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Pulp and paper mill effluents (PPMEs) have been shown to increase gonad size, cause early maturation, and disrupt hormone functions in native and non-native Chilean fish. In this study, we assessed reproductive (plasma vitellogenin; VTG, gonad development) and metabolic (ethoxyresorufin-. O-deethylase activity; EROD) end points, relative liver size (LSI) and condition factor (K) of juvenile female and male rainbow trout exposed to effluents. Unlike previous studies, which have focus either on the specific effects of effluent on fish in laboratory exposures or biotic population statuses downstream of discharge sites, we simultaneously assessed the impacts of PPMES on trout using two approaches: (1) laboratory exposures of tertiary treated PPME produced from processing Eucalyptus globulus or Pinus radiata; and (2) in situ bioassay downstream of the combined discharge of the same pulp mill. Despite an increase in the average gonadosomatic index (GSI) in exposed fish, no statistical differences in gonad size between exposed and unexposed individuals was detected. However, both female and male fish exposed to effluents showed significantly higher concentrations of plasma VTG, so more in fish exposed to Eucalyptus-based effluent when compared to Pinus PPME. In addition, male fish showed intersex characteristics in all exposure assays (Eucaliptus and Pinus) and, despite the low concentration of effluent in the river (

Objective Friction foot blisters are a common injury occurring in up to 39% of marathoners, the most common injury in adventure racing, and represent more than 70% of medical visits in multi-stage ultramarathons. The goal of the study was to determine whether paper tape could prevent foot blisters in ultramarathon runners. Methods This prospective randomized trial was undertaken during RacingThePlanet 155-mile (250-km), 7-day self-supported ultramarathons in China, Australia, Egypt, Chile, and Nepal in 2010 and 2011. Paper tape was applied prerace to one randomly selected foot, with the untreated foot acting as the own control. The study end point was development of a hot spot or blister on any location of either foot. Results One hundred thirty-six participants were enrolled with 90 (66%) having completed data for analysis. There were 36% women, with a mean age of 40 ± 9.4 years (range, 25–40 years) and pack weight of 11 ± 1.8 kg (range, 8–16 kg). All participants developed blisters, with 89% occurring by day 2 and 59% located on the toes. No protective effect was observed by the intervention (47 versus 35; 52% versus 39%; P = .22), with fewer blisters occurring around the tape on the experimental foot than under the tape (23 vs 31; 25.6% versus 34.4%), yet 84% of study participants when queried would choose paper tape for blister prevention in the future. Conclusions Although paper tape was not found to be significantly protective against blisters, the intervention was well tolerated with high user satisfaction.

Advanced oxidation processes based on ozonation, UV solar radiation, hydrogen peroxide, and persulfate were tested for the complete treatment of a specific landfill leachate. As a post-treatment of the advanced oxidation process, an additional adsorption process was carried out using a natural zeolite. Application of the UVsolar/O3/H2O2 process required 140 min of irradiation and the consumption of 0.67 g/L H2O2 to eliminate 56% and 17% of colour and chemical oxygen demand (COD), respectively. When adding persulfate to the system (UVsolar/O3/H2O2/S2O8−2), colour and COD were reduced by 29% and 77%, respectively, with a 0.2 g/L concentration of S2O8−2 requiring 250 min of irradiation time. In an experimental run with landfill leachate, adsorption post-treatment with a natural zeolite resulted in 36%, 99%, and 18% total reductions in COD, ammonium, and chloride, respectively. In another experimental run, adsorption with a zeolite was used as a pre-treatment for the advanced oxidation process (UVsolar/O3/H2O2 and UVsolar/O3/H2O2/S2O8−2). The results were similar to those for adsorption post-treatment, with 30%, 90%, and 20% total reductions in COD, ammonium, and chloride, respectively. Despite improvements, some measured parameters of treated landfill leachate still exceeded Chilean regulations for water quality. Furthermore, Lactuca sativa seeds did not germinate after irrigation with 100% treated landfill leachate or dilutions above 3%. Finally, EC50 values were enhanced during treatment, going from 0.002% for raw landfill leachate to 1.179% after the adsorption process.

Two in-series columns systems with volcanic soil were tested for wastewater pollutants adsorption capacity. The first system was tested with acidified volcanic soil and the second with a reactivated volcanic soil. The reactivated soil was obtained by washing the previous spent acidified soil system with an acid solution. The systems parameters were obtained using the Bohardt and Adams model for fixed-beds. The acidified soil parameters indicated an adsorption capacity q of 28 and 139 mg/g of phenolic compounds and color, respectively (for each column), compared to 12 and 39 mg/g for the reactivated soil system. The adsorption rate constant k ranged between 1.5 × 10 −6 and 2.8 × 10 −6 l/min mg and no significant difference was observed for each analysed column system and pollutant. Furthermore, the molecular weight distribution analysis of input and output samples of one acidified soil column indicated that the fraction >30 000 Da is the most adsorbed until the breakpoint. Moreover, the CODs and tannins and lignin removal efficiencies at the breakpoint reached values between 60% and 70% in each column and each system, indicating that lower biodegradable compounds were retained effectively. The results indicate that it is possible to compare the acidified volcanic soil adsorption capacity with natural zeolites, and a preliminary costs evaluation indicates that volcanic soil could be also competitive, even when comparing with activated carbon.

Adopting and contextualizing alternative policy approaches within any scientific discipline or context requires considering the multiple trans-boundary and trans-disciplinary characteristics of the different research and innovations paths and actors, disciplines, and global contexts. However, the implications of the stakeholder's perspective, which provides relevant outcomes for an integration of a technological system in a process where the actors' opinion forms a fundamental element of the methodology, are not sufficiently explored in recent literature. Therefore, the general question this paper deals with is how to incorporate alternative policy approaches - such as responsible research and innovation (RRI) - in the discipline of innovation in renewable energy in a non-European context. This is achieved using the implications of the stakeholder's perspective and the sociotechnical transition approach as an evolution of innovation theories. Based on an analysis of the results of an original survey involving researchers, we examine the deployment of socio-technical approaches, obtaining the imprints of the responsible approaches in the strategies for innovation in the field of solar technology in Chile. The survey process, consistent in a series of semi-structured interviews and an online survey, was undertaken with 10 researchers (answering 9 with final N = 8) for the interview process and 78 targeted researchers (with 44 completing the surveys with average final N = 34) from the Chilean Solar Research Centre (SERC-Chile). Findings showed that systemic approaches were found prevailing when it comes to considerate social dimensions, which were described in terms of economic, institutional, and regulatory features. However, a growing deployment of socio-technical approaches was found in terms of the incorporation of new actors, engagement with the community, real appropriation, cultural integration, social licence to operate, and the valorisation of alternative approaches, such transdisciplinarity and co-construction of knowledge, resulting in implications for innovation and energy policy. This work was partially funded by the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades de España (RTI2018-093849-B-C31 - MCIU / AEI / FEDER, UE) and by the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades - Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI) (RED2018-102431-T). The authors of this paper would like to thank the Catalan Government for the quality accreditation given to their research group (2017 SGR 1537). GREiA is certified agent TECNIO in the category of technology developers from the Government of Catalonia. This work is partially supported by ICREA under the ICREA Academia programme. Ruth Carbajo would also like to acknowledge the financial support provided by CONICYT /FONDAP 15110019 “Solar Energy Research Centre” SERC-Chile, The authors would like to acknowledge Dr. Cecilio Lapresta from University of Lleida for his help in assessing the survey results, Dr. Rodrigo Palma-Behnke from University of Chile for his help in the coordination of the interview and the survey process and all researchers that participated in the survey for their time and effort.

A study of deep penetrating geochemistry—the surface exploration techniques for finding concealed mineral deposits—was carried out over the Spence porphyry copper deposit in Chile by Australian, Canadian and Chinese laboratories using selective weak leach methods and is briefly reviewed here. Erratic and weak copper anomalies were obtained above the Spence deposit, which is concealed below a thick piedmont gravel cover. In the literature, such patterns are common in most of the weak selective leach studies carried out over known buried deposits. During exploration in unknown area, such weak leach techniques lead to some success and many dry holes. In this paper, stronger selective leaching methods are developed for oxides and sulfides, which may be the stable end products transformed and accumulated by a mobile precursor phase carried upward through the overburden by gas or water through long spans of geological time. The data obtained by the methods developed in this paper produced more significant and consistent anomalous data than previous efforts. Consequently, the leach approaches described here may increase the effectiveness of deep penetrating geochemistry in exploration for concealed ore deposits.

Summary Introduction COVID-19 pandemic has led many countries around the world, including Chile, to take various measures, including physical and, social isolation. The effects of these measures, necessary to prevent the virus from spreading, must be studied. In particular, quarantines are known to have an impact on quality of life and well-being (for example, associated symptoms such as depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress, and other psychosocial consequences). Furthermore, these effects are expected to be more pronounced in previously disadvantaged populations, such as LGBT people. This paper describes the main measures taken by LGBT population during quarantine to avoid COVID-19 and its psychosocial consequences on an individual and social basis. Method Non-probability sampling was used. An online self-administered survey including 1181 participants was used. These were lesbians, gays, bisexuals, and transgender residents over 18 years old from Chile. Results Almost eight out of ten participants were in a total quarantine situation. From them, 18.2% were in partial isolation and only 4.6% were not in quarantine. COVID-19 has affected almost all the LGBT participants to a certain extent. COVID-19 has emotionally affected the vast majority of the LGBT participants to a certain extent. In other words, the pandemic has affected their lives. This psychosocial impact of COVID has been greater for people who define themselves as *sexual (include queer, asexual, pansexual, demisexual). Discussion The measures taken to prevent the virus transmission significantly affect LGBT people's life. In particular, these measures affect *sexual people. *sexual people must manage discrimination and misunderstanding of their identity in many contexts including their family.

Santiago, the capital city of Chile, has seven million inhabitants in an area of 850 km2. This city has a metro network with seven lines extending 140 kilometers and transports approximately 2.6 million people daily. The bus system has undergone significant transformations over the last three decades. The most relevant change having been Transantiago, the public transportation system implemented in 2007 for Santiago, Child, which combines the use of Metro and buses (BRT). Metropolitan Mobility Network (called Red) is the latest version of the public transportation plan. This paper aims to analyze the current subway infrastructure using the continuous approximation method for Santiago, Chile. We previously proposed a macroscopic methodology to identify the needs for an adequate level of service in urban mobility and transportation, and we applied it to Santiago’s Metro network. Our work focuses on functionality and demand distribution. Santiago’s demand varies spatially in volume and extension throughout the city. Using the latest origin-destination survey from 2012, we deduct the critical components in this current network structure. It is worth mentioning that the Metro design bases its network on a ring-radial structure. With our macroscopic model applied to Santiago, Chile, we have detected infrastructure needs in the current transit network. The supply of infrastructure should increase for two reasons: first, to achieve balanced cost levels between users and the agency and second, to reduce subway occupations. The optimal model outcomes for Santiago define the optimal network in which the system requires five rings and ten end-to-end longitudinal lines (20 radial routes), including lower levels of occupation. The obtained results are a good preliminary solution, considering the subway infrastructure supply could be sub-estimated in the public transportation plan. The authors had support from the Barcelona Innovative Transportation (BIT) Research Group. Moreover, the first author's work was supported by Chile's National Agency for Research and Development (ANID) / Becas-Chile Doctoral Scholarship Program No. 72160291. The first author had support from the Project 092112MT of the DICYT of the University of Santiago of Chile (USACH).

This paper derives risk indicators for the major Chilean banks based on contingent claims analysis, an extension of Black-Scholes-Merton option-pricing theory. These risk indicators are clearly tied to macroeconomic and financial developments in Chile and outside, but bank responses are highly heterogeneous. To reduce the number of variables linked to the banks' risk to a tractable number, we apply principal component analysis. Vector autoregressions of risk indicators with the most significant factors show strong ties from financial markets and regional developments. Impulse response functions from these factors are derived, which allow for scenario testing. The scenarios derived in the paper illustrate how the magnitude and persistence of responses of bank credit risk can vary across banks in the system.

This paper has two objectives: first, by reviewing the recent experience of five Latin American countries with the restructuring of their financial sectors, it derives lessons regarding the most effective ways to resolve banking difficulties in developing countries. Second, the paper analyzes current policy challenges associated with the health of financial systems in Latin America, including: (a) designing policies to respond to the recent large inflows of capital that maintain long-run macroeconomic stability and healthy financial systems; and (b) evaluating the impact of capital markets competition on the soundness of banking systems.

This paper examined the association between friendship and academic networks and how the connections these networks have with academic performance and school misconduct differ when comparing three types of classrooms where students were grouped based on their academic ability (i.e., high-, low-, and mixed-ability). The sample was composed of 528 seventh to ninth graders (Mage = 15; 64.1% girls) from 12 classrooms (four in each category of ability grouping) across two waves in five schools in Chile. The effects of academic performance and school misconduct on receiving academic and friendship nominations were examined, as well as the interplay between academic and friendship relationships. Furthermore, the extent to which similarity in adolescents' academic performance and school misconduct contributed to the formation and maintenance of academic and friendship relationships was examined. Sex, socioeconomic status, and structural network features were also taken into account. Longitudinal social network analyses (RSiena) indicated that (1) in high-ability classrooms students chose high-achieving peers as academic partners; (2) in high-ability classrooms students avoided deviant peers (i.e., those high in school misconduct) as academic partners; and (3) academic relationships led to friendships, and vice versa, in both high- and low-ability classrooms. Whereas the interplay of friendship and academic relationships was similar in high- and low-ability classrooms, the formation and maintenance of academic networks unfolded differently in these two types of classrooms.

This paper examines the short and long-term societal impact of prolonged power outages caused by a disaster, and the way of coping that the community develops. Community resilience is used as a conceptual framework to analyse the community responses to power outages following the 2010 Chile earthquake. Based on empirical evidence from longitudinal qualitative research we explore the resilience capacities and resources deployed in five low-income communities within Talcahuano, one of the cities most heavily affected by the power outage. Our research reveals that community resilience attenuates the negative consequences of power outages during the response and recovery periods. However, external assistance is required to reduce the short and long-term societal impact of prolonged outages. Policy recommendations and guidelines are provided on how to increase community resilience and reduce the negative impact of long-lasting power outages.

This paper examines associations between labor market participation of Chilean mothers and the cognitive, language, and socio-economic development of their children. Using a nationally-representative sample of 3-year-old children, we test if mothers’ work intensity in the two previous years is associated with child development outcomes; data were collected in 2010 when children were one year old, and again in 2012, when they were three years old. We find that children who were three years old with mothers who worked for higher fractions of their children’s lives in the previous two years perform significantly better on all tests (cognitive, language, socio-emotional) than children whose mothers had worked less, while controlling for baseline test performance. These main effects did not remain significant with the inclusion of a wide range of socio-economic, demographic control variables, however. Our results were similarly null when using an IV analysis or a propensity score matching approach. We provide descriptive information on theoretical pathways by which maternal work may influence child development. Though several of these pathways (e.g. preschool, toys, maternal stress) seem to be associated with both maternal work and child development outcomes, the pathways are not sufficiently strong to generate an association between maternal work and child development. We conclude that Chilean mothers’ employment in early childhood generally does not have an effect on child development., Highlights • Longitudinal survey & IV analyses for over 2000 children age 3 yrs • No evidence that mothers’ employment hinders child development scores • Mothers’ employment associated with reduced stress, more preschool & toys

Studies of contemporary populations have demonstrated an association between decreased dietary diversity due to resource scarcity or underutilization and an increase in diseases related to poor micronutrient intake. With a reduction of dietary diversity, it is often the women and children in a population who are the first to suffer the effects of poor micronutrient status. Scurvy, a disease of prolonged vitamin C deficiency, is a micronutrient malnutrition disorder associated with resource scarcity, low dietary diversity, and/or dependence on high carbohydrate staple-foods. The aim of this paper is to assess the potential impact of nutritional transition on the prevalence of diseases of nutritional insufficiency in an archaeological sample. Here, we report palaeopathological findings from an Early Formative Period transitional site located in coastal Northern Chile (Quiani-7). The subadult cohort from this site is composed of four perinates who exhibit a number of non-specific skeletal changes suggestive of a systemic pathological condition. One of these is associated with an adult female exhibiting diagnostic skeletal lesions of scurvy. We argue that the lesions exhibited by these perinates may represent maternal transmission of vitamin C deficiency but acknowledge that there are difficulties in applying current diagnostic criteria for scurvy to individuals this young.

Background We compare self-reported prevalence of drug use and indicators of data quality from two different response modes (with and without an independent answer sheet for recording responses) in a survey conducted in 2015 among secondary school students. Methods Stratified cluster-randomized study conducted among students in grades 8–12 from public, private and subsidized schools in Chile (N = 2317 students in 122 classes). Measurements included were: percentage reporting substance use (tobacco, alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, ecstasy); number of inconsistent responses; number of item nonresponses; percentage of extreme reports of drug use; percentage reporting using the nonexistent drug, relevon; and completion times. Results Compared with those who responded directly in the questionnaire booklet, students who used a separate answer sheet took 17.6 more minutes (95% confidence interval [CI]: 14.4–20.8) to complete the survey and had on average 1.5 more inconsistent responses (95%CI: 0.91–2.14). The prevalence and variance of drug use was higher among those who used an answer sheet for all substances except tobacco; the prevalence ratio (PR) of reported substance use for low-prevalence substances during the past year were: cocaine PR = 2.5 (95%CI: 1.6–4.1); ecstasy PR = 5.0 (95%CI: 2.4–10.5); relevon PR = 4.8 (95%CI: 2.5–9.3). Conclusions Using an answer sheet for a self-administered paper-and-pencil survey of drug use among students result in lower quality data and higher reports of drug use. International comparison of adolescent drug use from school-based surveys should be done with caution. The relative ranking of a country could be misleading if different mode of recording answers are used.

Background RecA is a bacterial multifunctional protein essential to genetic recombination, error-prone replicative bypass of DNA damages and regulation of SOS response. The activation of bacterial SOS response is directly related to the development of intrinsic and/or acquired resistance to antimicrobials. Although recent studies directed towards RecA inactivation via ATP binding inhibition described a variety of micromolar affinity ligands, inhibitors of the DNA binding site are still unknown. Purpose Twenty-seven secondary metabolites classified as anthraquinones, depsides, depsidones, dibenzofurans, diphenyl-butenolides, paraconic acids, pseudo-depsidones, triterpenes and xanthones, were investigated for their ability to inhibit RecA from Escherichia coli. They were isolated in various Chilean regions from 14 families and 19 genera of lichens. Methods The ATP hydrolytic activity of RecA was quantified detecting the generation of free phosphate in solution. The percentage of inhibition was calculated fixing at 100 µM the concentration of the compounds. Deeper investigations were reserved to those compounds showing an inhibition higher than 80%. To clarify the mechanism of inhibition, the semi-log plot of the percentage of inhibition vs. ATP and vs. ssDNA, was evaluated. Results Only nine compounds showed a percentage of RecA inhibition higher than 80% (divaricatic, perlatolic, alpha-collatolic, lobaric, lichesterinic, protolichesterinic, epiphorellic acids, sphaerophorin and tumidulin). The half-inhibitory concentrations (IC50) calculated for these compounds were ranging from 14.2 µM for protolichesterinic acid to 42.6 µM for sphaerophorin. Investigations on the mechanism of inhibition showed that all compounds behaved as uncompetitive inhibitors for ATP binding site, with the exception of epiphorellic acid which clearly acted as non-competitive inhibitor of the ATP site. Further investigations demonstrated that epiphorellic acid competitively binds the ssDNA binding site. Kinetic data were confirmed by molecular modelling binding predictions which shows that epiphorellic acid is expected to bind the ssDNA site into the L2 loop of RecA protein. Conclusion In this paper the first RecA ssDNA binding site ligand is described. Our study sets epiphorellic acid as a promising hit for the development of more effective RecA inhibitors. In our drug discovery approach, natural products in general and lichen in particular, represent a successful source of active ligands and structural diversity.

Biophilic urbanism seeks to integrate nature into the planning and design of urban spaces to pursue two main goals: making cities greener and improving the health and well-being of its inhabitants. Based on ordinal data gathered through a national survey, this paper analyses the perceptions of local governments on the potential implementation of this approach in Chile. Using Latent Class Analysis (LCA), heterogeneous groups of responses are identified as ‘Latent Classes.’ We implement two LCAs, one assessing the importance of the criteria driving biophilic urbanism and one evaluating the perceived barriers inhibiting this approach. We also examine local governments’ perceptions regarding the most and the least feasible Biophilic Urbanism Initiatives (BUIs) by considering a set of driving criteria as a base scenario. The first LCA reveals two groups of respondents in which both the current administration and financial resources are perceived to be driving biophilic urbanism. The second LCA reveals three groups of respondents: two groups perceiving the barriers as neutral and barely inhibiting the approach, respectively; and a third group pointing to the lack of economic resources and the lack of support from national and regional governments. Despite the differences in the perception of the criteria driving and the barriers inhibiting biophilic urbanism, the latent classes suggest the most and the least viable initiatives for implementation to be similar. Results are discussed in the context of the wider literature on biophilic urbanism.

In this paper, we critically analyse our experiences of initiating participatory research in the challenging context of the Atacama Desert, Northern Chile. We use our experience of organising participatory workshops with Aymara and Quechua women community leaders to reflect on the politics of participation/non-participation, and explore these experiences in light of our multiple and overlapping positionalities as Chilean/British, male/female, white/mestizo. In the light of one workshop being entirely unsuccessful, we discuss the ways in which our empirical and methodological thinking has nevertheless been enriched by this experience. We situate the challenges we faced in relation to negotiating the tensions presented by debates on decolonising research from our positions within the neoliberal academy, exploring the questions raised by indigenous women activists' research ‘refusal’, and critically reflect upon the emotional responses this situation elicited in each of us. We argue for the importance of embracing such apparent fieldwork ‘failures’ and, recognising the resulting emotional swirl of panic, anxiety and inadequacy that they produce, emphasise these experiences as illustrative of the inherent tensions around decolonising research, as well as an often inevitable element of conducting research with marginalised communities involved in socio-environmental conflicts., Highlights • Research refusal should be understood in relation to attempts to decolonise research. • Importance of embracing and learning from fieldwork ‘failures’ and the emotional responses this elicits. • Participatory research carries risks for participants and researchers. • Emotion-laden fieldwork characteristic of research on socio-environmental conflict.

International audience; The changing composition of the atmosphere, driven by anthropogenic emissions, is the cause of anthropogenic climate change as well as deteriorating air quality. Emission inventories are essential to understand the contribution of various human activities, model and predict the changing atmospheric composition, and design cost-effective mitigation measures. At present, national emission inventories in South America (SA) focus on Greenhouse Gases (GHG) as part of their obligation to the United Nations Framework Convention for Climate Change (UNFCC) within the framework of their national communications. Emission inventories other than GHG in SA focus mainly on growing urban areas and megacities. Therefore, studies examining air quality at national, regional or continental scales in SA depend on (down-scaled) global emission inventories. This paper examines the emission estimates of air pollutants from various global inventories for five SA countries, namely Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia and Peru. A more detailed analysis is conducted for the EDGAR and ECLIPSE emission inventories, in particular comparing local city-scale inventories of a major city in each country. Although total emissions between down-scaled global inventories and local city inventories are often comparable, large discrepancies exist between the sectoral contributions. This is critical, as the mitigation of poor air quality will depend on addressing the right sources. Potential sources of discrepancies between global and local inventories include the spatial distribution proxies, difference in emission factors used and/or the use of generic statistical country data when estimating emissions. This highlights the importance of using local information when generating national emission inventories, especially for air quality modeling and development of effective mitigation measures. This study represents the first step towards an increased understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of emissions information in SA.

Water scarcity is a global issue that is threatening social and economic development. One approach to alleviating scarcity is the incorporation of new water sources into supply systems, including desalinated seawater for industrial and municipal use. In Chile, large volumes of water are used in water-scarce regions where mining takes place, alongside agriculture and small communities. This situation has driven a debate around policies to increase the use of seawater to satisfy the water demand of the mining industry. The economic, social and environmental implications of such a policy, however, are poorly understood and the current regulatory framework to address concerns and uncertainties is inadequate. This paper presents a technical, legal, economic and environmental appraisal of such a policy and considers options to improve outcomes. The appraisal suggests that clear regulations derived from economic, social and environmental analysis must be generated to provide legal certainty and reduce risks. Alternative or complementary water supply options should be allowed where mining operations can demonstrate negligible hydrological and social impacts or use innovative solutions such as stakeholder water rights swaps and water efficiency technologies. We provide insight that will help to drive a better policymaking process aimed at tackling water scarcity in Chile and in similar areas of the world.

This paper evaluates the impact of the Environmental Decontamination Plans (known as PDAs) on air quality in Chilean cities, for which the differences in differences method was used during the period between 2010 and 2017. The ex-post evaluation shows that the implementation of a PDA for PM10 has no impact on the monthly concentrations of PM10. However, the new PDAs for PM2.5 (that were implemented starting in 2015) reduce the monthly concentrations of PM10 by approximately 8 μg/m3, although they have not reduced the monthly concentrations of PM2.5. Thus, it is concluded that the assumptions and scenarios used in the ex-ante evaluations to project the reduction of PM2.5 concentrations in the PDAs are extremely optimistic in relation to their current contribution to improving air quality in Chile.

Agrichemical contamination can provoke evolutionary responses in freshwater populations. It is a particularly relevant issue in semi-arid regions due to the sensitivity of endemic species to pollutants and to interactions with temperature stress. This paper investigates the presence of pesticides in rivers within a semi-arid agricultural watershed of Chile, testing for their effects on population genetic characteristics of the endemic mayfly Andesiops torrens (Insecta, Ephemeroptera). Pesticides were detected in sediment samples in ten out of the 30 sites analyzed throughout the upper part of the Limarí watershed. To study the evolutionary impact of such contamination on A. torrens, we used a genome-wide approach and analyzed 2056 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) loci in 551 individuals from all sites. Genetic differentiation was weak between populations, suggesting high gene flow across the study area. While we did not find evidence of pesticide effects on genetic diversity nor on population differentiation, the allele frequency of three outlier SNP loci correlated significantly with pesticide occurrence. Interrogation of genomic resources indicates that two of these SNPs are located within functional genes that encode for the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 2 and Dumpy, both potentially involved in insect cuticle resistance processes. Such genomic signatures of local adaptation are indicative of past adverse effects of pesticide exposure on the locally adapted populations. Our results reveal that A. torrens is sensitive to pesticide exposure, but that a high gene flow may confer resilience to contamination. This research supports the contention that A. torrens is an ideal model organism to study evolutionary responses induced by pesticides on non-target, endemic species.

Summary. — A growing number of extraterritorial private-sector actors, often in partnership with the state, are expanding the frontiers of extractive and primary export economies to new rural territories in Latin America. This paper analyzes the conditions that might drive meaningful efforts to address environmental problems in territories dominated by large, externally controlled natural resource-based activities. It studies three cases: salmon aquaculture in Chiloe ´ (Chile), fruit growing in O’Higgins (Chile), and gas production in Tarija (Bolivia). We conclude that such efforts are unlikely to occur unless environmental problems directly threaten the short-term viability of the activities or social movements emerge to demand change. 2014 Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

Contains fulltext : 142407.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) This paper, which follows the emergence of the salmon industry in the 1990s in Chiloe, Chile, demonstrates that factors restricting women's participation in labor force and wage differences between women and men are related to the gender systems operating in Chiloe. Results indicate that these systems reflect the territory's demographic and agrarian history and that local gender systems have a positive influence on women's participation in the labor market, though this is not accompanied by decreased salary discrimination in the salmon industry. The implication is that territory-specific and gender factors must be considered in national employment policies 9 p.

A critical analysis of Chile's National Air Quality Information System (NAQIS) is presented, focusing on particulate matter (PM) measurement. This paper examines the complexity, availability and reliability of monitoring station information, the implementation of control systems, the quality assurance protocols of the monitoring station data and the reliability of the measurement systems in areas highly polluted by particulate matter. From information available on the NAQIS website, it is possible to confirm that the PM2.5 (PM10) data available on the site correspond to 30.8% (69.2%) of the total information available from the monitoring stations. There is a lack of information regarding the measurement systems used to quantify air pollutants, most of the available data registers contain gaps, almost all of the information is categorized as “preliminary information” and neither standard operating procedures (operational and validation) nor assurance audits or quality control of the measurements are reported. In contrast, events that cause saturation of the monitoring detectors located in northern and southern Chile have been observed using beta attenuation monitoring. In these cases, it can only be concluded that the PM content is equal to or greater than the saturation concentration registered by the monitors and that the air quality indexes obtained from these measurements are underestimated. This occurrence has been observed in 12 (20) public and private stations where PM2.5 (PM10) is measured. The shortcomings of the NAQIS data have important repercussions for the conclusions obtained from the data and for how the data are used. However, these issues represent opportunities for improving the system to widen its use, incorporate comparison protocols between equipment, install new stations and standardize the control system and quality assurance. Keywords: Particulate matter, Chilean air quality system, Quality control, Beta attenuation monitoring

Following the rapid development and economic growth that hits most of Latin American countries, a fast transformation in transportation systems is occurring. The resulting negative effects of these processes are analyzed in a broader scenario in the course of the paper that focuses on transportation emissions, specifically CO 2 . Later, a quantitative exercise is made using Santiago de Chile for a closer analysis of possible future scenarios, which were elaborated based on aggregated models to forecast emissions. The results suggest that current efforts are not sufficient to reach meaningful reductions in emissions. Finally, propositions to improve future results are made.

ResumenEn este artículo se analizan las reformas políticas propuestas por el gobierno de Sebastián Piñera. Se consideran todas aquellas reformas que fueron planteadas inicialmente por la Coalición por el Cambio para enfrentar las elecciones presidenciales y parlamentarias del año 2009. Las reformas propuestas tenían como propósito mejorar la calidad de la democracia y avanzar hacia su mayor profundización, haciendo hincapié en el aumento de la participación y revertir así la crítica hacia las instituciones representativas. A lo largo de su trayectoria, el gobierno mostró escasa receptividad frente a otras propuestas formuladas por sectores de la coalición oficialista y de la oposición, así como frente al aumento de las protestas y demandas ciudadanas registradas a partir del segundo año. La información analizada da cuenta, a su vez, de un escaso avance en materia de descentralización y de la importancia que fueron adquiriendo los actores con veto al interior de la coalición oficialista.AbstractThis paper analyzes political reforms carried out by Sebastián Piñera’s government in Chile. Te reforms considered are those that his Coalition for Change campaigned on as part of the presidential and legislative elections in 2009. Tese reforms promised an improvement in the quality of democracy, and promised its consolidation, including increased political participation, in order to counter the most common criticisms of institutions of representation. Throughout this process, the government showed little receptivity to proposals coming from other sectors, both of the ruling coalition and the opposition; furthermore, it paid scant attention to growing citizen protests and their demands voiced since his second year of government. Te information analyzed conveys little progress in decentralization and in the importance that players with veto powers were gaining within the ruling coalition.

This paper focuses on a little discussed part of Chilean history and the efforts to resolve Human Rights cases from the period 1973 to 1990. A case file is presented to illustrate the different stages, problems and solutions found in one particularly challenging case studied by the Special Unit of Identification of Detained and Missing (UEIDDDD) of the Human Rights Program of the Forensic Service, Chile, during the period 2006-2009. A major complication found in this example was the fact that the remains studied were commingled, and in addition, were mixed with remains that were not of medico-legal interest - deposited prior to and after the case in question, but within the same common grave. Multiple burials and the consequences of commingled skeletal human remains are reviewed, paying special attention to the roles that different agents related to these types of cases play, how they influence the decision making process and the outcomes that can be expected in commingled cases due to the complexities and challenges they present. Effective communication between prosecutors and forensic practitioners is vital to optimize the resources. Equally important is the relationship that is built between the practitioners and the victims' families regarding communication, information and expectations that both parties may have.

ResumenIntroducciónCaracterizar la producción científica personal, institucional o nacional es una necesidad creciente para comprender y mejorar la generación de conocimiento. El objetivo de este trabajo es definir el perfil bibliométrico de la odontología chilena en la última década.MetodologíaEn la plataforma Web of Knowledge, mediante un algoritmo se realizó la búsqueda de las publicaciones odontológicas chilenas ISI. Los datos: número de publicaciones; factor de impacto (FI); Top-10 de: autores, instituciones, revistas y países de coautoría se muestran para el período 2001–2010 y sus quinquenios.ResultadosEl número total de publicaciones fue de 195, con una media anual de 12.8 y un FI de 1.18 para el primer quinquenio, cifras aumentadas a 26.2 (105%) y 1.82 (54%) respectivamente en el segundo, pero con una disminución del FI en el último bienio a 1.73. En cuanto a autores destaca Gamonal; en instituciones la UChile seguida desde muy atrás por la UdeC y otras que aumentaron su producción como UFro, UMayor, UValpo y PUC; en cooperación internacional lo hacen España, USA, Brasil y Suecia, pero con porcentajes menores; en revistas destacan los de periodoncia y 2 publicaciones nacionales no odontológicas en el segundo quinquenio.DiscusiónAunque el aumento de la producción es claro durante la última década, aún está muy por debajo de los grandes productores internacionales y preocupa la disminución del impacto en los últimos 2 años, la alta concentración en la producción (UChile) y la baja cooperación internacional, situaciones que deben ser resueltas en pos de mantener el crecimiento.AbstractIntroductionThere is an increasing need to characterize personal, institutional or national scientific output in order to understand and improve the generation of knowledge. The aim of this paper is to define the bibliometric profile of Chilean dentistry for the last decade.MethodologyA search was performed in WOK platform using an algorithm to define ISI Chilean dental publications. Data: number of publications, impact factor (IF), TOP-10 for: authors, institutions, journals and co-authored countries are shown for the period 2001–2010 and its five-year periods.ResultsThe total number of publications was 195, with an annual average of 12.8 and an IF of 1.18 for the first five-years, numbers increased to 26.1 (105%) and 1.82 (54%) respectively in the second ones, but with an IF decrease to 1.73 for last two-years. Among the authors, Gamonal stands out in institutions the UChile leads, followed far behind by the UdeC and other universities which improved their participation in the second half as UFro, UMayor, UValpo and PUC; in international cooperation Spain, USA, Brazil and Sweden, albeit with lower rates; as for journals, periodontology detaches itself and in the second half two non-dental Chilean publications.DiscussionThere is a noticeable rise of production over the last decade, but still very far from big international producers and the IF decrease in the last two-years is a concern, together with the high concentration of production (UChile) and the low rate of international cooperation, facts that should be improved, in order to maintain the growth.

Background In this paper we have estimated the cost savings for the health care system and quality-of-life improvement for patients from an increased number of kidney transplants in Chile. We compared the present value of dialysis and transplantation costs and quality of life over a 20-year horizon. Methods We used Markov models and introduced some degree of uncertainty in the value of some of the parameters that built the model. Using Monte Carlo simulations, we estimated the confidence intervals for our results. Results Our estimates suggested that a kidney transplant showed an expected savings value of US$28,000 for the health care system. If the quality-of-life improvement was also considered, the expected savings rise to US$ 102,000. These results imply that increasing donation rate by 1 donor per million population would achieve an estimated cost saving of US$827,000 per year, or near US$3 million per year considering the effect on the quality of life. Conclusion These results demonstrated that kidney transplantation along with a better quality of life for patients are a cost-saving decision for developing countries.

Despite two decades of rapid growth, indigenous Chileans are disproportionately poor. However, income data obtained from household surveys that are not representative by ethnicity yield imprecise estimates of poverty and inequality for these groups. This paper therefore estimates poverty and inequality using poverty mapping methods. In contrast to previous studies, however, we use ethnicity rather than geography as a basis for disaggregation. We find that indigenous Chileans are significantly poorer than non-indigenous people, but that inequality rates are also lower for indigenous groups. These reliable estimates of poverty and inequality may augment the antipoverty targeting criteria used in Chile, helping policy-makers to better identify poor households.

Chile ratified the Montreal Protocol in 1990 which sets out an agenda for the reduction and then elimination of ozone depleting substances (ODS); however, by 1998 the country had not yet defined a strategy to encourage greater compliance, so that in the same year the National Environmental Commission decided to examine the policy options available. This paper examines the process followed to develop this strategy. As a first step it was necessary to look at how far the implicit policy of "business as usual" could be stretched without jeopardizing Chile's compliance obligations. A second step included quantifying compliance costs and their impact on different policy instruments and so policy choice. Finally, the attitudes of decision-makers or participants were identified, by interviews with officials of the different public agents involved, in order to weigh their views about policy. A strategy was proposed, based on this information, which the Chilean regulator has used, although not in its entirety. The methodology developed could well be useful for developing-country Protocol signatories building their own appropriate compliance strategy.

9 páginas, 2 tablas, 4 figuras, This paper describes the history of cephalopod fisheries in Chile over the past 40 years. Continuous monitoring of three specieswas undertaken between 1978 and 1999: Loligo gahi, Dosidicus gigas and Octopus mimus.Total cephalopod catches increased from 69 tonnes in 1978 (0.13% total mollusc catch) to 3503 tonnes in 1996 (3.64%).Amaximum haul of 15,169 tonnes was taken in 1992 (11.27% total mollusc catch). Small-scale fisheries accounted for the majority of cephalopod captures and industrial catches were rare. L. gahi is caught year-round mainly in the south of Chile, with maximum catches in summer and autumn. Catches of D. gigas are also year-round, mainly concentrated in central Chile. O. mimus has been fished since 1978, although recorded as Octopus vulgaris until the 1990s. The O. mimus fishery is located on the north coast of Chile, and catches are made for the most of the year. Octopus has been landed in the south of Chile since 1991, and is considered as O. mimus in capture statistics despite the fact that several species are represented, including Enteroctopus megalocyathus

This paper contributes to the burgeoning research on inequality and top incomes around the globe by presenting the first available estimates of top income shares and effective income tax rates in contemporary Chile based on analysis of anonymous income tax return microdata. We pay special attention to business income, which dominates at the top of the distribution. Our analysis includes not only distributed profits, but also the large proportion of accrued profits retained by firms. Our most conservative estimate of the income share received by the top 1 per cent of Chileans, constructed directly from income reported to the tax agency, is 15 per cent for 2005 and 2009 – the fifth highest share reported in the top incomes literature. When distributed profits are adjusted for widespread under-reporting, we estimate that the top 1 per cent share increases to roughly 22 per cent. When distributed profits are replaced by accrued profits in our definition of income, we obtain 19 per cent as our lowest estimate for the top 1 per cent share. Despite this impressive income concentration, the rich in Chile pay modest effective income tax rates. The top 1 per cent pay an average effective rate of 16-17 per cent when distributed profits are not adjusted for under-reporting, and less than 9 per cent when distributed profits are adjusted to national accounts. When we include corporate income tax and accrued profits in our analysis (without adjustments), the effective tax burden for the top 1 per cent is 16 per cent.

By how much will faster economic growth boost government revenue? This paper estimates short- and long-run tax buoyancy in OECD countries between 1965 and 2012. We find that, for aggregate tax revenues, short-run tax buoyancy does not significantly differ from one in the majority of countries; yet, it has increased since the late 1980s so that tax systems have generally become better automatic stabilizers. Long-run buoyancy exceeds one in about half of the OECD countries, implying that GDP growth has helped improve structural fiscal deficit ratios. Corporate taxes are by far the most buoyant, while excises and property taxes are the least buoyant. For personal income taxes and social contributions, short- and long-run buoyancies have declined since the late 1980s and have, on average, become lower than one.

It is often noted that even a well-designed osteological technique may not provide accurate results when applied to single forensic cases. Case studies are ideal to test if this concern is valid, and forensic anthropology is a testing ground for applying a population based standard to individual skeletal remains. Secondly, the increasing role anthropologists have played in forensic sciences has aided the medicolegal disciplines in a number of ways. For example, identification of skeletal remains is now more accurate than ever before. Many of these cases have brought perpetrators to court for justice. The purpose of this paper is to use osteological techniques to analyze skeletal remains and make a positive identification. The victim was found partially buried in the sand near El Pinar, Uruguay in 1995. The analysis indicated that the victim was a 45-year old, white, male who was about 170cm tall. Based on preliminary evidence that the victim might be Dr. Eugenio Antonio Berríos Sagredo, a digital superimposition was made using the victim's photograph and the unknown skull. This examination revealed that the skull corresponded consistently with the individual in the photograph. Results were supported by the fact that personal belongings, such as a medal and wrist watch, also pointed to the same individual. Dental records and radiographs when made available later also indicated the same identity. Dr. Berríos was accused of making nerve gas during the dictatorial regime of former Chilean President General Augusto Pinochet. It was also alleged that he made bombs that killed a Spanish diplomat in his laboratory and a Chilean diplomat in Washington, DC. Many complex techniques are often needed to make a positive identification and such was the case for this study. Because of the nature of anthropology as a holistic discipline, such complexity is an integral part of human biology and behavior and can be used successfully in the forensic sciences and medicolegal investigations.

This paper presents empirical evidence on convergence of per capita output for regions within six large middle-income Latin American countries: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, and Peru. It explores the role played by several exogenous sectoral shocks and differences in steady states within each country. It finds that poor and rich regions within each country converged at very low rates over the past three decades. It also finds evidence of regional "convergence clubs" within Brazil and Peru- the estimated speeds of convergence for these countries more than double after controlling for different subnational levels of steady state. For the latter countries and Chile, convergence is also higher after controlling for sector-specific shocks. Finally, results show that national disparities in per capita output increased temporarily after each country pursued trade liberalization.

This paper investigates empirically the pass-through of money market interest rates to retail banking interest rates in Chile, the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and five European countries. Overall, Chile's pass-through does not appear atypical. Based on a standard error-correction model, we find that, as in most countries considered, Chile's measured pass-through is incomplete. But Chile's pass-through is also faster than in many other countries considered and is comparable to that in the United States. While we find no significant evidence of asymmetry in Chile's pass-through across states of the interest rate or monetary policy cycle, we do find some evidence of parameter instability, around the time of the Asian and Russian crises. However, we do not find evidence that the switch to a more flexible exchange rate regime in 1999 and the "nominalization" of Chile's interest rate targets in 2001 have affected significantly the pass-through process.

The main purposes of this paper are to review the operational modalities and experience of oil funds currently in place in Norway, Chile (copper), the State of Alaska, Venezuela, Kuwait, and Oman, and to draw some preliminary conclusions on their contribution to enhance fiscal management. The outcome so far of their experience has been mixed, with differences among countries reflecting the variety of objectives attached to the funds, the challenges in adhering to established rules, the institutional set-up. and the soundness of the overall fiscal discipline in each country (or state).

As a result of the Asian crisis, methods of coping with volatile international capital markets have received considerable attention from observers and policymakers. It has been argued that the imposition by Chile of a nonremunerated reserve requirement on external borrowing played a useful role in the smooth liberalization of its capital account by allowing Chile to deal effectively with short-term capital inflows and thus to reduce its vulnerability to external shocks, and that such measures should be adopted by other countries. In light of this, this paper reviews Chile’s experience in managing capital flows and draws lessons for policymakers.

This paper shows that it is possible to estimate the importance of different types of wage contracts at the aggregate level using the same data used to estimate standard Phillips curves. It finds that the behavior of the Chilean private aggregate wage during the 1980s is well described by two-year contracts that are revised every six months according to 100 percent of past inflation. The estimates also show that the unemployment rate was a strong determinant of the contract’s target real wage and that most wage negotiations were carried through during the first half of every year. The results prove robust to a variety of tests and fit the data better than standard Phillips curves.

Legal restrictions governing financial transactions in Chile have produced a system in which most financial assets are either 30-day non-indexed assets or 90-day indexed assets. This paper analyzes data on the rates of return of these assets to determine the extent to which efficient arbitrage takes place under conditions of partial financial indexation. The data cannot reject the joint hypothesis that participants in financial markets formulate their expectations rationally and that these markets operate efficiently. The data also shows that the indexed/non-indexed interest spread is an accurate predictor of future changes in inflation. The significant implications of these findings for the conduct of monetary policy are also discussed in some detail.