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• CA is the most abundant bioactive compound found in Vaccinium dunalianum Wight. • A COX-2/1 zebrafish model was set up to illustrate CA's anti-inflammatory effects. • CA's anti-inflammatory mechanism was analyzed with systematic network pharmacology. 6′- O -Caffeoylarbutin (CA) is the most abundant compound found within Vaccinium dunalianum Wight, which is used as a traditional Chinese herbal tea for its effects in lowering uric acid and anti-rheumatoid arthritis. No reports to date, however, have explored the pharmacological impact of CA on inflammatory activity. In this study, the anti-inflammatory targets and molecular mechanisms of CA were evaluated through zebrafish inflammation model, network pharmacology and molecular docking. The results showed that CA was able to inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX-2/1) at a dose-dependent fashion in 12- O -tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-treated zebrafish. Network pharmacology analyses was employed to derive 156 putative CA-related anti-inflammatory targets, which were subjected to functional enrichment analyses to obtain 511 associated Gene Ontology (GO) terms and 180 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways. Moreover, 9 core targets (HRAS, SRC, MMP9, HSP90AA, CASP, ANXA5, EGFR, ESR1, and AKT1) associated with the anti-inflammatory effect of CA were further selected and identified based on network topology analyses and molecular docking. Overall, the results of this study suggest that CA exerts its anti-inflammatory effects through a complex mechanism of action, and these findings offer a robust foundation for future in-depth analyses exploring the pharmacological pathways through which CA can prevent rheumatoid arthritis-associated damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Ilex kudingcha methanol extract ethanol supernatent (ESIKME) was analyzed for its phenolic compounds using high-performance liquid chromatography. Murine squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)-7 was treated in vitro and in vivo. ESIKME was found abundant in 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid and 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid and modulated the immune response toward Th1-polarized immune balance through changing the splenocytes' Th1/Th2 cytokine secretion profile in vitro. ESIKME had a significant effect against SCC7 cells in vitro. ESIKME administration by daily gavage for 26 days did not cause any apparent toxicity to SCC7-bearing mice. There were relatively lower tumor weights in the medium dose group (KM, 100 mg/kg b.w./day). KM administration slightly restored the B-cell and T-cell immunity through increasing serum non-specific antibody levels and the splenocytes' proliferative ability in the experimental mice. KM administration tended to increase Th1-polarized immune balance through increasing (IL-2+TNF-⍺)/IL-10 (Th1/Th2) secretion ratios using splenocytes isolated from the experimental mice. Th1/Th2 cytokine secretion ratios by splenocytes were negatively correlated with tumor weights, revealing that ESIKME inhibits SCC7 through restoring adaptive immunity and Th1-polarized immune balance. Our results are the first to prove that ESIKME, which is a phenolic-rich fraction, inhibits SCC7 through partly restoring adaptive immunity and Th1-polarized immune balance in the tumor-bearing mice. [Display omitted] • Ilex kudingcha (IK) is widely used as a traditional herbal tea. • Ethanol supernatant of IK methanol extract (ESIKME) was used to treat SCC7 cells. • ESIKME inhibited the growth of SCC7 cells via immunotherapy in vitro and in vivo. • ESIKME restored adaptive immunity and Th1-polarized immune balance in vivo. • ESIKME had potent potential against squamous cell carcinoma in vitro and in vivo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Summer rejuvenation using 6–9 month of regrowth ensure high honeybush rooting success. • Rooting of cuttings in the vegetative stage are higher than from the flowering stage. • Post-pruning rainfall boosts rooting and increases cutting dry weight and rooting. Honeybush (Cyclopia spp.), a legume endemic to the Fynbos biome of South Africa, has gained popularity as a herbal tea, particularly for its unique honey-like flavour, low tannin content and high antioxidant status. However, extensive wild-harvesting practices are a concern as this continued practice is placing pressure on natural stands. To ensure a sustainable supply of high-quality tea, a switch to clonal cultivation is required. In this study, the rooting potential of cuttings from four clonal types of Cyclopia genistoides was evaluated, following rejuvenation of stock plants over various regrowth periods, with cutting material collected over different seasons and phenological phases. The highest rooting success of >90 % was achieved following either six- or nine months of regrowth in winter and spring. Cutting dry weight positively correlated with rooting percentages in summer and autumn rooted cuttings. Extended periods of regrowth highlighted clonal differences in rooting success whilst no clonal differences occurred in shorter regrowth periods of less than a year. Cuttings (clones 'GK3' and 'GK5') made following regrowth of more than 12 months differed significantly, with 'GK3' rooting percentages that were lower in comparison to 'GK5' cutting material, when harvested in winter (30 %; 82 %) and the following autumn (37 %; 100 %), but were comparable when harvested in the preceding summer, autumn and spring. Stock plant phenology of C. genistoides at harvesting influenced rooting as low rooting percentages consistently coincided when the harvesting of cutting material coincided with the flowering period. The use of terminal cuttings collected from the current season's growth during a vegetative phase, following a six- or nine-month regrowth period, is recommended for C. genistoides stock plants to achieve acceptable to high rooting success in cutting material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Milk tea has experienced tremendous growth in popularity in China, especially among youths. The primary objective of this study is to investigate whether milk tea addiction may have a detrimental impact on youths' mental health, such as anxiety, depression, and suicidal ideation. Additionally, we aim to explore its potential role in influencing various mental health outcomes. A large-scale, cross-sectional study was conducted from 5281 college students in Beijing, China. Participants self-reported depressive, anxiety symptoms, suicidal ideation, and milk tea addiction symptoms including milk tea consumption, dependence, guilty feelings, withdrawal, tolerance, unable to stop, craving, and intention to stop. Nearly 77 % of participants consumed milk tea at least 6–11 cups in the last year. The confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) supported the one-factor structure of the milk tea addiction scale, developed according to DSM-5 substance use guidelines. Moreover, we found that a higher level of milk tea addiction was significantly associated with a higher risk of depression (b = 0.24, p < 0.001), anxiety (b = 0.21, p < 0.001), and suicidal ideation (b = 0.06, p < 0.001), respectively, after controlling confounding variables, among youths consuming milk tea. The possible mediating role of milk tea addiction between loneliness feelings and mental health outcomes was further addressed. Our findings highlighted that milk tea consumption might lead to addiction, and it is associated with depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation. Current findings can assist policymakers in developing regulations such as restricting advertising, providing psycho-education, establishing food hygiene standards for such a prosperous youth-dominant consumption industry while protecting their mental health. • This study provides novel insights into milk tea addiction among youths and introduces a milk tea addiction scale. • Milk tea addiction, used as a compensatory strategy for loneliness, links to depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation. • Policymakers should tackle youth milk tea addiction through public health strategies and regulatory measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Honeybush tea is made from the fynbos plant Cyclopia subternata , which is unique to South Africa. Cultivation takes place in its natural environment, which has a Mediterranean climate with dry summers and wet winters. During the summer, the plant is vulnerable to drought, an abiotic stress factor that is likely to affect its development and yield. This study investigated the effect of drought stress for a short duration on the leaf, as well as the quality of the herbal tea. Protein expression in the leaf was measured to gain insight into possible mechanisms used by the plant to cope with drought stress conditions. Fifteen-month-old C. subternata plants were subjected to three water treatments (control, moderately-stressed (MS), and severely-stressed (SS)) for ten days. Leaves were sampled at regular intervals throughout the treatment period to determine their relative water content (RWC). Leaves were also sampled on the 11th day for untargeted and targeted chemical composition and protein expression analyses. The remaining leaves and stems were processed to obtain the herbal tea. Descriptive sensory analysis of the herbal tea was performed to determine whether drought stress affected product quality. RWC was substantially higher (p < 0.05) in the control plants (100%) than in the MS and SS treated plants (83–90% and 47%, respectively). Untargeted analysis revealed that drought stress considerably altered leaf chemical composition. According to targeted analysis, the proline content of SS treated plants increased more than 40-fold when compared to the control, however, the treatments had no effect on the total carbohydrate and major phenolic compound content of the leaves, nor on the sensory quality of the herbal tea. Differences in the expression of 27 proteins, 24 of which were identified using proteomic analysis, were observed. During drought stress, 17 of these proteins increased, whereas seven decreased. Thirteen of the 24 identified proteins produced statistically significant results based on their Byonic scores. The findings laid the foundation for future research into the functions of drought response genes in Cyclopia species, as well as helping with the identification of stress-tolerant honeybush genotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The novel Ginkgo biloba extract (nGBE) improved long-term neurofunction after cerebral ischemia. • nGBE reduced microglia-related inflammation. • nGBE promoted white matter integrity. Ginkgo biloba L. leaf extract (GBE) has been added in many commercial herbal formulations such as EGb 761 and Shuxuening Injection to treat cardiovascular diseases and stroke worldwide. However, the comprehensive effects of GBE on cerebral ischemia remained unclear. Using a novel GBE (nGBE), which consists of all the compounds of traditional (t)GBE and one new compound, pinitol, we investigated its effect on inflammation, white matter integrity, and long-term neurological function in an experimental stroke model. Both transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and distal MCAO were conducted in male C57/BL6 mice. We found that nGBE significantly reduced infarct volume at 1, 3, and 14 days after ischemia. Sensorimotor and cognitive functions were superior in nGBE treated mice after MCAO. nGBE inhibited the release of IL-1β in the brain, promoted microglial ramification, and regulated the microglial M1 to M2 phenotype shift at 7 days post injury. In vitro analyses showed that nGBE treatment reduced the production of IL-1β and TNFα in primary microglia. Administration of nGBE also decreased the SMI-32/MBP ratio and enhanced myelin integrity, thus exhibiting improved white matter integrity at 28 days post stroke. These findings demonstrate that nGBE protects against cerebral ischemia by inhibiting microglia-related inflammation and promoting white matter repair, suggesting that nGBE is a promising therapeutic strategy for long-term recovery after stroke. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Presence of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are of global concern in herbal teas. • First study to show direct transfer of PAs from weed residues via soil to rooibos plants. • Rooibos plants mainly accumulated the PA senecivirnine-N-oxide in field and pot trial. • Weeds with highest PAs in Niewoudtville rooibos fields were Spergula arvensis and Senecio species. • Rooibos plants in fields contained on average 20 ug kg−1 total PAs. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) contamination of rooibos tea products has prompted global concern amongst distributors. Lateral transfer of PAs from weeds as a result of co-harvesting has been previously demonstrated. However, it is not currently clear whether there can be a direct transfer of PAs from decomposing weed material to rooibos tea via the soil. Furthermore, a large number of weed species occur in rooibos tea plantations in the Nieuwoudtville region, Northern Cape Province, South Africa and it is not fully known which species produce PAs. Therefore, the objectives of this study were, firstly, to quantify and identify PAs in rooibos tea and dominant weed species occurring in rooibos plantations in the Nieuwoudtville region using ultra performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, and secondly, to determine whether PAs from weed materials can be transferred to rooibos plants via the soil in a pot trial. amongst the 19 weed species identified in the plantations in spring, Spergula arvensis, Senecio abruptus, Senecio arenarius and Senecio burchellii were found to contain substantial contents of PAs (> 1000 µg kg−1). Rooibos tea at the sites was found to contain average total PA concentrations of 20 µg kg−1, dominated by senecivirnine-N-oxide (76%). In the pot trial, only rooibos plants where S. burchellii material was applied contained measurable PA levels in the form of senecivirnine-N-oxide (4.25 μg kg−1, SE 2.53 μg kg−1). However, the dominant PAs occurring in S. burchellii material applied in the pot trial were senecivirnine (30.1%), senecionine-N-oxide (25.4%), and retrorsine-N-oxide (23.5%). This indicates that senecivirnine-N-oxide was the most absorbable PA taken up the rooibos plants or was the one of the primary metabolic products from adsorbed PAs in rooibos. These findings also help to explain why rooibos plants at the field sites contained predominantly senecivirnine-N-oxide. This is the first study to demonstrate the direct transfer of PAs from PA-containing weed residues to rooibos tea by the soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sepsis-induced liver injury (SILI) is an important cause of septicemia deaths. BaWeiBaiDuSan (BWBDS) was extracted from a formula of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer , Lilium brownie F. E. Brown ex Miellez var. viridulum Baker , Polygonatum sibiricum Delar. ex Redoute , Lonicera japonica Thunb., Hippophae rhamnoides Linn., Amygdalus Communis Vas, Platycodon grandiflorus (Jacq.) A. DC., and Cortex Phelloderdri. Herein, we investigated whether the BWBDS treatment could reverse SILI by the mechanism of modulating gut microbiota. BWBDS protected mice against SILI, which was associated with promoting macrophage anti-inflammatory activity and enhancing intestinal integrity. BWBDS selectively promoted the growth of Lactobacillus johnsonii (L. johnsonii) in cecal ligation and puncture treated mice. Fecal microbiota transplantation treatment indicated that gut bacteria correlated with sepsis and was required for BWBDS anti-sepsis effects. Notably, L. johnsonii significantly reduced SILI by promoting macrophage anti-inflammatory activity, increasing interleukin-10+ M2 macrophage production and enhancing intestinal integrity. Furthermore, heat inactivation L. johnsonii (HI- L. johnsonii) treatment promoted macrophage anti-inflammatory activity and alleviated SILI. Our findings revealed BWBDS and gut microbiota L. johnsonii as novel prebiotic and probiotic that may be used to treat SILI. The potential underlying mechanism was at least in part, via L. johnsonii -dependent immune regulation and interleukin-10+ M2 macrophage production. Herbal formula BaWeiBaiDuSan alleviates polymicrobial sepsis-induced liver injury via increasing the gut microbiota Lactobacillus johnsonii and regulating macrophage anti-inflammatory activity in mice. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The consumption of rose tea has gained popularity due to its unique flavor and health benefits. In particular, previous data exemplified the protective role of N1, N5, N10-(E)-tri-p-coumaroylspermidine (ETCS; a phenolamide) against alcohol-induced hepatic injuries. This study evaluated the customer acceptance and physicochemical properties of eight rose tea varieties that available in the market. In general, Qianye rose (Rosa centifolia) exhibits better flavor and taste, while Hetian rose (Rosa damascena Mill.) has the highest ETCS level. Moreover, a negative correlation between ETCS content and both vitamin C and anthocyanins content in rose is observed. Additionally, the optimal brewing conditions for rose tea is 95 °C mineral water for 5 min in a thermos bottle, based on ETCS level in the infusion. And rose tea can be brewed for at least three times. Collectively, our findings provide valuable insights for rose tea drinkers and individuals interested in the dietary hepatic-protective benefits. • Pioneering detection of phenolamide content and its leaching behavior in rose tea. • Rosa damascena Mill. has higher ETCS content compared to other rose varieties. • ETCS content is negatively correlated with vitamin C and anthocyanin contents. • The recommended brewing conditions for rose tea are 95 °C mineral water for 5 mins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flavonoids and hydroxycinnamic acids are the main responsible of the antioxidant activity of chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.). Traditional methods for the analysis of the phenolic content in vegetables often suffer from limitations such as being expensive, time-consuming, and complex. In this study, we propose, for the first time, the use of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) for the rapid determination of the main components of the polyphenolic fraction in chamomile. Results demonstrate that SERS can serve as an alternative or complementary technique to main analytical strategies for qualitative and quantitative determination of polyphenol compounds in plant extracts. The method can be proposed for quasi real-time analysis of herbal teas and infusions, facilitating rapid screening of their main antioxidant components. • Flavonoids and hydroxycinnamic acids are the main antioxidants in chamomile. • SERS as fast, informative, sensitive and low-cost technique for tea analysis. • SERS-based least-squares model can predict the composition of chamomile tea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flos Sophorae, a traditional Chinese medicinal herb and health tea, consists of the dried flowers and buds of the Sophora japonica L. (Leguminosae). This study assesses the in vitro anticancer efficacy of Flos Sophorae flower extract (FSFE) against the human hepatocarcinoma cell line HepG2, juxtaposed with its effects on normal human liver L02 cells. Cell viability was assessed using the 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay to evaluate the effects of fruit skin flavonoid extract (FSFE) on cellular proliferation. The results indicated that FSFE significantly inhibited the proliferation of HepG2 liver cancer cells, with an inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 117.98 μg/mL, while having minimal effects on normal liver L02 cells. HPLC analysis identified rutin and quercetin as components of FSFE, both recognized for their antioxidant properties. The flavonoids in Flos Sophorae exhibit potent inhibitory effects on liver cancer cells, indicating potential as a natural anticancer agent. The findings support the continued development and research into the therapeutic applications of these compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Luobuma tea is made from the leaves of Apocynum hendersonii (Bt) and A. venetum (Ht) and has been used for a very long time in China and Japan as herbal tea. This study isolated water-soluble polysaccharides from the two species' teas. Physicochemical properties, structural properties, in vitro and in vivo antioxidant and immunomodulatory activities were determined for the first time. The results showed that the Bt and Ht polysaccharides with molecular weights of 31.21 and 49.11 kDa, respectively, composed of arabinose, galactose, rhamnose, glucose, xylose, fucose, and mannose. A dose-dependent nitric oxide production and interleukin-6 inhibitory effects were obtained. Also, they suppressed the expression of cyclooxygenase-2, tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 mRNA in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages. Likewise, Bt and Ht have significantly reduced edema in the paws of mice after carrageenan injection. These results suggested that the Luobuma teas polysaccharides can be explored as potential antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents. • A soluble polysaccharides (Bt and Ht) were extracted from Luobuma (Apocynum L.) tea. • Physico-chemical and structural properties of the Bt and Ht were investigated. • Bt and Ht have inhibited the production of interleukin-6 inflammatory mediator in macrophages. • Bt and Ht have significantly reduced edema in the paws of mice after carrageenan injection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Admission hyperglycaemia in acute coronary syndromes (ACS) is a strong independent predictor of adverse clinical outcomes post-ACS. We examined the safety, efficacy, and feasibility of a modified, weight-adjusted variable rate intravenous insulin infusion (VRIII) and evaluated current practice of prescribing novel cardio-protective glucose-lowering therapies in patients presenting with acute hyperglycaemia across the ACS spectrum. REGULATE-ACS was an observational single-centre study of consecutive patients admitted with acute hyperglycaemia post-ACS between 2020 and 2021. Following updated local guidance on a modified VRIII, we evaluated its safety and efficacy in glycaemic control, cardio-metabolic complications including hypoglycaemia (blood glucose <3 mmol/L) and 30-day mortality. We also determined the prescription of glucose-lowering therapies pre-discharge. Out of 107 patients, mean age was 64.9 ± 12.2 years, 82% had known diabetes, and 15% newly diagnosed diabetes. 86.9% (n = 93) had an admission glucose ≥11 mmol/L. In patients treated with VRIII (n = 63/93, 67.7%), glucose improved from 17.5 to 9.0 mmol/L (IQR 7.1–12.1), which was 3 mmol/L lower (p = 0.03) than in patients not treated with VRIII (n = 30/93, 32.3%) where median glucose reduced from 12.6 to 12 mmol/L (IQR 8.6–13.9). No significant hypoglycaemia, arrhythmia or worsening pulmonary oedema associated with VRIII was found. Novel glucose-lowering therapies were initiated in 20/71 (28.2%) and 3/15 (20.0%) of patients with prior and newly diagnosed diabetes, respectively. This real-world analysis provides further support of efficacy, safety, and feasibility of a modified, weight-adjusted VRIII in managing acute hyperglycaemia in ACS. Despite established cardio-protective benefits of novel glucose-lowering therapies, <1/3 of eligible patients received such agents pre-discharge, demanding further research and awareness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• C. pubescens was shown to be suitable for production of honeybush herbal tea. • Its sensory profile is similar to that of commercially-cultivated C. subternata. • Other quality parameters were similar to that of C. subternata and C. genistoides. • High-temperature oxidation reduces the xanthone content more than 70%. Cyclopia pubescens is an unutilised species that could potentially be used for production of honeybush tea, if general quality criteria for the herbal tea product could be met. This species is at risk of extinction in the wild, but if suitable for production of honeybush herbal tea, its cultivation could be stimulated. Cyclopia pubescens shoots were used to produce conventional (oxidised) honeybush tea and its quality parameters for the infusion were compared with those of the commercially-cultivated Cyclopia species, C. subternata and C. genistoides. Oxidised C. pubescens had a similar sensory profile to that of C. subternata, displaying 'woody', 'fynbos-floral' 'fynbos-sweet' and 'sweet spice' aromas and a slightly sweet taste. The soluble solids concentration, colour and turbidity of the infusions, prepared from the herbal teas of the three species, were similar. The high-temperature oxidation process, essential for the development of the sought-after sensory profile of honeybush tea, reduced the phenolic concentration of the C. pubescens infusions, in particular, the concentration of mangiferin and isomangiferin decreased > 70%. Despite this reduction, C. pubescens infusions would contribute ≥ 8 mg/L to the dietary intake of each of these xanthones. Cyclopia pubescens , thus, passed the first hurdle for commercial herbal tea production, but cultivation would be required as wild-harvesting of this species is not an option. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rooibos is a uniquely South African plant cultivated to produce rooibos herbal tea or extract and often incorporated into iced herbal tea, soap, skin lotion, facewash, and shampoo. Rooibos provides health benefits against multiple diseases including cardiac pathologies, skin disorders, obesity, and diabetes via its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-tumour, and anti-apoptotic properties. The pathophysiology of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) includes increased lung inflammation and oxidative stress, and tumour-like growth (i.e., the increased proliferation of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells and apoptosis of pulmonary artery endothelial cells). In this review, we discuss literature supporting rooibos as a potential novel therapeutic agent to protect against PAH. We suggest that rooibos may reduce lung inflammation and oxidative stress and limit pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cell proliferation and endothelial cell apoptosis, thereby inhibiting PAH progression. [Display omitted] • Rooibos is a unique South African plant, cultivated to produce rooibos tea or extract that is high in polyphenols. • Rooibos provides health benefits against cardiac pathologies, skin disorders, obesity, and diabetes. • The anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-tumour, and anti-apoptotic actions of rooibos makes it a candidate therapeutic agent against pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). • Rooibos may reduce lung inflammation, oxidative stress, limit pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cell proliferation and endothelial cell apoptosis, thereby inhibiting PAH progression. • Evidence discussed in this paper supports the role of rooibos as a possible novel therapeutic agent in the context of PAH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is still a lack of studies evaluating the effect of different methods in processing of herbal tea from Oenanthe javanica. The present study aims to optimize the processing methods for the optimal recovery of antioxidant in the herbal tea. The aerial part of this plant was processed according to the standard manufacturing procedure to produce unfermented, partially-fermented and fully-fermented teas. The highest Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Potential (FRAP) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activities were indicated by the infusion of unfermented tea with EC 50 values of 94.99 ± 0.32 μg/mL and 244.28 ± 11.72 μg/mL, respectively. The aerial part was subjected to steaming for seven different time durations and two rolling conditions. The maximum extraction recovery of total antioxidant (on the basis of FRAP analysis) was achieved from the machine rolled sample that was steamed for 60 min. The FRAP activity (EC 50 67.00 ± 0.16 μg/mL) was correlated with the highest total phenolic content (TPC) (10.98 ± 0.41 μg GAE/mg tea), total flavonoid content (TFC) (8.12 ± 0.20 μg QE/mg tea) and persicarin content (96.59 ± 5.32 μg persicarin/mg tea) with r values ranging from -0.627 to -0.817 (p < 0.05). Thus, the findings have highlighted the optimization of steaming and rolling conditions are important procedures to produce herbal tea with high antioxidant ingredients. [Display omitted] • Non-fermented herbal tea of Oenanthe javanica shows the highest antioxidant effects. • The FRAP activity is correlated with total polyphenolic and persicarin constituents. • Steaming for 60 min with machine rolling is the best processing method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study proposed Hibiscus sabdariffa as a novel substrate for BC production with Komagataeibacter species and their consortia. K. intermedius is found as the most efficient producer (5.98 g/L BC, 3.56 × 10−2 g−1 h−1 productivity rate) following K. maltaceti (4.44 g/L BC, 2.64 × 10−2 g−1 h−1 productivity rate) and K. nataicola (3.67 g/L BC, 2.18 × 10−2 g−1 h−1 productivity rate). Whereas agitation increased BC production with K. nataicola (1.22-fold, 4.49 g/L BC), K. maltaceti (1.24-fold, 5.52 g/L BC) and K. intermedius (1.27-fold, 7.63 g/L BC), irregular shaped BC was obtained. This could be a novel result as Komagataeibacter consortia increased BC production by 1.17–2.01-fold compared to monocultures resulting as 8.11 g/L BC through the co-cultivation of K. maltaceti-K. intermedius. Maximum increase was found to be 1.75-fold (1.79-fold WHC), occurring with monoculture of K. maltaceti , while 1.94-fold (1.26-fold WHC) with K. maltaceti - K. intermedius consortium when H. sabdariffa -based media compared Hestrin-Schramm media. Based on these results, this could be a novel result as H. sabdariffa -based media may replace the use of HS media in BC production by means of a bioactive content-rich plant and obtaining 3-D ultrafine porous structure with high thermal resistant (∼460–500 °C) BC with mono and co-cultivation of Komagataeibacter species to be used in industrial area. [Display omitted] • H. sabdariffa is a novel susbtrate for BC production. • Co-cultivation of Komagataeibacter species significantly increased BC amount. • Agitation results as aggregates instead of membrane structure in BC formation [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rhododendron dauricum L. is a perennial herb belonging to the genus Rhododendron , commonly utilized in formulations for treating coughs and bronchitis, as well as in herbal teas for enhancing immunity and preventing tracheitis. In this study, fifteen previously undescribed chromene meroterpenoids (1a/1b-4a/4b, 5 – 8, 9b, 10a, 11b), along with twenty-one known compounds were isolated from the dried twigs and leaves of Rhododendron dauricum L. Of these, (−)-rhodonoid E (9b), (+)-confluentin (10a), and (−)-rubiginosin D (11b) were separated for the first time by chiral HPLC separation. The elucidation of their structures, including absolute configurations, was achieved through a combination of techniques such as NMR, HRESIMS, modified Mosher's method and quantum-chemical calculation of electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra. Seven pairs of enantiomers, compounds 1a/1b-4a/4b and 9a/9b-11a/11b , were initially obtained in a racemic manner and were further separated by chiral HPLC preparation. The biological assessment of these compounds against NO production was conducted in the LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophage cells model. Compounds 9a , 9b , and 11a displayed inhibitory rates exceeding 80%, with IC 50 values ranging from 8.69 ± 0.94 to 13.01 ± 1.11 μM. A preliminary examination of the structure-activity relationship (SAR) for these isolates indicated that chromene meroterpenoids with α , β -unsaturated ketone carbonyl and Δ12(13) double bond functionalities exhibited enhanced anti-inflammatory properties. Fifteen previously undescribed chromene meroterpenoids, along with twenty-one known compounds were isolated from the dried twigs and leaves of R hododendron dauricum L. The biological evaluation of these isolates against NO production was conducted in the LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophage cells model. [Display omitted] • Fifteen undescribed chromene meroterpenoids were isolated from R. dauricum L. • Compounds 1a/1b-4a/4b and 9a/9b-11a/11b are seven pairs of enantiomers. • The isolated compounds were assessed for anti-inflammatory activity. • Compounds 9a , 9b , and 11a were active with the IC 50 values ranging from 8.69 ± 0.94 to 13.01 ± 1.11 μM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Polyphenols in red rooibos teas decompose in under 3 days. • Untargeted metabolomics workflow for the characterization of polyphenols in red rooibos teas. • 3-fold decrease in coumaric acids, catechin derivates, and courmaroyl tartaric acids after 6 days. • Antioxidant activity of polyphenols is reduced as red rooibos teas decompose. • Red rooibos teas should be refreshed after 2 days to ensure a consistent polyphenol profile is provided during animal feeding studies. Preclinical rodent models are used to examine the relationship between tea consumption and bone health, where tea is available for rodents and typically replaced weekly. However, the extent to which the tea polyphenols change over time remains uncertain, despite its importance in preparing tea during preclinical rodent trials. Using an untargeted molecular approach, we applied a liquid chromatography quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOFMS) system to assess the molecular profile of red rooibos teas throughout a 6-day aging period. We found a significant, 3-fold decrease of polyphenols involved in bone metabolism, including m-coumaric acid, catechin derivatives and courmaroyl tartaric acid over 6 days, likely due to photochemical decomposition and autooxidation within tea extracts. Using a novel untargeted workflow for polyphenol characterization, our findings revealed the complexity of polyphenols in red rooibos teas that can inform the evidence-based decisions of how often to change teas during in vivo rodent trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Several birch leaf tea constituents (phenolic acids' and flavonoids' derivatives) are bioavailable and detected in human urine. • Birch leaf extract possesses anti-inflammatory and antiadhesive activity against uropathogens. • Several phase II metabolites derived from the birch leaf constituents and the products of the biotransformation by gut microbiota are present in urine after birch leaf tea consumption. • Pro-urinary health functional beverages can be based on birch leaf tea. Herbal teas are considered as a potential constituent of novel functional beverages consumed daily. One of the commonly used herbal teas is silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) leaf infusion, traditionally used in urinary tract diseases. In this study, the potential of birch leaf infusion as a functional beverage, emphasizing its active ingredients' bioavailability, anti-inflammatory, and antiadhesive properties concerning urinary tract health, was investigated. A complex approach was proposed, which included phytochemical screening, bioavailability, gut microbiota biotransformation, and an in vivo test for urine metabolomics assessment. The bioassays confirmed significant anti-inflammatory (interleukins IL-6 and IL-8 secretion) and anti-adhesive (Uropathogenic Escherichia coli and T24 bladder cells) activities. The high-resolution mass spectrometry metabolomics studies linked gut microbiota metabolites and the metabolites present in the urine. Several metabolites connected with phenolics' consumption were detected in the urine, e.g., glucuronides and sulfates of caffeic acid and dihydroxyphenyl-γ-valerolactones. Based on the presented results, the birch leaf should be considered useful in designing functional beverages, especially targeted to the groups at high risk of urinary diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has limited treatment options and is becoming more and more common. Since apparent evidence in the literature shows that herbs may be reno-protective, we discussed different kinds of herbal tea in relation to CKD and related disorders. This cross-sectional study was conducted in health care centres located in a region in central Iran by enroling subjects aged 18 years and older. A self-reported questionnaire was used to evaluate the frequency and type of herbal tea drinks by participants. Anthropometric characteristics were measured and blood samples were obtained using a standard procedure. The Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative (K/DOQI) guideline was the reference for diagnosis of CKD. Through multiple logistic models, the association between herbal tea drinking with CKD and related disorders was examined. Overall, 3 322 subjects were examined in this study. Three types of herbal tea were consumed by the study participants including green tea, chamomile-thyme tea, and borage tea. No statistically significant consistent associations between kidney disorders, including CKD, haematuria, albuminuria, and kidney stone and consumption of these herbal preparations were identified. Overall, this study failed to suggest any consistent association between renal function and three categories of herbal tea in adult Iranian individuals. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

GuiLingJi (GLJ), a classic traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula, is composed of over 20 herbs, according to the Pharmacopeia of the People's Republic of China. Owing to its various activities, GLJ has been used in clinical settings for more than 400 years in China. However, the ambiguous chemical material basis limits the development of studies on the quality control and pharmacological mechanisms of GLJ. Therefore, comprehensive characterization of the multiple chemical components of GLJ is of great significance for the modernization of this formula. Given the great variety of herbs in GLJ, both UHPLC-MS and 1H NMR techniques were employed in this study. In addition, solvent extraction with different polarities was used to eliminate signal interference and the concentration of trace components. A variety of MS analytic methods were also used, including implementation of a self-built compound database, diagnostic ion filtering, mass defect filtering, and Compound Discoverer 3.0 analysis software. Based on the above strategies, a total of 150 compounds were identified, including 5 amino acids, 13 phenolic acids and glycosides, 11 coumarins, 72 flavones, 20 triterpenoid and triterpenoid saponins, 23 fatty acids, and 6 other compounds. Moreover, 13 compounds were identified by 1H NMR spectroscopy. The UHPLC-MS and 1H NMR results supported and complemented each other. This strategy provides a rapid approach to analyzing and identifying the chemical composition of Chinese herbal prescriptions. The current study provides basis for further research on the quality control and pharmacological mechanism of GLJ. [Display omitted] ● The integrated approach of UHPLC - MS and 1H NMR techniques coupled with polarity partition strategy has been used for comprehensively characterizing the multiple chemical components of GLJ. ● A variety of HRMS analytic methods used included self-built compounds database, diagnostic ions filtering, mass defect filtering, and software analysis for rapid identification the chemical components of GLJ. ● The 163 compounds including flavones, phenolic acids and glycosides, triterpenoid and triterpenoid saponins, coumarin, fatty acids, amino acids, organic acids, organic bases and sugars were rapidly identified, and to clarify the chemical material basis of GLJ. ● Established an analysis strategy which could be applied to other TCM formula for comprehensive characterization and identification of chemical components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• M. citrolens leaves are good source of crude fiber, citric acid, and minerals. • M. citrolens leaves are rich in phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity. • Caffeine was not detected in M. citrolens leaves. • Biochemical composition of M. citrolens leaves was influenced by different region. Melaleuca citrolens Barlow (gulbarn) leaves (Myrtaceae family) infusion is the traditional herbal drink of Australian indigenous community from the Northern Territory (NT). The present study was conducted to determine the biochemical content and aroma of M. citrolens leaves from five different regions (R1-R5) of NT. The total phenolic and flavonoid content of M. citrolens leaves were varied from 78.02 to 126.07 mg GAE/ g dry powder and 4.55 to 9.16 mg QE/ g dry powder, respectively (P <0.05). Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography shown that gallic acid and gallyoylquinic acid were the major phenolic compounds present in all the samples. Minerals, heavy metals and organic acid content of the M. citrolens samples were influenced by the different region (P <0.05). Antioxidant activity of M. citrolens collected from region-2 was highest while the lowest value was observed from region-1 (P <0.05). Aroma evaluation of samples revealed that M. citrolens from region 2 and 5 showed higher strength whereas region 3 and 4 samples showed lower strength (P <0.05). In conclusion, the biochemical content and aroma of M. citrolens leaves were varied with the different regional habitat. M. citrolens leaves collected from region 2 and 5 suggested for the high quality of aroma as well as high phenolic content and antioxidant activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The present review summarized and categorized the new isolated compounds from Chrysanthemum species. • Bioactivity review of different crude and fractionated extracts/ essential oils and active compounds of Chrysanthemum species. • Information for the development and exploitation of medicinal potential of Chrysanthemum species in traditional medicine presented. Chrysanthemum is a dicotyledonous genus belonging to the family Asteraceae. These herbaceous annual or perennial plants originated in East Asia and are of great ornamental, medicinal, environmental and industrial values. Chrysanthemum is amongst the most valuable floricultural crops in the world, and is extremely popular for its wide range of flower color and structure. The Chrysanthemum species have long been praised in traditional Chinese medicine history, and continue to be used as valuable drugs, food additives or herbal teas. Various phytochemical compounds, including flavonoids, terpenoids, polysaccharides and unsaturated fatty acids have been identified in the genus Chrysanthemum. This genus has also displayed multiple biological features including antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, anti-allergic, anti-obesity, immune regulation, hepatoprotective and nephroprotective activities. In the present review, we aim to extensively investigate the therapeutic potential, phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of the genus Chrysanthemum with a particular focus on the introduction of the new isolated compounds through summarizing scientific evidence released in a period of ten years (2010–2020). The taxonomic characteristics, distribution, horticultural and traditional uses of this genus are also presented. Moreover, research gaps in pharmacological and phytochemical studies, as well as future opportunities for medicinal exploitation of the genus Chrysanthemum have been discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This review provides an overview of antioxidant, antidiabetic, antimicrobial and anticancer properties of green tea in comparison with herbal teas. • Green tea is a popular beverage known for its health promoting effects. • Herbal teas or tisanes possess disease preventing abilities but are underutilized. • Mate tea and balm tea illustrated better antioxidant and antidiabetic potential than green tea. • Need to conduct more studies regarding biological activities of herbal tea and green tea combinations to realize their untapped potential. Water infusion of pan-fried minimally oxidized leaves of plant Camellia sinensis is recognized as green tea. This infusion is rich in catechins, the bioactive components responsible for its health-promoting potential. Herbal teas or tisanes are the infusion or decoction of plant parts other than Camellia sinensis. Tisanes are generally known for their refreshing taste, fragrance, tranquilizing, and antioxidant effects. These infusions are also loaded with different types of phenolic compounds and exhibit multiple health benefits. The popularity and consumption of green tea is on the rise world over, but herbal teas are underutilized. There is a need to explore more about herbal teas and their biological activities especially in comparison to green tea. This review provides an update on the comparative studies carried out between green tea and herbal teas for antioxidant, antidiabetic, antimicrobial and anticancer properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Vancomycin is a common and critical drug for empiric antimicrobial therapy in the infected burn patient. However, profound physiologic changes may impede the clinical effectiveness and amplify the potential nephrotoxicity of vancomycin.Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study at a large academic medical center and regional burn center. Patients with ≥10% total body surface area burn that received intravenous vancomycin were considered for study inclusion. Patients were assigned to the intermittent infusion or continuous infusion cohort if they received vancomycin for ≥48 h with ≥1 documented vancomycin serum concentration. The target steady state drug level for continuous infusion was 17-22 mg/L. The target steady state trough drug level for intermittent infusion was 15-20 mg/L. The primary efficacy and safety outcomes were time to therapeutic drug level and nephrotoxicity respectively.Results: Thirty continuous infusion subjects with 88 plasma drug levels and thirty intermittent infusion subjects with 80 plasma drug levels were analyzed within the study period. There was a significant difference in the number of subjects that achieved a plasma vancomycin level within the target range during the course of therapy (73.3% for continuous infusion vs. 26.7% for intermittent infusion, p = 0.0003). The time to therapeutic level was 3.90 days for continuous infusion and 5.22 days for intermittent infusion (p = 0.0393). Nephrotoxicity occurred less frequently in the continuous infusion cohort (23.3% vs. 53.8%).Conclusion: Continuous infusion vancomycin was associated with more rapid attainment of target levels and a lower rate of nephrotoxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vine tea has been used as an herbal tea by several ethnic minorities for hundreds of years in China. Flavonoids, a kind of indispensable component in a variety of nutraceutical, pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications, are identified to be the major metabolites and bioactive ingredients in vine tea. Interestingly, vine tea exhibits a wide range of significant bioactivities including anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, antidiabetic, neuroprotective and other activities, but no toxicity. These bioactivities, to some extent, enrich the understanding about the role of vine tea in disease prevention and therapy. The health benefits of vine tea, particularly dihydromyricetin and myricetin, are widely investigated. However, there is currently no comprehensive review available on vine tea. Therefore, this report summarizes the most recent studies investigating bioactive constituents, pharmacological effects and possible mechanisms of vine tea, which will provide a better understanding about the health benefits and preclinical assessment of novel application of vine tea. [Display omitted] • Vine tea has been consumed as a folk herbal tea for hundreds of years. • Flavonoids were the major bioactive ingredients in vine tea. • Dihydromyricetin and myricetin are major bioactives in vine tea. • Vine tea exhibits a wide range of significant bioactivities. • Vine tea may be a potential, functional herbal tea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although traditional practitioners prescribe Malewana Madhumeha Choorna hot infusion (MMCHI) in Sri Lanka to combat diabetes, its antidiabetic properties have yet to be explored. We examined the in vitro hypoglycemic activity of MMCHI using α-amylase, α-glucosidase enzymes, and glucose uptake assays. Further, in vitro antioxidant activity was determined using DPPH (2,2 diphenyl-1-picrylhdrazyl) and H 2 O 2 free radical scavenging activities. To identify the phytochemicals present in the hot infusion, we conducted solvent-solvent fractionation (hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol) procedures and subjected them to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Both MMCHI and fractions exhibited a dose-dependent inhibition of glucose uptake and the enzymes α-amylase and α-glucosidase. The hot infusion exhibited enzyme inhibitory activities more or less similar to the standard drug acarbose. Enzyme inhibition was especially pronounced with α-amylase. Glucose uptake by MMCHI was more potent than that of the standard drug, especially at the 125 µg/mL dose. Strong antioxidant scavenging activity, comparable to that of the standard drug, was observed in the MMCHI, further indicating its antidiabetic potential. The presence of organic compounds and essential oils in the extract was responsible for potent antidiabetic activities via inhibition of α-amylase enzyme. Also, MMICH exhibited strong free radical scavenging abilities. The current study justifies the use of MMCHI to manage diabetes. [Display omitted] • A total of 16 were identified in four fractions in Malawena Churna by GC-MS. • The MMCHI increased free radical scavenging and inhibited. α-amylase enzyme. • The hot infusion enhanced glucose uptake in the cells. • The results emphasis polyherbal infusions are potential anti-diabetic drug. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herbal teas and beverages have gained global attention because they are rich in natural bioactive compounds, which are known to have diverse biological effects, including antioxidant and anticarcinogenic properties. However, the lipidomic profiles of herbal teas remain unclear. In this study, we applied an untargeted lipidomics approach using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with linear ion trap-Orbitrap mass spectrometry to comprehensively profile, compare, and identify unknown lipids in four herbal teas: dokudami, kumazasa, sugina, and yomogi. A total of 341 molecular species from five major classes of lipids were identified. Multivariate principal component analysis revealed distinct lipid compositions for each of the herbs. The fatty acid α-linolenic acid (FA 18:3) was found to be abundant in kumazasa, whereas arachidonic acid (FA 20:4) was the most abundant in sugina. Interestingly, novel lipids were discovered for the first time in plants; specifically, short-chain fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (SFAHFAs) with 4-hydroxy phenyl nonanoic acid as the structural core. This study provides insight into the lipidomic diversity and potential bioactive lipid components of herbal teas, offering a foundation for further research into their health-promoting properties and biological significance. [Display omitted] • Lipid fingerprinting of four types of herbs led to the detection of 341 lipid species. • Multivariate analysis revealed distinct lipid compositions for each herbal tea. • Novel short-chain fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids are uncovered in herbs. • The abundance of PUFAs in herbal tea made it an excellent choice as a health promotional drink. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abamectin, the mixture of avermectin B1a and B1b, is widely used as a bioinsecticide and is an alternative to chemical pest control from insects. To our knowledge, its behaviour is not fully recognized, especially in herbs. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the environmental fate of abamectin in herbal plants belonging to the Lamiaceae family, its dissipation in open field studies laboratory processing treatments and dietary risk assessment. Three medicinally and culinary important species of herbs: Melissa officinalis L., Mentha × piperita L. and Salvia L. were treated with single and double dose than recommended on the label during their cultivation (BBCH 11–29). Residues were monitored using the QuEChERS method followed by the LC-MS/MS. The dissipation pattern of the sum of avermectin B1a and B1b and their persistence were observed 14 d after spraying. Abamectin decline was very rapid in plants and followed the first-order kinetics model. The half-life (t 1/2) was in the range of 0.96–1.08 d (single dose) and 0.93–1.02 d (double dose). The pre-harvest intervals (decrease to the level of 0.01 mg kg−1) were 7.29–7.92 d at single and 7.99–8.64 d at double dose application. Herbal infusion preparation in previously washed and dried mint, lemon balm and sage leaves was the key processing step in the removal of abamectin residues. The reduction of initial deposits after single dose treatment was noted up to 65% (PF = 0.35–0.67) and up to 79% after double dose application (PF = 0.21–0.72) in herbal tea. Acute risk assessment of children and adults for the highest residues in EFSA PRIMo model at single and double dose expressed as hazard quotients (HQ) were <1, indicating no risk to humans via consumption of the herbal products. The data provide a better understanding of abamectin behaviour in herbal plants and can help assure herbs' safety for consumers. [Display omitted] • Dissipation profile of abamectin in herbs followed the first-order kinetic model. • Pre-harvest interval was 7.92 days at single and 8.64 days at double dose. • Processing factors of mint, lemon balm and sage after washing/drying/infusion. • The key removal processing was preparation of herbal tea infusion (PF = 0.21, 79%). • Acute exposure to abamectin was unlikely to pose concerns for adults and children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Rhodamine 110 loaded in microporous filter membrane was studied for the first time. • Coating of MIPs on membrane improved the selectivity of fluorescent sensor. • The constructed sensor retained the characteristic fluorescence of rhodamine 110. • The fluorescence quenching brought out by CA was speculated as inner filter effect. • The convenient sensor achieved sensitive and selective detection of CA in herbal tea. In this paper, a rhodamine 110 (R110) loaded and molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) coated microporous membrane-based fluorescent sensor has been constructed. The morphology, structure and performance of the sensor during the preparation process are characterized by SEM, FT-IR, UV–vis, fluorescene, BET and HPLC. The sensor retains the characteristic fluorescence emission peaks of R110, and the fluorescence changes to different concentrations of caffeic acid (CA) in the range of 0.01–200 µmol/L can obtain a good linear correlation with the detection limit of 3.3 nmol/L (3σ). The sensor possesses the advantages of easy preparation, simple operation, high stability, good sensitivity and selectivity, and strong anti-interference ability in the detecting of CA in herbal tea, exhibiting excellent potential application value in CA detection in different foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Green Morin-composite material was fabricated after the immobilization of Morin powder into the CNF network. • UV–Vis and Fluorometric Spectrophotometry techniques were applied for the detection of the Al3+ ions in aqueous media. • The composite material was utilized as a green solution to detect the Al3+ ions in herbal tea and qualitative detection in serum samples. In the present investigation, we fabricated an ecologically sustainable green composite material derived from green raw materials, including cellulose nanomaterials and Morin. This innovative material underscores its commitment to environmental friendliness and boasts distinctive surface properties that render it an ideal substrate. The selection of this material was motivated by its intricate network structure and inherent capacity for surface modifications. The crux of our methodology involved the integration of the organic probe 2-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3,5,7-trihydroxychromen-4-one, commonly known as Morin, onto the surface of the cellulose nanocomposite. This strategic embedding of Morin conferred the composite material with exceptional attributes, enabling preconcentration, spectrophotometric determination, and fluorometric turn-on sensing of Al3+ ions. This unique property facilitated the ion-sensing of Al3+ ions in diverse samples, including blood serum and herbal tea. The resultant Morin green composite material exhibited remarkable sensitivity toward Al3+ ions in aqueous solutions, accomplishing extraordinary LOD as low as 0.26 ppb. This heightened sensitivity permits for precise and efficient ion-sensing and enables the detection to be perceptible to the naked eye. Notably, the Morin green composite material displayed a rapid and distinct color change within a brief span of less than two minutes when exposed to varying concentrations of Al3+ ions. Beyond its analytical prowess, the developed Morin green composite material demonstrated significant efficacy in practical applications. Specifically, it showcased remarkable performance in detecting Al3+ ions in serum samples and herbal tea samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current research aimed to discover the diversity and conservation status of medicinal plants used in herbal formulations to treat different diseases in Shakardara and adjacent areas, of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Data were collected using semi-structured questionnaires about the preparation of monoherbal and polyherbal recipes that were used locally. Fidelity level, use value index, preference ranking method, and rapid vulnerability assessment were used for data interpretation. Relevant statistical tools (ANOVA and SPSS software) were used for data analysis. A total of 74 medicinal plants from 39 families were recorded that were used in the preparation of monoherbal and polyherbal formulation. In the study area, 146 recipes were used, of which 101 were monoherbal and 45 were polyherbal. Seeds were the most usable part of plants (28%), followed by fruits (23%) and leaves (21%). The highest informant consensus factor (1.00) was recorded for nail protection and growth, while the lowest (0.83) for wound healing. Withania coagulans Dunal was reported with the highest fidelity level and Peganum harmala L. was the most vulnerable species in the study area, with the highest threat score. Conserving the knowledge and resources associated with the herbal remedies is essential for both human health and ecological balance. Monoherbal and polyherbal formulations of medicinal plants highlight the potential of traditional herbal remedies as valuable sources of alternative medicine. Further research in this field is crucial to explore the therapeutic potential and ensure the safe utilization of these natural remedies in modern healthcare. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deciphering the metabolites of multiple components in herbal medicine has far-reaching significance for revealing pharmacodynamic ingredients. However, most chemical components of herbal medicine are secondary metabolites with low content whose in vivo metabolites are close to trace amounts, making it difficult to achieve comprehensive detection and identification. In this paper, an efficient strategy was proposed: herb-derived metabolites were predicted according to the structural characteristics and metabolic reactions of chemical constituents in Corydalis Rhizoma and chemical structure screening tables for metabolites were conducted. The fragmentation patterns were summarized from representative standards combining with specific cleavage behaviors to deduce structures of metabolites. Ion abundance plays an important role in compound identification, and high ion abundance can improve identification accuracy. The types of metabolites in different biological samples were very similar, but their ion abundance might be different. Therefore, for trace metabolites in biological samples, we used the following two methods to process: metabolites of high dose herbal extract were analyzed to characterize those of clinical dose herbal extracts in the same biological samples; cross-mapping of different biological samples was applied to identify trace metabolites based on the fact that a metabolite has different ion abundance in different biological samples. Compared with not using this strategy, 44 more metabolites of clinical dose herbal extract were detected. This study improved the depth, breadth, and accuracy of current methods for herb-derived metabolites characterization. [Display omitted] • Cross-mapping of different doses and samples was used to detect trace herb-derived metabolites. • Herb-derived metabolites were predicted by chemical structure screening tables, which were conducted according to structural characteristics and metabolic reactions. • The metabolic characteristic fragments (MCFs) were proposed to filter structure types of metabolites. • The relationship between structure and metabolism of Yanhusuo alkaloids was demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tea, coffee and alcohol beverages are called preference beverage and are drunk habitual and in large quantities. Therefore, there is a high possibility that a health risk is caused by the contained components, and risk assessment of intake is essential. However, the risk assessment of fluoride intake from preference beverages has not been sufficiently performed. This study estimated the daily fluoride intake from preference beverages by measuring the fluoride concentration of infusion liquid and measuring the total fluoride content by the microdiffusion method. In addition, Hazard Quotient (HQ) was calculated for children and adults to assess the risk of fluoride intake. As a result of this study, tea was the highest in all sample species, the infusion of tea was 1.06–6.68 mg/L and the total fluoride content of tea was 47.05–291.98 mg/kg. Green tea showed the next highest value, 0.26–4.09 mg/L, 21.91–83.68 mg/kg. Herbal tea fluoride levels were 0.07–0.17 mg/L and 0.05–1.90 mg/kg, Unique tea was 0.03–0.60 mg/L and 0.03–32.37 mg/kg, Coffee was 0.03–0.15 mg/L and 0.04–0.64 mg/kg. The HQ values calculated from the average daily fluoride intake (DFI) of preference beverages were all within the safe range. Some products made from Camellia sinensis , such as tea and green tea, had 1.66 mg/day as DFI at maximum, and the Child's HQ exceeded 1. These results suggest that habitual consumption of some products requires risk management of dental fluorosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Genotype and harvest season affected phenolic content of C. subternata leaves. • Genotype and harvest season affected sensory profile of herbal tea. • Genotype SGD3 had the highest leaf phenolic content. • Positive aroma attributes of herbal tea were less intense for autumn harvest. • Summer harvesting delivered the better quality product. Cultivation of selected Cyclopia species, including C. subternata , is the only viable option to ensure that the current growth trajectory of the honeybush industry is maintained. Gaps in honeybush production knowledge still exist, including the optimum harvest season for production of good quality honeybush, as defined by the phenolic content of the leaves, which is related to bioactivity of extracts, as well as the sensory profile of the herbal tea. The aim of this study was to determine the optimal harvest season for achieving the maximum accumulation of phenolic compounds in the leaves of six genotypes (SGD2, SGD3, SGD6, STB1, SHL2, SKB3) under evaluation by the honeybush breeding programme of the Agricultural Research Council. The major phenolic compounds were quantified by HPLC-DAD. Plants were harvested in summer, autumn, winter and spring. The plant material was also processed to determine whether genotype and harvest season affect the sensory profile of honeybush tea as determined by descriptive sensory analysis. Both genotype and harvest season affected the phenolic content of the leaves and the sensory profile of the herbal tea. Overall, the summer harvest delivered the better product. SGD3 emerged as the genotype with the highest total phenolic content of the leaves (p < 0.05), predominantly due to higher accumulation of the benzophenone, 3-β-D-glucopyranosyl-4- O -β-D-glucopyranosyliriflophenone, and xanthones, mangiferin and isomangiferin. However, herbal tea from SGD3 also had a higher intensity of the negative aroma attribute, 'hay/dried grass', although not significantly different from SGD2, SHL2 and STB1 (p ≥ 0.05). Considering the positive aroma attributes, STB1 had either the lowest or lower intensities (p < 0.05) of 'fynbos-floral', 'apricot jam', 'fruity-sweet' and 'fynbos-sweet' than the other genotypes. By identifying summer as optimum harvest time, a foundation is laid for screening of more genotypes to expand the genetic pool and to determine the effect of cultivation practices on quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A detailed study on three herbal teas in Anatolia. • The methanol extract of Melissa officinalis might be used as a rosmarinic acid source. • Chemical investigation by using LC-MS/MS and GC-MS. • Melissa officinalis and Stachys thirkei might be used as a food source. The aim of this study was to determine the chemical profile of three herbal teas in Anatolia, Melissa officinalis, Sideritis libanotica subsp. linearis and Stachys thirkei by LC-MS/MS, HPLC-FLD and GC-MS. Additionally, the total phenolic-flavonoid contents, antimicrobial, antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities of three herbal teas extracts and their individual main compounds were determined. The major component of the fatty acids and essential oils were identified as linolenic acid (27.4%) and valencene (23.2%) for M. officinalis , palmitic acid (25.0%) and arachidic acid (17.9%) for S. libanotica subsp. linearis and linoleic acid (50.1%) and germacrene-D (15.6%) for S. thirkei , respectively. Especially, the methanol extracts of three herbal teas with low cytotoxic and toxic effects, showed strong antioxidant activities in all tested methods. To determine the active principles responsible for the antioxidant activities, phenolic components such as chlorogenic, rosmarinic, caffeic acids, rutin, quercetin, luteolin, naringenin were quantified by LC-MS/MS in the methanol extracts. Extracts with various polarities of M. officinallis, S. libanotica subsp. linearis and S. thirkei , which are consumed as tea in the world and Turkey, were prepared and these extracts were scanned in detail for chemical content and biological activity. The results of the present study showed that three herbal teas can also be used as a food source due to its high phenolic acid content and strong antioxidant properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hypoalbuminemia is a frequent condition in the first 24 h after a severe burn injury and is associated with worse outcomes.Methodology: We investigated the relation between very early hypoalbuminemia (<6 h after admission) and clinical outcome in a retrospective cohort admitted to our unit for severe burn injuries between 2012 and 2017.Results: 73 severely burned patients were included, with a delay of admission of 3 (2-4) h. In a context of early exogenous supply of albumin, admission and 4H Albuminemia (Alb4 h) were significantly lower in deceased patients (respectively, 34 (29-37) vs 27 (23-30) g/l; p = 0.009 and 27 (24-32) vs 21 (17-27) g/l; p = 0.022) whereas albuminemia ≥6 h were not. The best threshold value of Alb4 h to discriminate 28-day mortality was 23 g/l. Patients with an Alb4 h < 23 g/l had a higher 28-day mortality than patients with an Alb4 h ≥ 23 g/l (42% vs 11%; p = 0.003); adjusted OR = 4.47 (95% CI 1.15-17.36); p = 0.03.Conclusion: In severely burned patients receiving early albumin supply, early hypoalbuminemia is associated with higher mortality whereas later albuminemia (≥6 h) is not. Exploration of whether early albumin infusion (8-12 h post injury) may alter clinical outcome is warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To describe the pharmacokinetics of ketamine following a short intravenous (IV) infusion to isoflurane-anesthetized rabbits. Prospective experimental study. A total of six adult healthy female New Zealand White rabbits. Anesthesia was induced with isoflurane in oxygen. Following determination of isoflurane minimum alveolar concentration (MAC), the isoflurane concentration was reduced to 0.75 MAC and ketamine hydrochloride (5 mg kg–1) was administered IV over 5 minutes. Blood samples were collected before and at 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 13, 17, 21, 35, 65, 125, 215 and 305 minutes after initiating the ketamine infusion. Samples were processed immediately and the plasma separated and stored at –80 °C until analyzed for ketamine and norketamine concentrations using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Compartment models were fitted to the concentration–time data for ketamine and for ketamine plus norketamine using nonlinear mixed-effects (population) modeling. A three- and five-compartment model best fitted the plasma concentration–time data for ketamine and for ketamine plus norketamine, respectively. For the ketamine only model, the volume of distribution at steady state (Vss) was 3217 mL kg–1, metabolic clearance was 88 mL minute–1 kg–1 and the terminal half-life was 59 minutes. For the model including both ketamine and norketamine, Vss were 3224 and 2073 mL kg–1, total metabolic clearance was 107 and 52 mL minute–1 kg–1 and terminal half-lives were 52 and 55 minutes for the parent drug and its metabolite, respectively. This study characterized the pharmacokinetics of ketamine and norketamine in isoflurane-anesthetized New Zealand White rabbits following short IV infusion. The results obtained herein will be useful to determine ketamine infusion regimens in isoflurane-anesthetized rabbits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present a novel fluorescent material based on the herbal tea of Lavandula multifida (Lm). The fluorescence properties of Lm aqueous extract were analyzed under various excitation wavelengths in the range of 290–450 nm. The Lm herbal infusion was found to be highly fluorescent, with an emission maximum at 450 nm under excitation at 390 nm. Consequently, it was exploited to develop a fluorescence method for detecting metal ions. Results obtained upon the addition of Hg2+, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Pb2+, Cd2+, Cu2+, Ni2+, Bi3+, Mn2+, Fe3+ and Co2+ ions showed that the fluorescence intensity of the Lm aqueous extract decreased strongly with the presence of mercury ions. A solid-state fluorescent sensor, based on Lm embedded into a Nafion membrane and deposited on a transparent polyethylene terephthalate (PET) sheet, has also been developed for the effective detection of Hg2+ ions. The Lm -Nafion-PET sensor exhibited good stability, high repeatability, and reproducibility. Furthermore, the Lm -Nafion/PET sensor demonstrated remarkable sensitivity to Hg2+ in sea water, with a limit of detection of 0.25 fM. To our knowledge, this is the first study which reports Lavandu la multifida plant for making a novel eco-friendly fluorescent solid-state sensor for the detection of mercury ions at femto-molar concentrations in seawater. [Display omitted] • A novel fluorescent material based on the herbal tea of Lavandula multifida (Lm) is presented. • A Lm- Nafion on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fluorescent probe sensor has been developed. • Highly sensitive and selective sensing of Hg2+ was achieved. • Exceptional low detection limit (LOD) of 0.25 fM for Hg2+ ions in seawater was reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Artificial hybridizations were done between S. officinalis, S. fruticosa and S. aramiensis. • A total of 8148 flowers were hybridized, 2022 seeds were obtained, 349 hybrid plants germinated from these seeds and 288 plants were evaluated. • Hybrids plants essential oil content, 1.8 cineole, camphor, thujone levels and morphological characterizations (according to UPOV) were determined. • EO content of hybrids were varied between 0.50 % and 4.21 %, 1.8 cineole were between 0 and 70.14 %, α-thujone varied between 0 and 36.58 %, β-thujone varied between 0 and 34.14 % and camphor varied between 0.42–66.97 %,. • Five of the hybrid genotypes (Sf×Sa-6, So×Sa-5, So×Sa-13, So×Sf-5 ve So×Sf-6) were selected for further cultivation studies. Salvia officinalis L. is the sage most commonly used in herbal teas. However high contents of thujone and camphor often makes S. officinalis less desirable. Hybridization of S. Fruticosa Mill. , S. Aramiensis Rech. Fil. and two selections of S. officinalis was completed in efforts to develop sage hybrids with suitable phenotypic and chemotypic characteristics for production and processing into herbal teas. S. officinalis genotype was used only as the mother plant due to the lack of pollen while S. fruticosa and S. aramiensis were used both as mother and father and crossed reciprocally. For two years, a total of 8148 flowers were hybridized, 2022 seeds were obtained, 349 hybrid plants germinated from these seeds and 288 plants were examined. Essential oil contents and components of hybrid genotypes were determined. Essential oil contents of hybrid genotypes varied between 0.50 % and 4.21 %. When the essential oil components were analyzed 1.8 cineole amount varied between 0 and 70.14 %, α-thujone amount varied between 0 and 36.58 %, β-thujone level varied between 0 and 34.14 % and camphor level varied between 0.42–66.97 %. Five of the hybrid genotypes (Sf×Sa-6, So×Sa-5, So×Sa-13, So×Sf-5, and So×Sf-6) were selected because of 3 % or higher essential oil content, 60 % or higher amount of 1.8 cineole, 5 % or less α-thujone, β-thujone and camphor amount. Our results showed that hybridization resulted in significant changes in phenotypic and chemotypic characteristics compared to the parent species, highlighting the potential of hybridization as a tool for creating novel Salvia cultivars with unique characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sugarcane leaves have been extensively consumed as a herbal tea for centuries in China, which is an economically important crop containing multiple health benefits. Here we report the structure and in vitro antitumor activity of a purified sugarcane leaf polysaccharide (SLP70–1). SLP70–1 is a homogeneous heteropolysaccharide made up of mannose, glucose, and galactose with a molar ratio of 1.00: 1.89: 2.83. Additionally, the molecular weight of SLP70–1 was 3.23 kDa. Linkage together with NMR examination demonstrated the structural foundation of SLP70–1 were consisted of →4)- α -D-Gal p -(1→, →4)- α -D-Glc p -(1→, →2)- β -D-Man p -(1→, →3)- β -D-Gal p -(1→, →4,6)- β -D-Gal p -(1→, →6)- α -D-Gal p -(1→, →3,6)- α -D-Glc p -(1→ and α -D-Glc p -(1→，and the side chain was confirmed to be →4)- α -D-Glc p -(1→ and →6)- α -D-Gal p -(1→. According to an in vitro cell experiment, SLP70–1 could markedly decrease the survival ability of cancer cells exhibiting concentration dependence, including the survival rate of cancer cells in the lungs, colon, cervix, kidney, and breast, implying potent antitumor activity. In summary, SLP70–1 exhibits features that qualify it as a promising antitumor adjuvant candidate. • A novel polysaccharide SLP70-1 was obtained from sugarcane leaves. • The glycosidic bond types and linkage patterns were successfully clarified. • SLP70-1 exhibited a certain antitumor effect in vitro. • The underlying structure-function relationship was elucidated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast milk is a unique source of nutrition and is qualified to meet the needs of the baby along with its health benefits. This study aims to compile medicinal plants traditionally used to increase breast milk production in Turkey. The scientific, family, and vernacular names; used parts; methods of preparation and administration were collated by screening ethnobotanical studies. The most cited plant families, the most cited plant taxa, and the most frequently used plant parts in both humans and animals were determined and presented in graphics. In total, 125 taxa belonging to 39 families were determined as being medicinal plants used to increase breast milk, 70 taxa of these are used in humans and 60 taxa are used in animals. The first six plant families with the highest number of plants were found to be Fabaceae (23 taxa), Asteraceae (21 taxa), Apiaceae (13 taxa), Lamiaceae (7 taxa), Rosaceae (5 taxa), and Poaceae (5 taxa). The most frequently cited medicinal plants and their corresponding number of references were Foeniculum vulgare Mill. (14), Anethum graveolens L. (8), Urtica dioica L. (7), Viscum album L. (4), Pimpinella anisum L. (4), and Allium cepa L. (4), respectively. It was found that the leaves were the most commonly used part of the medicinal plants, accounting for 20%. Many medicinal plants used for this topic are poorly studied. In addition, the toxicological effects cannot be ruled out. Our findings are expected to contribute to the discovery and development of novel pharmaceuticals. • Breast milk is a unique source of nutrition. • Medicinal plants have served mankind in preventing/treating diseases for a long time. • Turkey is one of the richest countries in the world in terms of plant diversity. • This review shows that 125 plant taxa are used as breast milk enhancers in Turkey. • More bioactivity studies are required for confirming the effectiveness of plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• In vitro studies conducted on two South African medicinal teas indicated potential candidates for further investigation as adjuvant for TB patients. • The in vitro studies done include antimycobacterial, antioxidant, hepatoprotective and anti-inflammatory activities. • Hepatoprotection was observed for both A. linearis and L. scaberrima with a percentage protection above 30% at 100 µg/mL. Many plant extracts have been studied for their ability to treat tuberculosis and its associated symptoms. Both Lippia scaberrima Sond. and Aspalathus linearis (Burm.f.) R. Dahlgren, are popular forms of health teas in South Africa. This study focused on the ability of the ethanolic plant extracts of L. scaberrima and A. linearis , as well as the essential oil of L. scaberrima to act as adjuvants in host-directed therapy against tuberculosis. The ethanolic extract of L. scaberrima was found to have a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 125 µg/mL against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv, whereas the antiproliferative activity on HepG2 hepatocyte cells ranged between 109.20 ± 8.05 µg/mL and >400 µg/mL for all the samples tested. Due to the high antimycobacterial properties of the ethanolic extract from L. scaberrima , the sample was further tested for its cyclooxygenase (COX) II inhibitory potential and found to have an IC 50 value of 36.39±1.62 µg/mL. The essential oil of L. scaberrima and the ethanolic extract of green A. linearis exhibited good hepatoprotective activity, with up to 34% and 40% protection against acetaminophen-induced toxicity, respectively. Additionally, the study investigated the composition of the essential oil of L. scaberrima through gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Limonene was found to be the main component for the essential oil. The essential oil from L. scaberrima showed promising results with noteworthy hepatoprotective activity as well as moderate antimycobacterial activity. These herbal teas showed potential as an adjunct host-directed therapy in tuberculosis patients through the demonstration of its biological activities and should be considered for further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To compare the efficacy of a medetomidine constant rate infusion (CRI) with a detomidine CRI for standing sedation in horses undergoing high dose rate brachytherapy. Randomized, controlled, crossover, blinded clinical trial. A total of 50 horses with owner consent, excluding stallions. Each horse was sedated with intravenous acepromazine (0.02 mg kg–1), followed by an α 2 -adrenoceptor agonist 30 minutes later and then by butorphanol (0.1 mg kg–1) 5 minutes later. A CRI of the same α 2 -adrenoceptor agonist was started 10 minutes after butorphanol administration and maintained for the treatment duration. Treatments were given 1 week apart. Each horse was sedated with detomidine (bolus dose, 10 μg kg–1; CRI, 6 μg kg–1 hour–1) or medetomidine (bolus dose, 5 μg kg–1; CRI, 3.5 μg kg–1 hour–1). If sedation was inadequate, a quarter of the initial bolus of the α 2 -adrenoceptor agonist was administered. Heart rate (HR) was measured via electrocardiography, and sedation and behaviour evaluated using a previously published scale. Between treatments, behaviour scores were compared using a Wilcoxon signed-rank test, frequencies of arrhythmias with chi-square tests, and HR with two-tailed paired t tests. A p value <0.05 indicated statistical significance. Total treatment time for medetomidine was longer than that for detomidine (p = 0.04), and ear movements during medetomidine sedation were more numerous than those during detomidine sedation (p = 0.03), suggesting there may be a subtle difference in the depth of sedation. No significant differences in HR were found between treatments (p ≥ 0.09). Several horses had arrhythmias, with no difference in their frequency between the two infusions. Medetomidine at this dose rate may produce less sedation than detomidine. Further studies are required to evaluate any clinical advantages to either drug, or whether a different CRI may be more appropriate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leysera gnaphalodes (L.) L. (viz., Leyssera gnaphalioides L.) is an aromatic, medicinal Cape herbal tea endemic to southern Africa. The plant is known by many different vernacular names, most relating to its use as tea: geelblommetjiestee, duinetee (bossie), skilpadtee (bossie), teringtee (bossie), hongertee and geeltee. According to historical literature and recent ethnobotanical surveys in the Little Karoo, this aromatic shrublet is a treatment for numerous respiratory ailments, especially ' tering' (tuberculosis). Previous studies have reported the presence of several diterpenes and triterpenes, but the main essential oil compounds have remained unknown. These were identified as α-pinene, β-pinene, p -cymene, carvacrol and bicyclogermacrene. Multicellular glandular trichomes are present on the leaf surface, which may be the site of oil production and/or accumulation. Leysera gnaphalodes has been reported to exhibit significant anti-mycobacterial activity against three Mycobacterium micro-organisms. The traditional claim of its efficacy as a treatment against tuberculosis, as reflected by the common name teringtee ('tuberculosis tea') therefore appears plausible. This activity seems to be primarily associated with the presence of the well-known pentacyclic triterpenoids, oleanolic acid and ursolic acid. • Traditional tea to treat respiratory ailments, especially tuberculosis. • Ethnobotanical review of vernacular names and medicinal uses. • First report on major essential oil compounds of teringtee. • Main compounds are α-pinene, β-pinene, p -cymene, carvacrol and bicyclogermacrene. • Multicellular glands on leaves may be the site of oil accumulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Elimination of piperacillin (PIP) is saturable at therapeutic concentrations. • Same dose continuous PIP results in lower exposure compared with intermittent PIP. • Intermittent vs continuous PIP trials may be biased towards intermittent PIP. The study aimed to evaluate saturation of piperacillin elimination in critically ill adult patients. Seventeen critically ill adult patients received continuous and intermittent infusion of piperacillin/tazobactam. Piperacillin plasma concentrations (n = 217) were analysed using population pharmacokinetic (PopPK) modelling. Post-hoc simulations were performed to evaluate the type I error rate associated with the study. Unseen data were used to validate the final model. The mean error (ME) and root mean square error (RMSE) were calculated as a measure of bias and imprecision, respectively. A PopPK model with parallel linear and non-linear elimination best fitted the data. The median and 95% confidence interval (CI) for the model parameters drug clearance (CL), volume of central compartment (V), volume of peripheral compartment (V p) and intercompartmental clearance (Q) were 9 (7.69–11) L/h, 6.18 (4.93–11.2) L, 11.17 (7.26–12) L and 15.61 (12.66–23.8) L/h, respectively. The Michaelis–Menten constant (K m) and the maximum elimination rate for Michaelis–Menten elimination (V max) were estimated without population variability in the model to avoid overfitting and inflation of the type I error rate. The population estimates for K m and V max were 37.09 mg/L and 353.57 mg/h, respectively. The bias (ME) was –20.8 (95% CI –26.2 to –15.4) mg/L, whilst imprecision (RMSE) was 49.2 (95% CI 41.2–56) mg/L. In conclusion, piperacillin elimination is (partially) saturable. Moreover, the population estimate for K m lies within the therapeutic window and therefore saturation of elimination should be accounted for when defining optimum dosing regimens for piperacillin in critically ill patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A sensitive UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS method, coupled with a suitable extraction protocol, was developed and validated for the rapid detection of four tropane alkaloids (anisodamine, atropine, homatropine, scopolamine) in herbal teas and herbal extracts. The method offers good sensitivity, accuracy and precision. The protocol is suitable for routine determination of tropane alkaloids in dried plants and extracts sold as food supplements or phytotherapics, and was applied to 60 commercial samples. Anisodamine, atropine and/or scopolamine were found in 4 herbal teas samples (LOQ–69 μg/kg for atropine and 50 μg/kg for scopolamine) and in a Lepidium meyenii extract sold as food supplement (traces of anisodamine). The level of contamination do not to pose a direct risk for the consumers if compared to the acute reference dose indicated by EFSA, but the detection confirms the need for suitable methods and careful screenings in order to determine a more precise evaluation of dietary intake for tropane alkaloids. - A UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS method for determination of TA in herbal matrices was developed; - Anisodamine, atropine, homatropine and scopolamine were considered; - Samples of herbal teas, infusions and supplements were collected; - Among 60 analysed samples, 5 resulted contaminated by tropane alkaloids; - The contamination found did not represent a risk for the final consumer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]