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Highlights: [•] This paper estimates the effects of physician remuneration on the number of doctor visits. [•] A reform is exploited that exogenously changed one out of two remuneration schemes. [•] German physicians cannot self-select into remuneration schemes. [•] The results suggest that physicians strongly react to financial incentives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This paper estimate the causal effects of increased course choice flexibility in upper secondary school. • We use a difference-in-discontinuities design. • We estimate a large impact on students course-taking behavior. • More flexibility increased students probability to enroll in, and earn a degree from, tertiary education. • Students with low socio-economic status were not negatively affected. This paper estimates the causal impact of an upper secondary curriculum reform in Sweden that increased students' course-taking flexibility in year 2000. In the most popular upper secondary program, it led to a significant decrease in mandatory mathematics requirements. Using administrative Swedish data, we estimate the causal impact of the reform on tertiary education outcomes and expected earnings using a differences-in-discontinuity identification strategy. The method compares students born immediately before and after the cutoff date. The inclusion of students born in neighboring non-reform cutoff years enables us to disentangle the school starting age effect from the unconfounded effect of the reform. We find no negative effects of the reduced mathematics requirements. Rather, we find a positive effect of the reform on students' probability of enrolling in, and earning a degree from, tertiary education. Our heterogeneity analysis suggests that relatively disadvantaged students were not negatively affected by the reform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]