidly. To ensure image security and improve the efficiency of image encryption, a novel image encryption algorithm is proposed in this paper. Firstly, a novel one-dimensional hybrid chaotic map is proposed and employed to obtain the chaotic sequences to be used in the permutation and diffusion processes. Secondly, an improved Zigzag transformation is employed to permute the plain image. Thirdly, the dynamic quaternary DNA coding and operations are used to diffuse the permuted image. In the diffusion process, the DNA encoded image is permuted using the index sequence to further enhance the permutation effect. Finally, a look-up table method is proposed to quickly obtain the DNA operation results. The experimental results and the security analyses illustrate that the proposed algorithm has an excellent performance in terms of encryption effect, key space, key sensitivity, statistical performance, differential attack, encryption quality, robustness, execution time and computational complexity. Therefore, the proposed algorithm can be applied to some fields with high confidentiality requirements, such as military, commercial and medical fields. • A novel 1D hybrid chaotic map is designed, and its chaos characteristics are proved to be excellent. • An improved Zigzag transformation is proposed to overcome the disadvantages of the standard Zigzag transformation. • A novel look-up table method based on quaternary DNA coding is proposed to shorten the time for DNA operations. • A novel image encryption algorithm is proposed, which has high security and efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We propose an ITDCCML, which has better kinetic properties than CCML and TDCCML. • The positions and values of pixels are altered through DNA strand exchange. • According to Watson-Crick base pairing property, DNA strand diffusion is implemented as conditional diffusion, which can enhance the security of encryption algorithm effectively. This article proposes an improved tent-dynamic cross coupled map lattice, which has superior ergodicity, broader chaotic range and higher information entropies than cross coupled map lattice and tent-dynamic cross coupled map lattice, and has high suitability for chaos-based image encryption algorithm. Traditional encryption scheme has two significant stages, including image confusion and diffusion. Our encryption algorithm utilizes DNA coding and sequences to construct short DNA strand and long DNA strand, where short DNA strand is used for DNA strand exchange, and long DNA strand is used for DNA strand diffusion. Compared to general image confusion, DNA strand exchange permutates parts of two diverse DNA strands, where the length of exchange is uncertain. Compared to image diffusion, DNA strand diffusion is divided into two categories according to Watson-Crick base pairing property, and different category applies diverse DNA computation operation. Through security analysis and statistical analysis, our encryption scheme can resist different attacks. Experimental results confirm that the proposed algorithm has a high degree of security and the excellent efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a color image encoding algorithm is developed using cosine stockwell transformation and DNA coding in wavelet domain. Firstly, a color image is decomposed into its primary color components and then each component is wavelet transformed, which results four subbands for each component. The approximation subband of wavelet transformation is normalized and DNA coding is used followed by the proposed double phase encoding while the detail wavelet subbands are cosine stockwell transformed to get intermediate sub-images. The modified approximation and detail subbands are arranged by their indexing and pseudo random permutation is used to generate an encrypted image. At the receiver end, on having the exact knowledge of all the keys in correct order the original image can be recovered from the encrypted image. The bands of DCST, Tent Sine map is used to generate the random phase mask and key for pseudo random permutation is used as encryption and decryption keys. Numerical analysis and robustness of proposed work is evaluated on encrypted image to show the superiority of proposed work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we propose a novel image encryption scheme based on DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) sequence operations and chaotic system. Firstly, we perform bitwise exclusive OR operation on the pixels of the plain image using the pseudorandom sequences produced by the spatiotemporal chaos system, i.e., CML (coupled map lattice). Secondly, a DNA matrix is obtained by encoding the confused image using a kind of DNA encoding rule. Then we generate the new initial conditions of the CML according to this DNA matrix and the previous initial conditions, which can make the encryption result closely depend on every pixel of the plain image. Thirdly, the rows and columns of the DNA matrix are permuted. Then, the permuted DNA matrix is confused once again. At last, after decoding the confused DNA matrix using a kind of DNA decoding rule, we obtain the ciphered image. Experimental results and theoretical analysis show that the scheme is able to resist various attacks, so it has extraordinarily high security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conventional way of identifying possible motif sequences in a DNA strand is to use representative scalar weight matrix for searching good match substring alignments. However, this approach, solely based on match alignment information, is susceptible to a high number of ambiguous sites or false positives if the motif sequences are not well conserved. A significant amount of time is then required to verify these sites for the suggested motifs. Hence in this paper, the use of mismatch alignment information in addition to match alignment information for DNA motif searching is proposed. The objective is to reduce the number of ambiguous false positives encountered in the DNA motif searching, thereby making the process more efficient for biologists to use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper proposes a novel confusion and diffusion method for image encryption. One innovation is to confuse the pixels by transforming the nucleotide into its base pair for random times, the other is to generate the new keys according to the plain image and the common keys, which can make the initial conditions of the chaotic maps change automatically in every encryption process. For any size of the original grayscale image, after being permuted the rows and columns respectively by the arrays generated by piecewise linear chaotic map (PWLCM), each pixel of the original image is encoded into four nucleotides by the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) coding, then each nucleotide is transformed into its base pair for random time(s) using the complementary rule, the times is generated by Chebyshev maps. Experiment results and security analysis show that the scheme can not only achieve good encryption result, but also the key space is large enough to resist against common attacks. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• It uses a simple mechanism and an unpredictable sequence to encrypt the image. • Four keys make it sensitive to changes in the original image. • The natural gene data bank is used to store the one-time pad. • It encrypts quickly enough to make it suitable for real-time applications. Image encryption is an important necessity when sharing data over public networks, and many image encryption algorithms have been proposed for the task. However, most of these algorithms are complex and slow. We propose a real-time one-time pad DNA-chaos image encryption algorithm using multiple keys. The proposed encryption algorithm uses a greatly simplified mechanism and a large, unpredictable sequence to encrypt the image. Our algorithm has three main advantages. First, its reliance on the original image for four of the keys makes it sensitive to changes in the original image. Small changes in the image produce large changes in the keys, making the algorithm resistant to differential attacks. Second, we integrate the natural DNA sequence into the process of generating the key, and the algorithm uses the massive DNA sequences stored in the DNA gene bank to solve the problem that it is difficult to store one-time pad. The keys have the property of one-time pad, and the key space is considerablely large. Finally, our algorithm encrypts quickly enough to make it suitable for real-time applications. On the premise of ensuring that the results of this paper are not worse than those of the comparison literature in other performance indicators, in terms of encryption time, even if we use a computing environment that is worse than all the comparison literature computer configurations, the algorithm of this paper can still save at least 14%–86%. As the picture size becomes larger, the advantages of the algorithm in this paper are more obvious. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• In scrambling operation, the size of pixel block is determined by the key. • Different pixels adopt different encoding, decoding and operation rules. • The correlation between different channels of color image is eliminated. • Keep a whole image as secret key to enlarge the kay space. A chaotic image encryption scheme combining block scrambling and DNA coding is proposed. The chaotic sequences generated by Chen hyperchaotic system are used for inter-block index scrambling and intra-block Fisher-Yates scrambling. Then the index sequence is used to further scramble the image to further enhance the encryption effect. The pixel value of the image is initially changed by chaotic sequence, and diffused by different DNA coding rules and different operation rules corresponding to chaotic sequence. After decoding the DNA matrix, the final encrypted image is obtained. The initial values and parameters of the chaotic system are generated by SHA-512 hash function and plaintext image. The experimental results and various security analysis show that the algorithm has good encryption effect and can resist common attacks such as chosen-plaintext attacks, clipping attacks and noise attacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Living in the age of data explosion, the research of solutions for efficient long term storage of the infrequently used "cold" data is becoming of great interest. However, even if existing storage systems suggest efficiency in capacity, they are lacking in durability. Hard disks, flash, tape or even optical storage have limited lifespan in the range of 5 to 20 years. Interestingly, recent studies have proven that due to its biological properties, the DNA is a strong candidate for the storage of digital information allowing also data longevity. The DNA's biological properties allows the storage of a great amount of information into an extraordinary small volume while also promising efficient storage for centuries or even longer with no loss of information. However, the biological procedures of DNA synthesis and sequencing are expensive while also introducing important restrictions in the encoding process. More precisely the encoding of digital data onto DNA is not obvious, because when decoding, we have to face the problem of sequencing noise robustness. This work proposes a coding solution for the storage of digital images onto synthetic DNA. We developed a new encoding algorithm which generates a DNA code robust to biological errors coming from the synthesis and the sequencing processes. Furthermore, we compare this new algorithm to the state of the art encoding techniques analyzing the advantages of using the proposed method. • DNA data storage is a novel solution for archiving digital data. • DNA as a storage unit allows high capacity and longevity of the stored data. • The encoding is constrained due to biological restrictions. • Image coding can allow controlling the high DNA synthesis cost. • Robust encoding is fundamental for reducing the DNA sequencing noise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An image encryption scheme based on a four-wing hyperchaotic system combined with compressed sensing and DNA coding is proposed. The scheme uses compressed sensing (CS) to reduce the image according to a certain scale in the encryption process. The measurement matrix is constructed by combining the Kronecker product (KP) and chaotic system. KP is used to extend the low-dimensional seed matrix to the high-dimensional measurement matrix. The dimensional seed matrix is generated by a four-wing chaotic system. At the same time, the chaotic sequence generated by the chaotic system dynamically controls the DNA coding and then performs the XOR operation. Simulation experiments and performance analysis show that the algorithm has good performance and security. • An image encryption based on compressed sensing and DNA is proposed. • Kronecker Product is used to construct the measurement matrix. • Simulation analysis show that the proposed algorithm has good performance and security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Recently, an image fusion encryption algorithm [Optik 124 (18) (2013) 3596–3600] was proposed based on DNA sequence operation and hyper-chaotic system. The security of this algorithm depends mainly on both five keys as the initial conditions of hyper-chaotic system and a key image. In this paper, we cryptanalyze the algorithm and find that two chaotic keystream determined by the five keys keep unchanged for different image encryption processes. The two chaotic keystream can be revealed and the computational complexity is approximately O(mn), where m and n represent the height and width, respectively. In addition, the key image needs to be changed for each encryption. Finally, experimental results also verify our idea. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The DNA-coded metal nano-fluorophores (MNFs) display great potential for biosensing and bioimaging, and have attracted intensive attention from researchers. In this review, based on our previous works in this field, we focus on comprehensively summarizing the coding-based preparation, property regulations and applications of DNA-coded MNFs. Current challenges, research emphases and prospects of this field are also discussed. We believe this review will promote the development of this fertile research area in biochemical analysis and bioimaging. • The species and fluorescence properties of DNA-metal nano-fluorophores (MNFs) can be controlled by DNA sequences. • Owing to the superiority of DNA, the design and functionalization of MNFs-based probes are extremely flexible. • DNA-coded MNFs can be simply prepared and are favorable for applications in biosensing and bioimaging. • DNA-coded MNFs and their applications are systematically reviewed to promote the development of related fields. Fluorescent metal nanoclusters (MNCs), composed of a few to hundreds of noble metal atoms, are a type of sub-nanometer scale transitional material between atoms and nanoparticles. The special structure and size endow MNCs with a series of excellent fluorescence properties, such as strong fluorescence, high quantum yield, good anti-photobleaching, and mega-Stokes shift. In addition, MNCs show advantageous properties with respect to good biocompatibility and water solubility. These properties have made MNCs new metal nano-fluorophores (MNFs) that are widely used in biochemical analysis and bioimaging. Among the various scaffolds for the stabilization of MNCs, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is an interesting ligand due to its unique structure and programmable sequences. The properties of DNA-templated MNCs, such as the excitation/emission wavelength, fluorescence intensity, and the sizes of the MNCs, can be controlled by DNA templates with different sequences, lengths or configurations. We call DNA-templated MNCs "DNA-coded MNFs" here. In this review, based on our previous studies on DNA-templated MNCs, we focus on systematically summarizing the preparations, property regulations and applications of DNA-coded MNFs in biosensing and bioimaging. Finally, the current challenges, research emphases and prospects of DNA-coded MNFs are also discussed. We believe that this review will promote the development of this fertile research area in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]