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Highlights • The world's first GIs were in the wine sector and delineated the 'terroirs' of Burgundy, Port, Chianti and Champagne. • Trade was important in the creation of all 'terroirs' but through different mechanisms. • Later adjustments in the GIs were caused by changes in political power, economic philosophy and infrastructure. • Economic (efficiency) and political (redistributive) elements interacted in the delineation of GIs. Abstract The world's first geographical indications (GIs) were in the wine sector and focused on the delineation of the location of production, the ' terroirs ': the Burgundy wines in the fifteenth century, the Port wines and Chianti wines in the eighteenth century, and the Champagne wines in the early twentieth century. We analyze the causes for the introduction of these GIs (' terroirs ') and for changes in their delineation (expansion) later on. Trade played a very important role in the creation of the ' terroir s' but the mechanisms through which trade stimulated GIs varied. For the Port and Chianti GIs it was exports to foreign markets (Britain) that were crucial; for Burgundy it was domestic trade to Paris; and for the Champagne GI it was not exports but pressure from wine imports and new wine regions that played a crucial role. For the expansions of the GIs later in history, other factors seem to have been more important. Expansions of the GIs in the years and centuries after their introduction followed (1) major changes in political power; (2) the spread of a new philosophy in liberal and free markets across Europe; (3) and infrastructure investments which opened up markets and made exports cheaper from "new" producers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Competitiveness in international wine markets has intensified during the recent years. The dynamic and revitalized presence of non-European producers (e.g. Australia, Chile, South Africa, USA), who have seen their market shares rising rapidly and the subsequent reduction in the market shares of traditional European producers (e.g. France, Italy, Greece) alongside a slight decrease of wine consumption worldwide, have shaped new trends for wine markets internationally and contemporary challenges for the traditional European wine exporters. The aim of the present study is to investigate the determinants of the Greek wine exports and to assess its competitiveness in the European market. Primary data regarding wine trade has been collected for the period of 2004-2011, referring to four main European producer countries, namely Greece, France, Germany and Bulgaria. A gravity equation model has been estimated in order to examine the factors that determine wine exports and wine exports competitiveness among those countries. The results offer a clear picture of the wine trade dynamics in the EU market, indicating as key determinants for its competitiveness the size of each country's economy, the geographical distance from other EU countries, the presence of common borders or common language among trading nations as well as the size of per capita wine consumption to the European wine markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wine is an extensively traded product that is a common target for retaliation in trade disputes. We analyze the impact of tariffs and tariff retaliation by estimating a structural gravity model of global wine trade. We then simulate the effects of tariffs and tariff retaliation, as well as the effects of trade liberalization, on trade and welfare in the international market for wine. We show that recent trade disputes threaten to reduce wine trade by nearly $340 million annually and significantly reduce consumer welfare, while complete trade liberalization would expand trade by roughly $76 million. • Wine is heavily targeted in trade wars, causing millions of dollars in trade losses. • The recent US-EU trade dispute caused major collateral damage to the wine sector. • Collateral effects of trade wars on unrelated sectors create economic inefficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The importance of wine trade between Roman provinces in the North-Western Mediterranean during the Augustan period is evidenced by several shipwrecks found along the coasts of Catalunya and Southern France. Among them are the Cap del Vol (Port de la Selva) and Els Ullastres (Palafrugell) shipwrecks, located near the northern coast of Catalunya, which are supposed to trade wine in Pascual 1 amphorae from Hispania Tarraconensis to Gallia Narbonensis. Type Pascual 1 was the most widely produced and the one that lasted longer among the amphorae used to transport Tarraconensis wine. In the framework of our recent research on inter-provincial maritime trade in the Early Roman Empire, we will present the results of the archaeometric study of 40 Pascual 1 amphorae from the two shipwrecks, aimed at identifying the workshops of origin within the Tarraconensis province. Provenance investigation was based on chemical analysis by XRF and thin section analysis. Besides, XRD and SEM–EDS analyses were also carried out in order to identify secondary mineral phases and alteration processes taking place during deposition in the maritime environment, which must be considered to establish valid chemical reference groups. The results have been compared with the large analytical database on amphora productions from many workshops of the Tarraconensis province available at the ERAAUB. The archaeometric study revealed that Pascual 1 amphorae from both shipwrecks were produced in specific workshops placed on the Central Catalan coast, near the main Roman cities of Baetulo (Badalona) and Iluro (Mataró). This result points to the important role of these two cities in the economic expansion of Tarraconensis during the Augustan period. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]