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• K-doped MnO 2 was synthesized by different strategies. • K+ has structural promoting and electronic regulating effects in metal oxides. • Oxygen vacancies could be tuned by changing the preparation method and potassium source. • The MVK mechanism and the in situ DRIFT was used to study the reaction pathway. Alkali metal potassium was beneficial to the electronic regulation and structural stability of transition metal oxides. Herein, K ions were introduced into manganese oxides by different methods to improve the degradation efficiency of toluene. The results of activity experiments indicated that KMnO 4 -HT (HT: Hydrothermal method) exhibited outstanding low-temperature catalytic activity, and 90% conversion of toluene can be achieved at 243°C, which was 41°C and 43°C lower than that of KNO 3 -HT and Mn-HT, respectively. The largest specific surface area was observed on KMnO 4 -HT, facilitating the adsorption of toluene. The formation of cryptomelane structure over KMnO 4 -HT could contribute to higher content of Mn3+ and lattice oxygen (O latt), excellent low-temperature reducibility, and high oxygen mobility, which could increase the catalytic performance. Furthermore, two distinct degradation pathways were inferred. Pathway Ⅰ (KMnO 4 -HT): toluene → benzyl → benzoic acid → carbonate → CO 2 and H 2 O; Pathway ⅠⅠ (Mn-HT): toluene → benzyl alcohol → benzoic acid → phenol → maleic anhydride → CO 2 and H 2 O. Fewer intermediates were detected on KMnO 4 -HT, indicating its stronger oxidation capacity of toluene, which was originated from the doping of K+ and the interaction between K O Mn. More intermediates were observed on Mn-HT, which can be attributed to the weaker oxidation ability of pure Mn. The results indicated that the doping of K+ can improve the catalytic oxidation capacity of toluene, resulting in promoted degradation of intermediates during the oxidation of toluene. The doping of K+ had a certain influence on the morphology of MnO 2 , and the activity was significantly improved. In addition, KMnO 4 -HT possessed higher Mn3+ and O latt content, which accelerates the breaking speed of C C bonds and promotes the deep oxidation of toluene. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Review various methods of ice slurry preparation and its research progress. • Summarize the research progress of flow and transfer characteristics of ice slurry. • Describe the research status of ice slurry in fruit and vegetable precooling systems. • Discuss the nonnegligible problems of the precooling of ice slurry. Ice slurry is a phase change refrigerant with a high latent heat of melting and good flow properties. Ice slurry has been applied to fruit and vegetable precooling systems after harvest and garnered widespread attention. To expand the applicability of ice slurry precooling technology, conventional ice slurry preparation methods, including supercooling, wall scraping, fluidized bed, direct contact, and vacuum techniques, are reviewed; moreover, the advantages and limitations of each method are discussed. In addition, the flow and heat transfer properties of ice slurry are provided. Furthermore, recent progress in the research on the flow and heat transfer properties of ice slurry is summarized, and the application and future development trends regarding the precooling of fruits and vegetables are discussed according to the precooling mechanisms of fruits and vegetables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dry reforming of methane (DRM) is a prospective technology for efficient utilization of CH 4 and CO 2 , with the essential challenge being the design and synthesis of efficient catalysts. In this research, serial encapsulated Ni-based catalysts (xNi@S-1, x = 5, 7, 10) by silica zeolite (S-1) were prepared successfully. The effects of support structure, preparation method and Ni content upon the catalytic performance for DRM were investigated and diverse characterizations were utilized for revealing structural features of as-prepared catalysts. Encapsulated 7Ni@S-1 catalyst prepared using the one-pot hydrothermal method could acquire more homogeneously dispersed metallic Ni particles and more Ni species including Ni0, NiO, 1:1/2:1 Ni phyllosilicates that could facilitate forming stable Ni0 sites and Ni2+-O2- ion pairs for adsorption and activation of CH 4 and CO 2 , respectively. Hence, 7Ni@S-1 still maintained the highest CH 4 and CO 2 conversions of 57.9% and 88.6% and H 2 /CO molar ratio of 0.90 after 52 h stability tests. [Display omitted] • Silica zeolite (S-1) encapsulated Ni-based catalysts were successfully prepared. • Highly dispersed Ni0 particles were obtained using the one-pot hydrothermal method. • Ni phyllosilicates and S-1 pores enhanced the anchoring of metal Ni sites. • Encapsulated 7Ni@S-1 catalyst exhibited the optimal catalytic DRM performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nano bacteriostatic agents have attracted substantial attention of researchers and industry because of their unique properties. Meat-based foods (including fresh meat and meat product) have short shelf life due to risk of microbial growth resulting in rapid deterioration. Consumer demand for meat-based foods with long shelf life and of high quality has led to meat processors seeking new cost-effective and reliable methods to inhibit the growth of microorganisms in various types of meat. This paper provides a concise yet comprehensive review of recent research on several common nano bacteriostatic agents, e.g., nano silver, nano zinc oxide, nano carbon quantum dots, and nano-scale essential oils, suitable for foods from the aspect of antibacterial properties. Also covered is discussion of various newly developed preparation methods for such agents. The application and development prospects for nano bacteriostatic agents in processing and low-temperature storage of meat-based foods are reviewed critically. Nano bacteriostatic agents have an excellent ability to inhibit the growth of foodborne pathogens. With the development of the concept of green chemistry, more nanoparticles are synthesized by the synthesis method of green biology under the reduction and stabilization of active substances in microorganisms, plants, and their extracts. In the storage of meat-based foods, nano bacteriostatic agents are widely used in the forms of edible coatings and active packaging to prolong shelf life. Furthermore, nano zinc oxide is often used in combination with radio frequency (RF) to improve the sterilization effect of RF heating, maintain the flavor of meat products, and prolong shelf life. This review contributes to a deeper understanding of the preparation of nano bacteriostatic agents and their application in meat-based foods. • The antibacterial properties of nano bacteriostatic agents for food are introduced. • New methods of preparing NPs with natural biological materials are discussed. • Nano bacteriostatic agents can be used as edible coatings or packaging materials. • ZnONPs and CQDs combined with RF can improve the pasteurization effect of products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clean and renewable energy plays important role in achieving carbon neutrality and nature sustainability, especially the application of green hydrogen in new energy system. Hydrogen (H 2) produced from visible light has attracted attention owing to its high conversion efficiency and cleaner process. In this review, different photocatalyst preparation methods which can directly design the same structure were clarified. Also, different mechanism design which can realize different electron transfers were also proposed. Thus, various morphologies and different mechanisms of electron transfer have been summarized and evaluated. Also, the methods of photocatalysts' construction were mentioned, all H 2 production reactions depend on the amount of reaction sites and photo-generate electrons. It was evident that the concentration of reaction sites and photo-generate electrons play important roles in efficient H 2 production. This review provides fundamental knowledge to design and construct variable morphologies with different electron transfer processes to enhance efficiency of H 2 production. [Display omitted] • Structure-mechanism relationship was applied to analysis H 2 production process. • Heterojunction structures was applied to analyze mechanism of electron transfer. • Different combination and preparation of morphology were reviewed to evaluate system. • Different preparation method and electron transfer mechanism of photocatalysts were summarized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] The demand for high-power, high-specific capacity lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and their upstream products is increasing due to the rapid development of the new energy industry. In LIBs, coating pitch is a crucial surface modifier for anode materials. The carbon coating layer formed after carbonization can efficiently inhibit direct contact between the anode materials and the electrolyte. It alleviates volumetric expansion of anode materials during charging/discharging, preventing chalking and decomposition, and prolonging battery service life. However, the current research on coating pitch has not yet been systematic. Herein, the basic performance indexes, preparation methods, and coating techniques of coating pitch are reviewed in detail. It also summarizes the future concerns of the industry to further optimize the preparation process of coating pitch and to provide new ideas and methods for the clean and high value-added utilization of pitch. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Casein-based hydrogels (Casein Gels) possess advantageous properties, including mechanical strength, stability, biocompatibility, and even adhesion, conductivity, sensing capabilities, as well as controlled-releasing behavior of drugs. These features are attributed to their gelation methods and functionalization with various polymers. Casein Gels is an important protein-based material in the food industry, in terms of dairy and functional foods, biological and medicine, in terms of carrier for bioactive and sensitive drugs, wound healing, and flexible sensors and wearable devices. Herein, this review aims to highlight the importance of the features mentioned above via a comprehensive investigation of Casein Gels through multiple directions and dimensional applications. Firstly, the composition, structure, and properties of casein, along with the gelation methods employed to create Casein Gels are elaborated, which serves as a foundation for further exploration. Then, the application progresses of Casein Gels in dairy products, functional foods, medicine, flexible sensors and wearable devices, are thoroughly discussed to provide insights into the diverse fields where Casein Gels have shown promise and utility. Lastly, the existing challenges and future research trends are highlighted from an interdisciplinary perspective. We present the latest research advances of Casein Gels and provide references for the development of multifunctional biomass-based hydrogels. • Casein Gels offer platforms for dairy, controlled-release, and emulsion systems • Casein Gels are candidates as drug carriers, wound healing, and tissue repair • Researchers investigated Casein Gels for flexible sensors and wearable devices • Here elaborates the composition, structures, properties, and Casein Gels' gelation • Challenges and future trends are highlighted from an interdisciplinary perspective [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are some problems in the applications of phase change materials, such as liquid leakage during solid-liquid phase change, and low thermal conductivity during heat transfer process. Three-dimensional network (3DN) structural materials stood out among many encapsulation materials of composite phase change materials (CPCMs) due to the advantages of three-dimensional interoperability, high porosity and low density. In this paper, the characteristics, advantages and preparation methods of 3DN-CPCMs were reviewed. Then, the influencing factors on the thermal, photothermal conversion and mechanical properties of 3DN-CPCMs were summarized from three aspects: pore structure, surface properties and chemical composition. Finally, the applications of 3DN-CPCMs in various fields were introduced, and their current challenges and future development were also discussed. This paper systematically discussed and analyzed the inherent relationship among the composition, structure, properties and applications of 3DN-CPCMs, which was helpful for deeper understanding of the latest research progress in 3DN-CPCMs and reasonable design and controllable preparation of the high-performance CPCMs. [Display omitted] • Research progress of 3DN-based phase change composites was reviewed. • Effects of pore, surface and composition on properties were discussed. • Multiple application prospects and development directions were outlooked. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The performance of Ni-based catalysts was studied on an interesting mixture of SiO 2 and MgO fabricated via co-precipitation (CP) in methane decomposition. The supported Ni catalysts on the SiO 2.MgO was synthesized via various preparation methods, and an effective method called impregnation was used via EDTA (EIM(Ni)-CP) with different EDTA/Ni molar ratios. The analytical procedures were performed, including XRD, BET, FT-IR, TG-DTA, SEM, H 2 -TPR, TPO, and Raman. The catalysts depicted the BET ranging from 26.6 to 212.7 m2 g−1. The EIM(Ni)-CP method with ED/Ni = 1:1 exhibited high CH 4 conversion, 71% acquired during 600 min at 575 οC. The highest amount of conversion at the beginning and end of the reaction did not change concerning smaller crystal size (7.8 nm), strengthening metal-support interaction with a lower reduction degree, and more resistance toward sintering. In addition, ordered carbon filaments with better crystallinity were produced on the surface of the EIM(Ni)-CP sample. [Display omitted] • The influence of the preparation method was investigated on the 50 wt% Ni/SiO 2.MgO. • A novel method, impregnation by [Ni(EDTA)]2− complex was selected for first time in methane decomposition. • The various ED/Ni molar ratios: 0.5, 1, and 2 on the catalytic performance were studied. • A significant stability with the conversion of 71% obtained over the ED/Ni = 1:1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The second-generation biodiesel is a clean, green and renewable energy. Herein, NiMo/γ-Al 2 O 3 catalysts were prepared by different methods and used for hydrodeoxygenation of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) to produce C 15 –C 18 alkanes. The Al–Ni spinel (NiAl 2 O 4) and NiMoO 4 species can be formed during the impregnation method, while NiAl 2 O 4 and NiMoO 4 can be inhibited by co-precipitation method. The Ni3+ species on the catalyst surface from impregnation and co-precipitation method was assigned to NiMoO 4. Ni15Mo5/γ-Al 2 O 3 -CP (co-precipitation method) with smaller particle size of active metal oxides, large pore size, and more contents of low chemical valence states from active metal species (Ni2+ and Mo4+) shows a higher hydrodeoxygenation performance than Ni15Mo5/γ-Al 2 O 3 -IM (impregnation method). The liquid yield, conversion, oxygen removal efficiency, and selectivity of C 15-18 alkanes over Ni5Mo5/γ-Al 2 O 3 -CP are 76%, 100%, 99.05%, and 92.45%, respectively. It also shows a stable catalytic performance during 200 h test. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the serious greenhouse effects caused by methane and carbon dioxide, dry reforming of methane is one of the most effective ways for the sufficient utilization. The palygorskite supported Ni catalysts are prepared by 5 methods including deposition precipitation, impregnation, ultrasonic-assisted impregnation, hydrothermal precipitation, and ultrasonic-assisted hydrothermal precipitation, and their catalytic performances are experimentally evaluated in dry reforming of methane. As a result, the catalyst prepared by ultrasonic-assisted hydrothermal precipitation presents the highest catalytic activity with reactant conversions of 75.62% (CH 4) and 79.58% (CO 2), respectively. A few characterizations are conducted and the results confirm that the preparation method plays a crucial role in physicochemical property of catalysts. The optimal catalyst exhibits the homogeneous dispersion of active nanoparticles, large surface area and pore diameter, strong interaction between Ni component and palygorskite, and favorable strong basic sites. • Palygorskite is chosen as support to reduce production cost & environmental pollution. • Ni/Pal-UHP catalyst shows excellent properties confirmed by characterization results. • Ni/palygorskite prepared by UHP demonstrates outstanding catalytic performance in DRM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrocatalysis technology plays a significant role in promoting efficient energy conversion, where the performance of the catalyst directly determines the efficiency and feasibility of the electrochemical reactions. Among the many studied catalytic materials, tungsten-based catalysts have attracted widespread attention due to their tunable oxidation states and complex chemical states, making significant progress, especially in energy conversion-related electrocatalytic reactions. Herein, we reviewed the progress in the application of tungsten-based electrocatalysts in key energy conversion processes relevant to the hydrogen, oxygen or nitrogen catalysis reactions. The preparation of tungsten-based catalysts and their advantages and disadvantages was first presented, and then the application of tungsten-based catalytic materials in the field of electrocatalysis was shown based on the classified topics. For each electrochemical process, the basic principles are briefly discussed, and the latest progress in the design, preparation, and application of tungsten-based electrocatalysts is summarized. Finally, the challenges and prospects of developing tungsten-based materials are proposed, aiming to provide theoretical and technical guidance for the innovative design and application development of tungsten-based catalytic materials and to promote technological progress in the field of energy conversion. Tungsten-based catalysts have attracted widespread attention due to their significant potential in the field of electrocatalysis. The article reviews advancements in tungsten-based catalysts for electrocatalysis, covering preparation methods and their application in energy conversion catalytic reactions like water splitting, HOR, ORR and NRR. Future research should focus more on addressing these key issues in promoting the development and application of tungsten-based catalysts in the field of electrocatalysis. [Display omitted] • Creative and representative works for W-based catalysts are summarized. • Synthetic strategies of W-based catalysts are reviewed and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed. • Applications of W-based catalysts for water splitting, HOR, ORR and NRR are discussed. • Future perspective and allied challenges of W-based catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Coal gasification slag is used as a DRM catalyst support. • Mesoporous silica supports from CGFS show enhanced metal dispersion and catalytic performance. • Ni–O–Si can eliminate carbon deposition. • MS-CP with 10 wt% Ni loading exhibits superior activity and stability. Utilizing industrial waste coal gasification fine slag (CGFS) for the preparation of dry reforming of methane (DRM) catalyst supports presents an innovative approach to waste utilization. This strategy not only addresses solid waste pollution but also reduces the production costs associated with DRM catalysts. Currently, the industrialization of the DRM reaction remains elusive. Therefore, selecting an appropriate catalyst preparation method is imperative for potential industrial applications. This study centers on the synthesis of mesoporous silica (MS) supports using coal gasification fine slag. The impact of support structure, catalyst preparation method, and active metal loading on the resistance to sintering and carbon deposition of the catalysts is explored through diverse characterization techniques. The MS support derived from coal gasification fine slag showcases a unique disordered mesoporous architecture that enhances the dispersion of the metal across the support surface. In addition, we report a MS catalyst prepared by a co-precipitation method (MS–CP), which exhibits excellent catalytic activity and stability due to its strong metal-support interaction. Results suggest that during synthesis, the MS–CP catalyst activates the inert MS support by strongly interacting with Ni metal, resulting in the formation of Ni 3 Si 2 O 5 (OH) 4 species. The Ni–O–Si bond can activate CO 2 , thereby promoting the availability of interfacial oxygen during the reaction. This process accelerates the gasification of surface Cn generated by CH 4 decomposition. Notably, the loading analysis indicates that MS–CP loaded with 10 wt% Ni demonstrates the highest resistance to carbon deposition and sintering. Thus, the unique strong metal-supported interactions provide a new avenue for the development of nickel-based DRM catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The arc-melted and vacuum-casted CoNiCrAlHf alloys with a 7YSZ top coat were designed to develop a protective alumina scale at 1100 °C in water vapor content. Arc-melted CoNiCrAlHf alloys provided substantial improvements in oxidation resistance. In this work, the oxidation behavior and void distribution of thermally grown oxide (TGO) formed on CoNiCrAlHf alloys were analyzed. The Al 2 O 3 crystal structure and void distribution were studied as a function of the grain size of the CoNiCrAlHf substrate. Numerous voids developed in the oxide scale, and coarse HfO 2 particles segregated at the Al 2 O 3 grain boundaries of vacuum-cast CoNiCrAlHf alloys. The uniformly distributed HfO 2 particles prevented void formation in the oxide scale. As a result, the phase transformation of Al 2 O 3 was effectively impeded in water vapor. • The preparation method of CoNiCrAlHf alloy affects the size of defects within the oxide scale. • The uniform distribution of HfO 2 particles suppresses the growth of void. • The high levels of water vapor inhibited the phase transition of Al 2 O 3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The effects of preparation methods on Fe-based catalysts were investigated. • Hydrothermal prepared catalysts exhibited better FTO performance than microemulsion. • The synergistic effects of Mn and Zr influenced the structure of catalysts. • Synergistic effect of Mn and Zr benefited for the production of heavy hydrocarbons. Direct production of light olefins (basic chemical raw materials in the industrials) from syngas using promoted catalysts demonstrates great potential, because of their upgraded performances. In this study, a series of Fe-based catalysts promoted by Mn and Zr were prepared by hydrothermal and microemulsion methods and applied to the Fischer-Tropsch reaction. To optimize the catalysts, response surface methodology combined with the central composite design was applied to three independent parameters of the synthesis method, weight percent of Zr promoter (2th promoter) and reaction temperature. To clarify the relationship between the synthesis methods, the synergistic effect of Zr and Mn promoters, and catalyst performance, in detail, different characterization analyses were studied, including XRD, BET, SEM-EDS, FESEM, TEM, H 2 -TPR, and CO-TPR. According to developed statistical equations, it was revealed that the synthesis method is the most influential parameter on CO% and O/P ratio. The experimental results indicated that Zr and Mn promoters had a negative synergistic effect on the CO% and O/P, but a positive one on the heavy hydrocarbons selectivities. The characterization results demonstrated that hydrothermal prepared FeMn catalyst, due to having uniform particle size distribution, cubic morphology, and better reduction at low temperature had highest CO%. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The incidence of food allergy has increased with the continuous improvement of the standard of living. Food allergy has progressed to a major food safety concern. At present, there is few effective diagnostic/biosensing methods for food allergy. The accurate and rapid detection of allergens is still a technical bottleneck in the field of food safety detection. The emergence of electrochemical biosensors provides interesting tools for food allergen detection. This article primarily aim to discuss in recent 10 years the progress of electrochemical biosensors based on diverse biomolecules (antibodies, nucleic acid, cell) for food allergen detection. The construction techniques (immobilization and signal amplification strategy), the use of nanomaterials for biosensors, the sensing principle, sensor performance is covered in detail. The major limitations of each sensing types are also presented. The development of novel surface modifications, nanotechnologies, and preparation technologies provides the most valuable possibilities for the design of electrochemical biosensor platforms with enhanced sensitivity and selectivity. The organic combination of these nanomaterials and biosensors also broadens the design ideas of electrochemical biosensor to a great extent. Although, remaining challenges need to be overcome, electrochemical biosensor as a novel interesting detection technique shows great potential along the years in practical applications of food allergens. Magnetic Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles can be used for cell adsorption on a magnetic GCE, which can keep cells in direct contact with the transduction interface and improve adhesion and sensitivity. Jiang, Jiang, Sun, and Zhang (2015) encapsulated Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles with a SiO 2 shell, and the synthesized fluorescent magnetic beads were encapsulated in liposomes to form cationic magnetic fluorescent nanoparticles for magnetic transfection of mast cells and electrochemical detection. The results showed that the detection accuracies of these targets were 0.03 μg mL−1 (shrimp allergen Pen a 1) and 0.16 ng/mL (fish allergen PV). The Fe 3 O 4 /SiO 2 modified cell-based biosensor, which involves a simple construction process, is a sensitive and innovative biosensor for evaluating food allergens. • Recent advances of electrochemical biosensors for food allergen detection are reviewed. • The combination of nanomaterials and biosensors is presented. • Advantages and limitations of each sensing type and enhancing sensitivity of biosensors were discussed. • The emergence of electrochemical biosensors provides powerful tools for detecting food allergens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An appropriate preparation method is the essential to improve the catalyst performance. In this study, Co–Ce/AC-N catalysts were fabricated on N-doped activated carbon supports by impregnation, sol-gel, precipitation and mix methods, respectively. It was used to catalyze the combined steam and dry reforming of methane (CSDRM). The effects of different preparation methods on the catalyst performance were investigated by means of N 2 adsorption-desorption, XRD, H 2 -TPR, TEM, CO 2 -TPD, FTIR and XPS. Compare with the catalysts prepared by other methods, the catalyst prepared by impregnation exhibits a large surface area, high active metal dispersion, and strong metal-support interaction. Meanwhile, it also has strong basic sites and abundant oxygen vacancies. These greatly improve the activity and stability of the catalyst. The conversions of CH 4 and CO 2 at 650 °C were achieved 71.6% and 64.4%, and H 2 /CO was retained at 1.5. [Display omitted] • The Co–Ce/AC-N catalysts were prepared by different preparation methods. • The catalyst prepared by the impregnation exhibited a high activity and stability. • The catalyst prepared by the impregnation exhibited a high active metal dispersion. • The Co–Ce/AC-N catalysts were investigated for CSDRM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental pollution and shortage of energy resources are considered as the most serious threats faced by mankind. Heterogeneous photocatalysis has become one of the most frequently investigated technologies, thanks to its dual ability to convert solar energy into chemical energy and to perform environmental remediation. However, the low quantum efficiencies achieved so far with TiO 2 photocatalysts represent a big challenge that needs to be overcome before their potential can be fully realized. Among other possibilities, the loading of noble metals (e.g. platinum) is a proven strategy to enhance the TiO 2 photoactivity. However, the method by which Pt/TiO 2 is prepared appears to play a crucial role in tuning the photocatalytic activity. In this work, platinum-loaded anatase TiO 2 photocatalysts were prepared using two alternative methods: photodeposition by reduction of PtCl 62- and physical mixing of TiO 2 with Pt nanoparticles synthesized by laser ablation. The effect of the Pt deposition method was evaluated for the photoreforming reaction of two organic substrates: naphthalene, and methanol. To explain the different activities, a full physicochemical characterization was performed for these samples. Moreover, the charge carrier dynamics in pristine and platinized TiO 2 were investigated by transient absorption spectroscopy (TAS), and by the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) technique, respectively. The photodeposition of Pt caused a significant decrease in the charge carrier recombination rates, which in turn led to an increased rate of the photocatalytic reactions. This effect was mainly attributed to the strong metal-semiconductor interaction resulting from the photodeposition process, aided by the preferential deposition on crystalline facets with stronger reducing properties. [Display omitted] • Different loading methods result in different photocatalytic activities. • The stronger the metal-semiconductor interaction, the better the e − − h + separation. • Platinization method affects the charge carrier dynamic as revealed by EPR and TAS. • The chemical nature of the hole scavenger governed the photocatalytic efficiency. • The stronger the Pt-TiO 2 interaction, the more efficient the charge carrier separation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The residual tensile strength (RTS) evolution of SiC/(PyC/SiC) 2 /SiC samples, prepared by chemical vapor impregnation (CVI) combined with either melting reaction sintering (MI) or polymer impregnation and pyrolysis (PIP), was investigated after 106 cycles as the pre-fatigue stress increased. The fatigue limits of the two tested specimen types, CVI + MI and CVI + PIP, were 760 and 660 MPa, respectively, corresponding to 95% and 75% of the tensile strength, respectively. Although the RTS of the two specimen types first increased and then decreased, it was interesting that after pre-fatigue, the maximum RTS of the CVI + PIP-prepared sample at 680 MPa, was 16 MPa higher than that of the CVI + MI-prepared sample at 590 MPa. The nanoindentation results indicate that the matrix prepared by CVI could protect the fiber from heavy damage in subsequent preparation, and the matrix modulus and hardness were higher in samples prepared by PIP than those prepared by MI. According to the microstructure observations and hysteresis characteristics, it was concluded that the differences mainly came from the internal stress state, matrix, and fiber properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CeO 2 has high oxygen storage and release capacity, but the surface acidity is relatively weak. However, SnO 2 with plentiful acidity can act as acid sites. So, we develop a novel CeO 2 -SnO 2 composite oxide bifunctional catalyst with high SO 2 resistance. [Display omitted] • A novel CeO 2 -SnO 2 composite oxide catalyst with high SO 2 resistance is developed. • The effects of preparation methods on the physicochemical properties of CeO 2 -SnO 2 catalyst are explored. • The catalyst prepared by coprecipitation method leads to increased surface area, acid sites and proper redox property. The selective catalytic reduction for reducing NOx with NH 3 (NH 3 -SCR) has been widespread used in denitration. Considering the shortcomings of vanadium-based catalysts, a series of novel CeO 2 -SnO 2 composite oxide catalysts with good SO 2 tolerance were developed. The effects of preparation methods on the catalytic performance had been systematically studied by characterization methods, such as XRD, SEM, N 2 adsorption–desorption, H 2 -TPR, NH 3 -TPD, XPS and in situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Characterization results concluded that the catalytic performance was closely related to the different physicochemical property resulting from preparation methods. CeO 2 -SnO 2 composite catalyst was prepared by coprecipitation method (CeSn-CP) that displayed high NH 3 -SCR activity and good SO 2 tolerance. The coprecipitation method resulted in the high dispersion of SnO 2 species and the formation of binary solid solution. Binary solid solution was beneficial to play the synergetic effect between CeO 2 and SnO 2 , which had improved reduction ability and acidity, and thus an apparent promotion of activity was presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Aqueous-phase partial oxidation of CH 4 with H 2 O 2 was examined over Fe-ZSM-5. • The effect of the catalyst preparation method for Fe-ZSM-5 was investigated. • Ion-exchange method is the most effective for the catalytic activity. • Isolated or oligonuclear extra-framework Fe species are proved to be most active. • The optimum Fe content exists to maximize the total product yield per consumed H 2 O 2. The effect of the catalyst preparation method on the catalytic activity of Fe-ZSM-5 for the partial oxidation of methane with H 2 O 2 in an aqueous phase was examined. UV–vis spectroscopy and FT-IR spectroscopy after NO adsorption were used to characterize the prepared catalysts. Various preparation methods, including wet impregnation, solid-state ion-exchange, chemical vapor impregnation, hydrothermal synthesis, and aqueous phase ion-exchange were compared. Among them, the aqueous phase ion-exchange method demonstrated the best results in producing isolated or oligonuclear extra-framework Fe species, which showed the highest catalytic activity. On the other hand, bulk iron oxides did not decompose H 2 O 2 nor did they activate methane. The total product yield and the amount of H 2 O 2 consumed increased with increasing Fe content in the case of the Fe-ZSM-5 catalyst prepared using an ion-exchange method. However, the fraction of less active Fe species, such as iron oxide clusters and larger iron oxide aggregates on the external crystal surface, increased with the Fe content, resulting in a decrease in the total product yield per Fe content and the amount of H 2 O 2 consumed per Fe content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compacted bentonite/sand mixture have been considered as possible sealing/backfilling material in the deep geological disposal of high-level radioactive nuclear waste. The swelling pressure of the compacted bentonite/sand mixture is of significance in the design of the geological repository, which requires good consistency between data obtained by laboratory and field measurement. In this work, a series of swelling pressure tests were performed on compacted MX80 bentonite/sand specimens prepared by methods commonly adopted in laboratory (As-compacted, Transferred) and those mimicking the real block manufacturing process (Trimmed, Inserted). Results shown that with identical dry density (especially when the dry density was larger than 1.70 Mg/m3), largest swelling pressure was obtained in specimens prepared by method Inserted, followed by method As-compacted, Transferred and Trimmed. The distinct difference between the swelling pressure could be largely attributed to the effects of residual post-compaction lateral stress. More interestingly, specimens prepared by methods Trimmed and Transferred followed a similar swelling pressure-dry density relationship. From this point of view, method Transferred without causing mass loss, change of bentonite content and possible technological voids effect was recommended in lieu of method Trimmed for specimen preparation in laboratory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Platycodon grandiflorus (P. grandiflorus), a traditional Chinese medicinal herb used for both medicine and food, has a long history of treating respiratory infections, bronchitis, pneumonia, and other lung-related diseases. The therapeutic effects of P. grandiflorus are attributed to its chemical components, including polysaccharides. Among these components, Platycodon grandiflorus polysaccharides (PGP) are recognized as one of the most important and abundant active ingredients, exhibiting various biological activities such as prebiotic, antioxidant, antiviral, anticancer, antiangiogenic, and immune regulatory properties. Incorporating the principles of traditional Chinese medicine, carrier concepts, and modern targeted drug delivery technologies, PGP can influence the target sites and therapeutic effects of other drugs while also serving as a drug carrier for targeted and precise treatments. Therefore, it is essential to provide a comprehensive review of the extraction, separation, purification, physicochemical properties, and biological activities of PGP. In the future, by integrating new concepts, technologies, and processes, further references and guidance can be provided for the comprehensive development of PGP. This will contribute to the advancement of P. grandiflorus in various fields such as pharmaceuticals, health products, and food. • Platycodon grandiflorus (P. grandiflorus), a traditional Chinese medicinal herb, used for both medicine and food. • PGP, a crucial compound in P. grandiflorus , shows diverse biological actions, notably immune regulation. • Preparation methods of PGP, including names, extraction, and purification. • Structural PGP analysis: methods detect sugar, weight, sequence, structure, glycosidic linkage. • PGP's potential advances pharmaceuticals, health products, food, and agriculture, driving industry progress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of surface icing poses a serious threat to people's economy and safety, especially in the fields of aerospace, wind power generation and circuit transmission. Super-hydrophobic has excellent anti-icing performance, so it has been widely studied. As the most promising anti-icing technology, superhydrophobic anti-icing surface should not only be simple to prepare, but also have excellent comprehensive performance, which can meet the anti-icing task under harsh working conditions and long-term durability. This paper summarizes the basic performance requirements of superhydrophobic surface for anti-icing operation, and then summarizes the preparation methods and existing problems of superhydrophobic surface in recent years. Finally, the future development trend of superhydrophobic anti-icing surface is prospected and discussed, hoping to provide certain technical guidance for the subsequent research of high-performance superhydrophobic anti-icing surface. [Display omitted] • The development status and characteristics of existing anti-icing technology are introduced. • Summarize the basic performance of superhydrophobic anti-icing surface. • The preparation methods and characteristics of superhydrophobic anti-icing surface are classified and evaluated. • The development of functionalized superhydrophobic anti-icing surface is introduced. • The future development direction of superhydrophobic anti-icing surface is prospected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this review, microspheres for ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) were reviewed in accordance with the literature in recent years. As people's demands for chromatography are becoming more and more sophisticated, the preparation and application of UPLC stationary phases have become the focus of researchers in this field. This new analytical separation science not only maintains the practicality and principle of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), but also improves the step function of chromatographic performance. The review presents the morphology of four types of sub-2 μm silica microspheres that have been used in UPLC, including non-porous silica microspheres (NPSMs), mesoporous silica microspheres (MPSMs), hollow silica microspheres (HSMs) and core-shell silica microspheres (CSSMs). The preparation, pore control and modification methods of different microspheres are introduced in the review, and then the applications of UPLC in drug analysis and separation, environmental monitoring, and separation of macromolecular proteins was presented. Finally, a brief overview of the existing challenges in the preparation of sub-2 μm microspheres, which required further research and development, was given. [Display omitted] • The preparation methods of silica microspheres were summarized. • The factors affecting the pore size of silica microspheres were analyzed. • Different structures of silica microspheres were introduced. • The application of UPLC in different fields was discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resistant starch (RS) has been extensively studied because of its beneficial effects on gut microbiota. In this study, four RSs obtained through various preparation processes were utilized for in vitro fermentation, and their structural characteristics before and after fermentation were determined using chromatography, Fourier infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was observed that these RSs can be classified into two categories based on their fermentation and structural features. The autoclaving RS (ARS) and extruding RS (ERS) were classified as Class I Microbiome Community (MC-I), characterized by a higher proportion of butyrate and its producers, including unclassified_g_Megasphaera and Megasphaera elsdenii. While microwaving RS (MRS) and ultrasound RS (URS) belonged to Class II Microbiome Community (MC-II), marked by a higher proportion of acetate and its producer, Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum DSM 20438. MC-I had a lower molecular weight, shorter chain length, more chains with degree of polymerization (DP) 36–100, and a more ordered structure than MC-II. Furthermore, SEM observations revealed distinct degradation patterns between MC-I and MC-II, which may be attributed to their surface structural characteristics. These findings imply that the preparation methods employed for RS can determine its multilevel structural characteristics, and consequently influence its physiological properties. [Display omitted] • The structures of ARS and ERS were similar, but different from those of MRS and URS. • ARS and ERS exhibited lower molecular weight and higher crystallinity. • The surface structural characteristic may determine the degradation pattern of RS. • The fermentation of ARS and ERS produced more butyrate than MRS and URS. • MRS and URS enriched Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum DSM 20438. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, porous starch has attracted increasing attention due to its valuable functions and potential applications. Here, we present a comprehensive review of the recent advances of porous starch in different aspects, including the preparation and structural characterization methods, physicochemical properties, and potential applications. In general, different techniques including physical, chemical and enzymatic as well as their synergic methods have been extensively used to prepare porous starch. The prepared porous starch can be characterized by several instrumental methods including pore structure analyzer, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometer, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance. As compared to native starch, porous starch shows enhanced adsorption efficiency, solubility and swelling power. Moreover, porous starch can be used to adsorb, encapsulate and release different substances. This review will provide a guideline for the rational preparation and applications of porous starch in the future. • Recent advances of porous starch are summarized. • Porous starch can be produced by physical, chemical, enzymatic and synergic methods. • Porous starch shows enhanced adsorption efficiency, solubility and swelling power. • Porous starch can be used to adsorb, encapsulate and release different substances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper conducts a new investigation of air purification with total heat recovery based on nanofluids for the first time to realize the synergistic application of nanofluids to the heat and mass transfer as well as the photocatalysis and sterilization fields. To explore the feasibility of the new application, the stable TiO 2 nanofluids were obtained by a post-treated optimized preparation method. Then the experimental device is built to investigate the formaldehyde and total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) purification as well as sterilization. At last, the heat recovery characteristics of nanofluids are indirectly investigated by testing the gas-liquid bubbling heat transfer behaviour. The results show the post-treated method can improve the dispersion stability of nanofluids. The nanofluid system has efficient effects on air purification and sterilization for both fungi and bacteria. The nanofluids have higher gas-liquid bubbling heat transfer performance than water which increased as the particle loading. Image 1 • A combined use of nanofluids in heat recovery and air purification is proposed. • A post-treated optimized preparation method is used to improve the dispersion stability. • The nanofluid system has efficient effects in air purification and sterilization. • Nanofluids have higher gas-liquid bubbling heat transfer performance than pure water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Spherical-like Pd-based catalysts were rationally prepared by different protocols. • High Pd dispersion favors the catalytic activity in n -butylamine combustion. • High porosity of catalysts is beneficial for NO x formation control. • Pd/S-2 IS prepared by in situ synthesis method shows the best catalytic performance. • The n -butylamine destruction mechanism was proposed by in situ DRIFTS. Two types spherical-like SiO 2 with different specific surface area (SSA) and porosity were synthesized and used as support for Pd catalysts, which were prepared by various protocols (in situ synthesis (IS, Pd/S-1 IS , and Pd/S-2 IS), wet impregnation (WI, Pd/S-1 WI , and Pd/S-2 WI), and grafting (GA, Pd/S-1 GA , and Pd/S-2 GA)) and adopted in n -butylamine combustion. Results suggest that Pd dispersion is positive correlation with support SSA and GA method is the most favorable approach to obtain highly dispersed Pd active sites. Pd/S-1 IS , Pd/S-1 WI , and Pd/S-1 GA catalysts with small SSA show inferior activity and higher NO x yield than those of Pd/S-2 IS , Pd/S-2 WI , and Pd/S-2 GA with large SSA, irrelevant with the preparation methods. Amongst, Pd/S-2 GA possesses the smallest Pd average diameter (ca. 1.72 nm) and highest activity with 90% of n -butylamine destructed at 234 °C; however, the yield of NO x over Pd/S-2 GA is much higher than the other catalysts (except Pd/S-1 GA) as the GA approach provides high concentration of active sites and the preparation procedure sacrifices the SSA and porosity of supports to some extent. In situ DRIFTS results reveal that the developed porosity of catalyst promotes nitrogen-containing by-products (NH x) transfer and diffusion and avoids their further oxidizing to NO x. The activity of samples prepared by the WI process is lower than that prepared by the IS or GA method due to limited active sites. Comparatively, the Pd/S-2 IS prepared by the IS method has relative high activity (T 90 of 240 °C) and low NO x yield (0.99% at T 90) in n -butylamine oxidation among all materials, exhibiting an attractive prospective in nitrogen-containing VOC environment-friendly elimination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Mg 2 B 2 O 5 whisker helps to reduce the cost of reinforced composites as compared to other whiskers. • Different basic preparation methods and growth mechanisms for the production of Mg 2 B 2 O 5 whisker are discussed. • Mg 2 B 2 O 5 whisker is effectively improved the mechanical, friction materials and reinforcing composite materials. • The effects of surface modification of Mg 2 B 2 O 5 whisker on alloys and polymers are discussed. Magnesium borate (Mg 2 B 2 O 5) whiskers are highly regarded as a promising inorganic reinforcing material due to their availability, ease of preparation, and remarkable reinforcing effect. The main objective of this article is to examine the properties of Mg 2 B 2 O 5 whiskers and to encourage researchers to utilize them, thereby enhancing the characteristics of various composites in a cost–effective manner. Six production methods of Mg 2 B 2 O 5 whiskers are addressed, and based on these methods, different growth mechanisms of Mg 2 B 2 O 5 whiskers, including liquid–solid, solid–liquid–solid, vapor–solid, and vapor–liquid–solid mechanisms, are analyzed and summarized. As reinforcing materials, Mg 2 B 2 O 5 whiskers are widely employed in alloys and polymers, effectively enhancing the physical and chemical properties of the resulting whisker–reinforced composites, including mechanical, friction and wear resistance, and flame retardancy properties. Furthermore, the impact of surface modification of Mg 2 B 2 O 5 whiskers on the properties of composites was explored. The cost–effectiveness, favorable properties, and wide availability of Mg 2 B 2 O 5 whiskers make them excellent potential materials for numerous applications, and the article provides an analysis and forecasts the future development direction and prospects of Mg 2 B 2 O 5 whiskers. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable development represents a vital global strategic goal. In the field of microcooling, green and environmentally friendly solid-state refrigeration technologies show great potential to replace vapor compression refrigeration technologies based on hydrofluorocarbon refrigerants. Shape memory alloys (SMAs) have received increasing interest in recent years as promising elastocaloric materials (eCMs) that induce martensitic phase transformations, which exhibit heat release and absorption upon the application and removal of stress fields. This work reviews the main preparation methods and recent advances in solid-state refrigerants based on SMAs, such as the more studied methods of melting and casting, rolling, and drawing, and the less studied methods of sputtering deposition, and additive manufacturing. The main properties of the eCM-based solid-state refrigerants were analyzed, including the elastocaloric effect (eCE), operating temperature window, stress hysteresis, and cycle stability. Challenges in the commercialization of solid-state refrigeration technology, including SMA-based eCM and their key properties, are discussed. The characteristics and applicability of the different preparation methods are compared, and the advantages and limitations of the methods are summarized. Furthermore, the authors discus the latest research achievements and development directions of SMA-based eCMs to inspire the exploration of new technologies for eCM with excellent eCE and fatigue properties, as these properties are the keys to solid-state cooling technology. Therefore, this comprehensive review is expected to be useful for research on developing eCMs with excellent performance for commercial application in solid-state refrigeration technology. [Display omitted] • Various techniques for preparing solid-state refrigerants based on SMAs were reviewed. • Preparation techniques and main properties of SMA-based eCMs are summarized and compared. • The applicability and limitations of different preparation methods are discussed. • Research on preparation methods for eCMs with refrigeration property are summarized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dry reforming of methane (DRM) is considered a promising process to convert CH 4 and CO 2 into syngas for achieving carbon neutrality. However, sintering and carbon deposition of Ni pose significant challenges to the industrialization of DRM. The size of Ni particles significantly affects the generation of carbon deposits. In this study, a series of Ni/MSS catalysts were prepared using four different methods, including common impregnation, glycine-assisted impregnation, ethylene glycol-assisted impregnation and ammonia evaporation. The effects of preparation methods on the anti-sintering and anti-coking properties were explored through various characterization techniques. Results showed that glycine-assisted impregnation and ethylene glycol-assisted impregnation effectively improved the dispersion of Ni, resulting in small Ni particles while preserving the unique pore structure of MSS supports. Smaller Ni particles expose more active sites, which facilitate the resistance to carbon accumulation. These catalysts show the highest activity and excellent stability. The catalyst prepared by ammonia evaporation showed the best stability due to the synergistic effect of the strongest basicity and metal-support interaction. However, nickel phyllosilicate generation consumed a small amount of MSS, resulting in reduced specific surface area. Compared with the common impregnation method, the other three methods reduced the particle size of Ni and improved the interaction between support and metal, effectively enhancing the ability of the catalyst to resist coking and sintering. Kinetic studies also showed a significant decrease in the apparent activation energy of methane and carbon dioxide cracking due to the reduced particle size of Ni particles. [Display omitted] • The effect of the preparation method on the performance of the DRM catalyst was studied. • Glycine-assisted and ethylene glycol-assisted impregnation minimize the particle size of Ni particles. • The ammonia evaporation method improved the metal-support interaction and alkalinity. • The small Ni particles of the catalyst suppress the generation of carbon deposits. • The kinetics of DRM catalysts prepared by different methods were investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starch is non-toxic, low cost, and possesses good biocompatibility and biodegradability. As a natural polymer material, starch is an ideal choice for microcapsule wall materials. Starch-based microcapsules have a wide range of applications and application prospects in fields such as food, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and others. This paper firstly reviews the commonly used wall materials and preparation methods of starch-based microcapsules. Then the effect of starch wall materials on microcapsule properties is introduced in detail. It is expected to provide researchers with design inspiration and ideas for the development of starch-based microcapsules. Next the applications of starch-based microcapsules in various fields are presented. Finally, the future trends of starch-based microcapsules are discussed. Molecular simulation, green chemistry, and solutions to the main problems faced by resistant starch microcapsules may be the future research trends of starch-based microcapsules. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• AMn 2 O 5 catalyst has a unique crystal structure and excellent catalytic properties. • AMn 2 O 5 catalyst mainly consists of A-site composite, nano, supported and 3DOM phases. • The synthesis and properties of AMn 2 O 5 catalyst are closely related to the activity. • AMn 2 O 5 catalyst was used to efficiently degrade NO, VOC, CO, soot and other pollutants. • A-position/morphology control, load/acid etching treatment, construction of 3DOM. AMn 2 O 5 catalyst has become a popular material in the field of catalytic oxidation as a mixed oxide of manganese group. Its abundant lattice oxygen species and unique crystal structure make the mullite catalyst have excellent catalytic performance. Mn-based mullite catalyst is mainly composed of four different types of catalysts, including A-site complex phase catalyst, nano-catalyst, supported catalyst and 3DOM structure catalyst. They are widely used in the degradation reaction of NO, VOCs, CO and Soot in different phases, and show superior activity. In this paper, intrinsic properties of AMn 2 O 5 catalysts, such as crystal structure, physicochemical properties, active sites and metal-oxygen bond strength, are discussed. The toxicity resistance, water resistance, stability and catalytic activity of AMn 2 O 5 catalyst were analyzed based on the examples of various catalytic oxidation reactions. Finally, the feasibility of expanding the application of Mn-based mullite catalyst in environmentally friendly and sustainable production was summarized and prospected through the current practical catalyst optimization technology. The work in this paper provides a reference for the design and optimization of multiphase Mn-based mullite catalysts. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• TiO 2 supported Pt catalysts were prepared by various preparation methods. • Preparation method affected the catalytic activity in toluene total oxidation. • Oxygen activation was a key factor to determine the catalytic activity. Herein, we compared the catalyst formation process of three Pt/TiO 2 catalysts prepared by impregnation (PtTi–I), deposition precipitation (PtTi–D) and photo-deposition (PtTi–P) to investigate its effect on oxgyen activation and toluene oxidation activity. The encapsulation of TiO 2 on Pt particles induced by high temperature strengthened the metal–support interaction (MSI) but inhibited the activation of oxygen over PtTi–I catalyst, thus it showed the poorest activity in toluene oxidation. Since the selective deposition of Pt on certain face of TiO 2 during photo-deposition process, PtTi–P exhibited stronger MSI and higher activity although it possessed much larger Pt particles than PtTi–D. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermal oils due to their high ability in cooling and lubricating have many applications in high-tech industries such as automotive industry. Dispersing nanoparticles in a thermal oil (which the resulted new liquid is called nanofluid) can modify further the cooling and lubrication efficiencies. This review paper aims to present the recent advances in the preparation methods and thermophysical properties measurements of oil-based nanofluids. Effects of various parameters such as nanoparticle concentration, size, and temperature on the values of properties including thermal conductivity, viscosity, density, and specific heat are reviewed. The correlations available for the properties of oil-based nanofluids are gathered from the literature that could be a worthy source for those who aim to work on oil-based nanofluids. Unlabelled Image [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • First evidence showing that Fe 3 O 4 morphology affects aquathermolysis performance. • L-Fe 3 O 4 with irregular morphology has larger intercrystalline mesopores. • Larger mesopores break C–S bonds and decrease resin/asphaltene content. • Synergy between Fe 3 O 4 NPs and heulandite can decrease the size of Fe 3 O 4. • Fe 3 O 4 /heulandite catalyst can effectively reduce viscosity of crude oil by 85%. Abstract Elucidating the underlying structure-performance relationship of Fe 3 O 4 -containing catalysts for the aquathermolysis of crude oil is essential for the design of efficient heterogeneous catalysts. Therefore, recyclable Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles (NPs) with different morphology and particle size were first prepared and tested for catalytic aquathermolysis. The easily prepared Fe 3 O 4 NPs with irregular morphology (L-Fe 3 O 4) have larger intercrystalline mesopores than oleic acid-modified Fe 3 O 4 NPs. This leads to enhanced mass transfer ability, more accessible active sites and thus better aquathermolysis performance. Moreover, these L-Fe 3 O 4 NPs were loaded on a heulandite support by a scalable co-precipitation method, and this L-Fe 3 O 4 /heulandite catalyst showed very good performance in catalytic aquathermolysis, with a viscosity decrease of extra-heavy crude oil of 85.0%. The underlying structure-performance relationship was systematically investigated by XRD, HRTEM, EDX-mapping, FT-IR, elemental analysis, SARA (saturate, aromatic, resin and asphaltene) analysis and 1H NMR. The Fe 3 O 4 /heulandite catalyst broke C–S bonds and reduced the resin and asphaltene content of the oil. This work is important for the design of Fe 3 O 4 -containing catalysts in catalytic aquathermolysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The development of technologies used to prepare thin electrolyte films will stimulate the application of electrolyte-supported SOFCs since thin electrolyte films typically have low ohmic resistances and good electrochemical performance. This paper presents a novel method for the preparation of thin electrolyte films for yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ)-supported solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) via dry pressing/heating/quenching/calcining. The thicknesses of the as-prepared YSZ films were as low as 78 μm, which is significantly thinner than those prepared using a traditional method (greater than 200 μm) via dry pressing/calcining/polishing. More importantly, the preparation process was quicker. Using this novel method, a YSZ-supported cell with a configuration of (La 0.6 Sr 0.4) 0.9 Co 0.8 Fe 0.2 O 3- δ (LSCF)–Ce 0.8 Sm 0.2 O 2- δ (SDC)/SDC/YSZ/SDC/Ba 0.5 Sr 0.5 Co 0.8 Fe 0.2 O 3− δ (BSCF)–SDC was fabricated and tested. The results showed promising electrochemical performance and a peak power density of 0.64 W cm−2 at 850 °C was obtained, which was much higher than the cell fabricated using the traditional method (0.29 W cm−2). The ohmic resistance (R O) at 850 °C is 0.19 Ω cm2, which is much lower than that of the cell fabricated using the traditional method (0.33 Ω cm2) at an identical temperature. The modified method described in this work is shown to be a promising technique to prepare thin electrolyte films for high-performance, electrolyte-supported SOFCs. Graphical abstract A novel method via dry pressing/heating/quenching/calcining for preparing thin electrolyte films for YSZ-supported SOFCs is introduced. Image 1 Highlights • A novel method for preparing thin electrolyte films for YSZ-supported SOFCs was introduced. • The thickness of the as-prepared YSZ film was as low as 78 μm. • Using this novel method, an YSZ-supported cell exhibited promising electrochemical performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • A new thermal insulation material for buildings synthetized by a facile cast-in-place approach. • A low thermal conductivity <0.035 W·m−1·K−1 at room temperature and a low thermal conductivity <0.040 W·m−1·K−1 at 800 °C. • A low cost enabled by cheap raw materials and simple preparation technology with no complicated equipment involved. Abstract High performance thermal insulation material was prepared by fumed silica as thermal insulation matrix, white cement as binder. SiC powder was incorporated as an opacifier. Short glass fibers were added to increase stiffness and minimize contraction. The samples were produced within 4 days under ambient pressure with no complicated equipment. The influences caused by white cement amount on the properties were investigated to achieve the optimal performance. A low thermal conductivity 0.033 W·m−1·K−1 at 25 °C and a low thermal conductivity 0.038 W·m−1·K−1 at 800 °C were achieved based on the experimental results. The linear shrinkage of the insulation up to 800 °C in air for 30 min was 7.54%. In addition, the insulation exhibited a compression stress above 0.15 MPa (3% strain). The relation between structure and performances was revealed. That we here publicly reported thermal insulation materials synthetized by nano-powder and inorganic binder might reveal a new method for synthesis high performance thermal insulation materials. Based on the simplicity of the manufacturing process, the optimized material properties and cheap cost of raw materials, we believe this technology can act as an effective thermal insulation material for buildings and myriad applications requiring improved thermal efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Boron carbide is an extremely hard material extensively used in the industry. In this study, carbon-coated B 4 C nanoparticles were synthesized through a one-step synthesis method using high-temperature firing cheap and readily available raw materials, namely, boric acid and sucrose. X -ray diffraction and Raman spectra analysis indicated the formation of B 4 C, and high-resolution transmission electron spectroscopy revealed that the carbon-coated B 4 C nanoparticles exhibited regular B 4 C-C core-hell structure with an average particle diameter of around 100 nm. This method is simple and time-saving, and can be adopted for the large-scale production of the core-shell nanoparticle. Directly using these core-shell structural nanoparticles as precursor, high-performance B 4 C/C ceramics with hardness reaching 34 GPa, fracture toughness reaching 3.3 MPa m1/2 were synthesized. This study has important implications in developing high-performance B 4 C ceramics. Highlights • A new method to prepare B 4 C-C core-hell nanopowders is proposed. • Grain growth of the nanopowders will not occur with the increase of temperature. • We synthesized high-performance B 4 C/C ceramics by using these nanopowders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • MF-CNT-Fe 2 O 3 was first prepared through a combined papermaking and MOCVD process. • MF-CNT-Fe 2 O 3 could perform the advantages of CNTs and stainless steel fibers. • MF-CNT-Fe 2 O 3 could reduce the resistance of fixed bed reactor. • MF-CNT-Fe 2 O 3 prepared by MOCVD performed better than by impregnation in CWPO. Abstract A novel microfibers entrapped carbon-nanotube composite catalyst with iron loaded (MF-CNT-Fe 2 O 3) was develop followed by fixed bed catalytic wet peroxide oxidation (CWPO) of m-cresol. Firstly, the microfibers entrapped carbon-nanotube composite (MF-CNT) support was prepared by wet lay-up papermaking process and sintering process and the entrapment ratio of support was evaluated. Then active components were loaded on support by metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) method. Characterizations were carried out including Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), N 2 adsorption–desorption, X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), H 2 -Temperature-Programmed Reduction (H 2 -TPR) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TG), respectively. At last, catalytic activity was tested. Results showed that the best entrapment ratio (72.5%) occurred when stirring time was 9.5 min and the mass ratio of CNTs to stainless steel fibers was 6:3. Characterization results illustrated that advanced three-dimensional network was formed in the microfibers composites and catalysts performed high thermal stability. CNTs were successfully entrapped in the fibers and iron components were uniformly dispersed on supports. CWPO results showed that MF-CNT-Fe 2 O 3 catalysts prepared by MOCVD performed better than by impregnation method. Additionally, MF-CNT-Fe 2 O 3 catalysts could perform high CWPO activity (m-cresol conversion highest at 99% and TOC conversion highest at 42%, respectively). Little iron loss was observed in all treated effluents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract The different preparation methods about ceria-zirconia modified alumina influence palladium dispersion by the interaction, which is main factor in influencing close coupled catalytic activity. The catalyst obtained by deposition precipitation owns higher surface palladium species than the sample synthesized by coprecipitation method, and higher palladium dispersion than the catalyst prepared by wet-impregnation method. A simple process is described as is shown above, and specific process is illustrated in my article. Highlights • The different methods influence the interaction, resulting in different activities. • Interaction is investigated by different methods, such as TPR, XPS and CO adsorption. • The reason why different methods influence dispersion is explained by the brief mode. Abstract A series of Ce 0.75 Zr 0.25 O 2 -Al 2 O 3 samples were prepared by conventional coprecipitation, wet impregnation method and novel deposition precipitation, after the corresponding Pd-only close coupled catalysts were obtained by incipient wet impregnation. Differences in surface properties and catalytic performance were investigated systematically by a wealth of characterizations. XPS, H 2 -TPR and CO chemisorption revealed that the different preparation methods of Ce 0.75 Zr 0.25 O 2 -Al 2 O 3 led to different intensity of interaction between PdO species and support, thus forming different palladium dispersions. BET, XRD and activity evaluation indicated the catalyst obtained by novel deposition precipitation presented superior textural properties, catalytic performance and thermal stability, due to the strongest interaction proved by H 2 -TPR, XPS and CO chemisorption, which could retard the sintering of noble metal during the aging process. HRTEM images indicate for the catalysts, PdO species are mainly dispersed and stabilized on the ceria resulting from the lower redox potential of Pd2+/Pd0 (0.95 V) than that of Ce4+/Ce3+ (1.72 V). Consequently, it owned higher surface PdO content and dispersion than the catalysts prepared by coprecipitation and impregnation method, presenting its higher catalytic properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • Silver inclusion and Ago surface segregation are needed for soot-NO removal. • MW-assisted synthesis facilitates both silver inclusion and Ago segregation. • Silver inclusion correlates with oxygen vacancies formation. • Short MW-irradiation time is enough to promote metallic silver segregation. • Solid- state synthesis favored silver segregation as Ag 2 O which is less active. Abstract La 0.7 Ag 0.3 MnO 3 perovskite-like catalyst was prepared using three synthetic routes, microwaved-assisted (MW) microwaved-assisted hydrothermal (HMW) and solid state (SS) with the aim of studying catalyst preparation method effect on the simultaneous removal of soot and NO x under loose contact condition. The materials were characterized using various analytical techniques, such as XRD, XPS, H 2 -TPR and O 2 -TPD. Among the prepared solids, the MW catalyst showed the best catalytic performance for the simultaneous removal since it was the one with the lowest soot ignition temperature (160 °C), the lowest temperature for the maximum NO x reduction (328 °C), the highest NO x reduction efficiency (60%); and an intermediate T 50 (371 °C) for soot oxidation. Results further showed that a rapid synthesis using short microwave irradiation time (6 min) for the precursor solution and short calcination times for the final solid (1 h) produced smaller particles (13 nm) with a high silver (Ag+) content incorporated into perovskite lattice structure thus facilitating the formation of oxygen vacancies as active sites. In fact, the increment in the oxygen vacancies correlated with the increment of surface oxygen content (α-oxygen) that along with the segregated metallic silver amount allowed inferring that both active sites are needed for the simultaneous NO and soot removal. Finally, based on our results it was suggested that both NO and O 2 are adsorbed from the gaseous phase on the active sites (oxygen vacancies and Ago) of the catalyst surface to form NO 2 as an intermediate that quickly reacts with soot to yield CO 2 and N 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Heparan sulfate (HS) is a kind of natural polysaccharides with good biocompatibility. And as drug carriers, it has some advantages compared to heparin. However, the preparation of HS is cumbersome and difficult, which limits its application in drug delivery. Here, we use modern separation technique combined with chromatography to establish a new preparation method of HS. The molecular weight and degree of dispersion of HS were (1.03 × 104 ± 107) kDa and 1.106, respectively. HS also showed low anticoagulation activity in comparison with heparin. Subsequently, novel redox-sensitive heparan sulfate-cystamine-vitamin E succinate (HS-SS-VES, HSV) micelles were designed to increase tumor selectivity and improve the therapeutic effect of doxorubicin (DOX). DOX-loaded HSV micelles (DOX/HSV) with spherical morphology had average particle size of 90–120 nm and good redox-triggered release behavior. The cell viabilities of blank micelles were >90% in both human breast cancer (MCF7) cells and African green monkey SV40-transformed kidney fibroblast (COS7) cells. However, the cytotoxicity of DOX/HSV in MCF7 cells was higher than that of COS7 cells. Flow cytometry analyses and confocal laser scanning microscopy observation indicated that DOX/HSV micelles were internalized by endocytosis, and then the drug was released quickly and entered the nuclei of tumor cells. The results demonstrate that high-purity HS can be prepared and has the potential to be further used for drug delivery in antitumor applications. Highlights • Redox-sensitive heparan sulfate-vitamin E succinate conjugates were developed for delivery of doxorubicin. • The heparan sulfate-based micelles were stable in serum environment and had good redox-trigger release behavior. • Enhanced cytotoxicity and efficient internalization of heparan sulfate-based micelles were exhibited in tumor cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) are among the materials that have been consistently developed in the field of nanomaterials in recent years, and have become essential in the field of materials science and engineering, due to their outstanding chemical stability, wide band gap, and high exciton binding energy. However, currently available preparation methods face challenges in efficient tuning of the morphology and microstructure of the target product and in realization of facile large-scale production. Scientists still struggle with accurately controlling the targeted morphology and microstructure, achieving large-scale production, and surface modification of organic functions. Ultimately, this review will encourage more research on ZnO-NPs and promote their practical applications in materials science and engineering. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The structure and composition of alginate oligosaccharides (AOS) strongly influence its biological activity. • AOS produced by enzymatic and non-enzymatic methods have differences in structure and biological activity. • The difference in the product distribution of alginate lyase allows it to be used for the directed preparation of AOS. The alginate oligosaccharides (AOS) possess versatile activities (such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and immune-regulatory activities) and have been the research topic in marine bioresource utilization fields. The degree of polymerization (DP) and the β-D-mannuronic acid (M)/α-L-guluronic acid (G)-units ratio strongly affect the functionality of AOS. Therefore, directed preparation of AOS with specific structures is essential for expanding the applications of alginate polysaccharides and has been the research topic in the marine bioresource field. Alginate lyases could efficiently degrade alginate and specifically produce AOS with specific structures. Therefore, enzymatic preparation of AOS with specific structures has drawn increasing attention. Herein, we systematically summarized the current research progress on the structure–function relation of AOS and focuses on the application of the enzymatic properties of alginate lyase to the specific preparation of various types of AOS. At the same time, current challenges and opportunities for AOS applications are presented to guide and improve the preparation and application of AOS in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MnO X -CeO 2 catalysts were prepared by different methods in order to assess the influence of Mn and Ce interaction on the catalytic activity of NO reduction and 1,2-dichlorobencene (o-DCB) oxidation carried out simultaneously. Changes on catalytic properties were evaluated by XRD, Raman, N 2 -physisorption, H 2 -TPR and NH 3 -TPD. The samples prepared by co-precipitation and sol-gel exhibited the best catalytic activity over the whole temperature range. These preparation methods provide high interaction between Mn and Ce at surface and bulk, which was evidenced by the formation of mixed oxide phase. According to characterisation, the enhancement of catalytic activity with Mn and Ce interaction is associated to the promotion of structural defects, which improve redox and acid properties. Oxidative capability is also improved as a consequence of the oxygen vacancies generated by the presence of those structural defects. On the other hand, the promotion of Mn and Ce interaction favours the production of N 2 O in NO reduction at a lower temperature, and also leads to o-DCB total oxidation by decreasing CO production. [Display omitted] • Mn and Ce interaction leads to formation of a mixed oxide phase. • Co-precipitation and sol-gel favour Mn and Ce interaction at both bulk and surface. • Impregnation only favours surface interaction between active metals. • The promotion of Mn and Ce interaction affects positively to catalytic performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methane is widely recognized as one of the most significant greenhouse gases released into the atmosphere by shale gas and natural gas, contributing to global warming. Developing innovative technology for converting methane into transferable, storable, and useable liquid fuels is essential for long-term sustainability and carbon neutrality. Direct methane oxidation (DMTM) is one of the most efficient and cost-effective methods for producing methanol. The purpose of this research was to develop a highly active Cu-loaded mordenite zeolites (Cu-MOR) catalyst by the hydrothermal and ion exchange processes. Different methods were employed for Cu incorporation via double solvent, physical mixing, wetness impregnation, and incipient wetness impregnation. The synthesized catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), N 2 -adsorption analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and Methane Temperature Programmed Desorption (CH 4 -TPD). The DMTM was performed, and it was found that the Cu-MOR (WI) catalyst that was prepared by wetness impregnation exhibited a higher methanol yield (26.5 μmol gcat−1) compared to other catalysts as a result of the high metal dispersion and high methane adsorption. According to data from TEM and CH 4 -TPD, this superior performance was strongly related to the particle sizes of copper and the synthesis methods used. Additionally, it was discovered that the longer the methane was in contact with the Cu-MOR (WI), the greater the amount of methanol that was produced (83.3 μmol gcat−1). Based on the finding that the Cu-MOR (WI) catalyst is highly efficient for the DMTM, this study has the potential to significantly decrease methane emissions. [Display omitted] • Highly dispersed Cu-loaded mordenite zeolites (Cu-MOR) were synthesized by hydrothermal and ion-exchange methods. • Various methods were used for Cu incorporation on Cu-MOR to evaluate catalytic activity for methane oxidation to methanol. • Cu-MOR catalyst prepared by wet impregnation (WI) exhibited superior catalytic performance for methanol production. • Methanol production was strongly correlated to Cu particle sizes, Cu dispersion, and synthesis methods. • Longer contact of methane with Cu-MOR (WI) yields a greater amount of methanol (83.3 μmol gcat−1). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]