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[Display omitted] • Saccharomyces cerevisiae -derived silver nanoparticles were successfully fabricated. • The silver nanoparticles ascertained antibacterial performance. • The silver nanoparticles represented significant anticoagulant activity. • The silver nanoparticles exhibited considerable thrombolytic potential. • The silver nanoparticles ascertained promising antidiabetic properties. In the present study, Saccharomyces cerevisiae was employed to fabricate silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) as a sustainable and ecofriendly approach. The mycofabricated AgNPs were found to be spherical with a Z-average size of 29.07 nm and zeta potential of −16 mV. This study focused on the biological properties of fungus-mediated fabrication of AgNPs. The AgNPs ascertained significant antibacterial activity against Listeria monocytogenes and Serratia marcescens with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 4 and 2 µg mL−1 and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 16 and 16 µg mL−1, respectively. Besides, the AgNPs at the studied concentrations ascertained significantly higher biofilm inhibitory and degradation activity against S. marcescens compared to the reference antibiotic drug gentamicin (P < 0.05). In contrast, gentamicin at the studied concentrations exhibited significantly higher biofilm inhibitory and degradation activity against L. monocytogenes compared to AgNPs (P < 0.05). Moreover, Flow cytometry analysis exhibited dose-dependent antibacterial properties for both AgNPs and gentamicin against both S. marcescens and L. monocytogenes. Furthermore, the AgNPs ascertained a dose-dependent antioxidant activity with a maximum 65.75 ± 2.70 % at the concentration of 500 µg mL−1. Impressively, the AgNPs at the concentration of 500 µg mL−1 represented anticoagulant performance with PT and aPTT values of 21.80 ± 3.31 and 70.57 ± 2.25 s, respectively. Additionally, the AgNPs at the concentration of 500 µg mL−1 showed 19.48 ± 3.82 % thrombolysis and 64.74 ± 1.63 % alpha-amylase inhibition. The AgNPs also ascertained a maximum 38.26 ± 1.70 % glucose uptake inhibition by S. cerevisiae at a concentration of 1000 µg mL−1. Overall, the above-mentioned unique physicochemical and biological properties of AgNPs made them attractive for biomedicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zinc nanoparticles are ideal candidates for biomedical applications due to their exceptional properties and biocompatible nature. The conventional methods are unsuitable for biomedical applications owing to the use of toxic chemicals during synthesis. In this context, the synthesis of biocompatible nanoparticles using plants and microorganisms are gaining more attention. In the present study, the mycosysnthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles were carried out using P. floridanus culture filtrate employing four different methods. The spectral analysis of the samples revealed that the method described by Malek et al. is an efficient method for the synthesis of zinc nanoparticles using mushroom culture extract. The zinc nanoparticles exhibited absorption maxima at 360 nm. The optimum pH and substrate concentration were identified to be 10 and 300 mM respectively. TEM analysis of the synthesized nanoparticles revealed that they have a spherical shape and the SAED analysis confirmed the crystalline nature of the nanoparticles with an average size of 7 nm. The stoichiometric mass percentages of zinc and oxygen were determined using EDAX and found to be 80.34% and 19.66%, respectively which corresponds to the mass percentage for pure zinc oxide nanoparticles. The XRD analysis confirmed that the synthesized nanoparticles had a hexagonal wurtzite structure. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Culture extract of thermophilic mould Myceliophthora thermophila BJTLRMDU7 played important role in the green synthesis of iron nanoparticles (FeNPs) using ferrous sulphate (FeSO 4). The mould was grown in potato dextrose broth (PDB) at 45 °C and 200 rpm for 72 h. A colour change from transparent to reddish brown showed the synthesis of FeNPs due to the surface plasmon resonance by the fungal culture extract. The process for the synthesis of nanoparticles was optimized using different reaction conditions. Biogenic iron nanoparticles were synthesized maximally at 50 °C and pH 5.0 after 24 h using 2 mM salt solution and one ml culture extract. Furthermore, formation of iron nanoparticles was significantly accelerated in the presence of light. The absorption peak was maximum around 250–350 nm in UV–vis spectrum. The absorption peaks of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) at 619.99 cm−1, 793.57 cm−1, 882.32 cm−1, 1121.46 cm−1, 1627.71 cm−1, 2923.17 cm−1 and 3430.70 cm−1, indicated functional groups of active biomolecules involved in the synthesis of FeNPs. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) images of green synthesized iron nanoparticles indicated the average size of 80 nm, while X-ray diffraction (XRD) data revealed the crystalline nature of FeNPs. These FeNPs efficiently reduced p -nitrophenol (PNP) into p -aminophenol (PAP), which was further confirmed by thin layer chromatography. Biogenic FeNPs showed 96 and 35 % decolourization of bromphenol blue and malachite green, respectively. Further, addition of H 2 O 2 enhanced the decolourization of malachite green up to 96 %. Biogenic FeNPs synthesized from culture extract of a thermophilic mould have been found effective in remediation of environmental pollutants released from various industries. • First study showing green synthesis of iron nanoparticles using culture extract of Myceliophthora thermophila. • AFM data showed average size of FeNPs as 80 nm and crystalline nature by XRD. • Catalytic reduction of p -nitrophenol into p -aminophenol using biogenic FeNPs. • Catalytic reduction of p -nitrophenol was confirmed using thin layer chromatography. • Biogenic nanoparticles also resulted in decolourization of synthetic dyes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photocatalysed mycosynthesis of nanoparticles can be used as alternative for chemical and physical method of nanoparticle synthesis. We report synthesis of silver nanoparticles (SNPs) from two fungal species wherein the reduction in the silver ions might have occurred by nitrate-dependent reductase enzyme/proteins. Reduction in silver ions was an extracellular and made the process rapid coupled with photoreduction; it made us to the develop combination of an easy process for biosynthesis of the SNPs within 20 min. The formation of SNPs was confirmed from the surface plasmon resonance peak in the visible region of the spectrum (410–440 nm). The optimized production process shows Czapek Dox broth in alkaline pH at 60 °C of post culture temperature was found to be finest for maximum yield in both the fungal species. The particles were then characterized by UV-Visible Spectrophotometry, SEM, DLS and XRD analyses which confirm the particles are in nanoscale. The extracellular mycosynthesized SNPs were shown to have antioxidant, anti-arthritic, antiangiogenic and antimicrobial activities. The study confirms SNPs form soft corona with the human serum protein by protein corona studies. Potential of fungal-mediated biosynthesis of SNPs is important for development of effective imaging or therapeutic agents applicable for drug targeting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Methods of mycosynthesis of metal NPs has been updated. • Mechanism of action of metal NPs with bacteriocin nanocomposite are explored. • Inhibitory effects of metal NPs-bacteriocin towards MDR pathogens and COVID-19 are discussed. • Adverse outcome pathway (AOP) relevance to risk assessment of nanomaterial is critically reviewed. Multidrug resistant (MDR) pathogens have become a major global health challenge and have severely threatened the health of society. Current conditions have become worse as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, and infection rates in the future will rise. It is necessary to design, respond effectively, and take action to address these challenges by investigating new avenues. In this regard, the fabrication of metal NPs utilized by various methods, including green synthesis using mushroom, is highly versatile, cost-effective, eco-compatible, and superior. In contrast, biofabrication of metal NPs can be employed as a powerful weapon against MDR pathogens and have immense biomedical applications. In addition, the advancement in nanotechnology has made possible to modify the nanomaterials and enhance their activities. Metal NPs with biomolecules composite prevent the microbial adhesion and kills the microbial pathogens through biofilm formation. Bacteriocin is an excellent antimicrobial peptide that works well as an augmentation substance to boost the antimicrobial effects. As a result, we concentrate on the creation of new, eco-compatible mycosynthesized metal NPs with bacteriocin nanocomposite via electrostatic, covalent, or non-covalent bindings. The synergistic benefits of metal NPs with bacteriocin to combat MDR pathogens and COVID-19, as well as other biomedical applications, are discussed in this review. Moreover, the importance of the adverse outcome pathway (AOP) in risk analysis of manufactured metal nanocomposite nanomaterial and their future possibilities were also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rise of bionanoscience has led to the use of silver nanoparticles in therapeutic and industrial applications like biomedicine, biocatalysis, bioremediation and biosensing. Enhancement of metal nanoparticle stability is of critical significance when it comes to safe handling and efficient use of nanoparticles for various applications. In this regard, thermophilic fungi is a potential candidate with their massive thermostable excretome titres. This work aims to explore the potential of thermophilic fungi to provide surface stability to biogenic silver nanoparticles (BioAgNPs). Thermophilic fungus Thermomyces lanuginosus STm was used to synthesize BioAgNPs. The size and shape of BioAgNPs were characterized using ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction techniques. The most significant process variables affecting mycosynthesis of BioAgNPs were screened using statistical experimental design of Placket Berman model. The mechanism of mycosynthesis and capping on biogenic nanoparticles was explored using sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Characterization of BioAgNPs by ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy revealed surface plasmon resonance at 410 nm, X-ray diffraction calculated 7–24 nm diameter of BioAgNPs and transmission electron microscopy showed BioAgNPs to be spherical with 5–35 nm size range. The physico-chemical factors affecting synthesis of BioAgNPs were screened by statistical modeling using Placket Berman experiment design which revealed the significant role of pH and silver precursor salt concentration on BioAgNPs synthesis. The supramolecular bound protein moiety was initially screened using FTIR analysis. The protein coating around BioAgNPs was found to be 67 kDa glucoamylase when detached from NP and investigated using SDS-PAGE and LCMS/MS analysis. In vitro cytotoxic assay against eukaryotic animal model Artemia salina (brine shrimp) larvae revealed dose dependent decrease in viability indicating BioAgNPs to be less cytotoxic, as compared to silver in ionic form. Glucoamylase protein (67 kDa) secreted extracellularly by T. lanuginosus STm was discovered to be the capping protein surrounding BioAgNPs. It is interesting to note that in case of BioAgNPs synthesized by extracellular titre of thermophilic fungus, the adsorbed thermostable protein glucoamylase can possibly help in retaining activity of BioAgNPs at elevated temperature as per the industrial requirement. Thus it can be a natural way of immobilization of enzyme on the surface of nanoparticles while eliminating the extra steps require for immobilizing for commercial uses. In terms of acute toxicity, BioAgNPs were found to be less toxic and safer as compared to ionic silver. [Display omitted] • Fungus Thermomyces lanuginosus was used to synthesize biogenic silver nanoparticles (BioAgNPs). • Fungal protein glucoamylase (67 kDa) was discovered to be the capping protein surrounding BioAgNPs. • BioAgNPs, were found to be less toxic against brine shrimps as compared to ionic form of silver. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mycosynthesis of silver nanoparticles was achieved by endophytic Colletotrichum sp. ALF2-6 inhabiting Andrographis paniculata . Well dispersed nanoparticles were characterized using UV–Visible spectrometry with maximum absorption conferring at 420 nm. FTIR analysis revealed possible biomolecules reducing the metal salt and stabilization of nanoparticles. XRD analysis depicted the diffraction intensities exhibiting between 20 and 80 °C at 2theta angle thus conferring the crystalline nature of nanoparticles. Morphological characteristic using TEM revealed the polydispersity of nanoparticles with size ranging from 20 to 50 nm. Synthesized nanoparticles exhibited bactericidal activity against selected human pathogens. Nanoparticles mode of action was carried out to reveal DNA damage activity. Thus the present investigation reports facile fabrication of silver nanoparticles from endophytic fungi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study focuses on a simple, low-cost and rapid bio-reduction of silver nitrate to silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using the hot water extract of fresh basidiocarps of Pleurotus cornucopiae var. citrinopileatus. P. cornucopiae is an edible mushroom with medicinal properties. The UV–visible (UV–vis) spectra showed intense absorption peaks at 400 to 500 nm, which are typical absorption bands of spherical AgNPs. Fourier transform infra-red (FT-IR) spectra confirmed the involvement of various functional groups present in the biomolecules for reduction and capping of AgNPs. The spherical shaped morphology and <100 nm particle size of the sample AgNPs was confirmed by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). Energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) illustrated that the AgNPs were crystalline in nature. Mycosynthesized AgNPs significantly ( p <0.05) inhibited the growth of all Candida species tested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silver nanoparticles have attracted considerable attention due to their beneficial properties. But toxicity issues associated with them are also rising. The reports in the past suggested health hazards of silver nanoparticles at the cellular, molecular, or whole organismal level in eukaryotes. Whereas, there is also need to examine the exposure effects of silver nanoparticle to the microbes, which are beneficial to humans as well as environment. The available literature suggests the harmful effects of physically and chemically synthesised silver nanoparticles. The toxicity of biogenically synthesized nanoparticles has been less studied than physically and chemically synthesised nanoparticles. Hence, there is a greater need to study the toxic effects of biologically synthesised silver nanoparticles in general and mycosynthesized nanoparticles in particular. In the present study, attempts have been made to assess the risk associated with the exposure of mycosynthesized silver nanoparticles on a beneficial soil microbe Pseudomonas putida. KT2440. The study demonstrates mycosynthesis of silver nanoparticles and their characterisation by UV–vis spectrophotometry, FTIR, X-ray diffraction, nanosight LM20 – a particle size distribution analyzer and TEM. Silver nanoparticles obtained herein were found to exert the hazardous effect at the concentration of 0.4 μg/ml, which warrants further detailed investigations concerning toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mycosynthesis approach for nanoparticle synthesis using edible mushrooms is attracting considerable interest over other conventional physical and chemical methods because this approach excludes the use of toxic chemicals. The present study reports the biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using an aqueous extract of Pleurotus djamor var. roseus and its cytotoxicity against human prostate carcinoma (PC3) cells. Nanoparticle formation was confirmed by UV–visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. The UV–vis spectrum had an absorption peek at 440 nm, corresponding to the surface plasmon resonance of AgNPs. The TEM image confirmed the nanostructure and spherical shape of AgNPs, with sizes ranging from 5 to 50 nm. The FTIR spectroscopy results showed the binding properties of bio-constituents to identify the possible biomolecules responsible for capping and efficiently stabilizing the nanoparticles. The purity and crystalline structure were confirmed by XRD analysis. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity of biosynthesized AgNPs was evaluated using cell viability and nuclear fragmentation assays. It is evident from the results that the biosynthesized AgNPs inhibited proliferation of PC3 cells with an IC 50 of 10 μg/ml during a 24-h incubation. These results suggest that AgNPs may exert their antiproliferative effect on the PC3 cell line by suppressing its growth, reducing DNA synthesis and inducing apoptosis. The morphological analysis of propidium iodide (PI) staining showed the presence of shrunken nuclei, DNA condensation and damage, which revealed cytotoxic effect on PC3 cells by AgNPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mycosynthesis offers a benevolent alternative for the synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) when compared to the conventional physical and chemical methods. Fungi secrete enormous amounts of proteins and enzymes that act as reducing and capping agents in AgNPs synthesis. AgNPs were synthesized using extracellular fungal extract of Fusarium incarnatum. The reaction mixture was optimized using different parameters to obtain better yield. Anti-melanogenic activity of fungal extract, AgNPs and standard drug (Kojic acid) was evaluated against Human skin melanoma SK-MEL-3 cells. AgNPs were synthesized at 30 °C, pH 5 and 1 mM AgNO 3 concentration. Then optimization and the characterization were done by UV–Vis, FTIR, XRD, Zeta potential and H-TEM techniques. The average size of AgNPs was 10 nm and predominantly spherical in shape. Myco-synthesized AgNPs showed significant anti-melanogenic activity against human skin melanoma SK-MEL-3 cells with an IC 50 value of 17.70 μg/ml. The concentration of AgNPs required to inhibit SK-MEL-3 cells was lower than the concentrations of F. incarnatum extract and standard Kojic acid. Spherical AgNPs with and average size of 4 nm were synthesized using fungal extract of F. incarnatum. Mycosynthesized AgNPs can be considered as effective anti-melanogenic agents owing to their impressive activity against skin melanoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explains the mycosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Acremonium borodinense by a green route. The synthesized AgNPs were characterized by using UV–vis Spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy. XRD technique revealed that the face centered cubic crystalline structure of AgNPs. FE-SEM and TEM images showed that the synthesized AgNPs having spherical shaped nanostructure with an average size of 0.19 nm. The functional groups present in the synthesized AgNPs were studied by FTIR. Mycosynthesized AgNPs were stable up to 3 months without change in their properties. Pathogenic bacteria proliferation was reduced by modest dosages of AgNPs. The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bacterial concentration of AgNPs were determined against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial pathogens. Such as Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris , Serratia marcescens , Klebsiella pneumonia. Highest Value of MIC (90 μg/mL) 0.098 was found against Proteus vulgaris. Antibacterial activity of AgNPs was investigated at three different concentrations based on MIC (30, 60, and 90 g/mL). The impact of AgNPs on Red Blood Cells from the 'O' positive blood group was investigated, and it was shown that even at the highest concentrations, AgNPs does not induce higher hemolysis in the cells. Based on these finding, we strongly suggested that the Acremonium borodinense mediated synthesized AgNPs can be used as a potent bio-medical agent. [Display omitted] • Mycosynthesized AgNPs were studied and characterized. • Acremonium borodinense fungi produced large quantity of metabolites that containing high medicinal value. • Fungi mediated synthesis of AgNPs contain less toxicity and more beneficial effect of killing pathogenic bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]