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Background: Due to the aging of the population, cancer has become a health priority worldwide. While the number of elderly cancer patients is rapidly increasing, many barriers still exist to their effective management. Compared with their younger counterparts, the elderly are less likely to receive optimal medical, psychological and spiritual treatment provided in a culturally competent manner. Design: The scanty literature on cultural competence in elderly cancer patients has been reviewed. Additional material has been selected based on the authors' clinical research in medical oncology and psycho-oncology, and on their scholarly work in anthropology and bioethics. Results: The aging process is a synergistic product of biological, behavioral and social issues within a cultural context. Knowledge about how older people understand, perceive and experience their illness trajectory and make choices is essential to the planning and delivering of effective cancer care. Conclusion: This position paper of the SIOG Task Force on Cultural Competence in the Elderly creates awareness of the influence of culture in geriatric oncology. Negotiating cross-cultural issues in geriatric oncology helps managing possible conflicts between patients, families and physicians over differing health care values, beliefs, or practices. Possible areas of future scholarly investigation and clinical research are identified.

This paper describes the World Health Organization's project to develop a quality of life instrument (the WHOQOL). It outlines the reasons that the project was undertaken, the thinking that underlies the project, the method that has been followed in its development and the current status of the project. The WHOQOL assesses individuals' perception of their position in life in the context of the culture and value systems in which they live and in relation to their goals, expectations, standards and concerns. It has been developed collaboratively in several culturally diverse centres over four years. Piloting of the WHOQOL on some 4500 respondents in 15 cultural settings has been completed. On the basis of this data the revised WHOQOL Field Trial Form has been finalized, and field testing is currently in progress. The WHOQOL produces a multi-dimensional profile of scores across six domains and 24 sub- domains of quality of life.

Microalgae as source of renewable energy are very potential due to high biomass productivity and lipid content. The nutritious culture for microalgae cultivation, however, should be concerned to be affordable and feasible. Here, the utilization of peat swamp culture for microalgal cultivation was studied in comparison to the nutritious pure water. The effects of photoperiod and nitrogen sources on biomass were conducted as well. Compared to the commercial microalgae, the microalgae isolated from peat swamp showed excellent performance with the faster growth time of 10 days as well as higher biomass and its productivity of 1.72 g L−1 and 0.16 g L−1 d−1, respectively. Even for the commercial microalgae, the cultivation process using the peat swamp water led to increase in biomass by 17.2% and its productivity by 10% compared to that using the nutritious pure water. The proposed kinetic model with a modification to the modified Gompertz model showed an excellent prediction with the experimental data as R2 of 0.985 was obtained. The model could well envisage the initial biomass and lag phase compared to the original model. Hence, the model is deemed beneficial for the research development for implementation in high scale of microalgal cultivation.

This paper describes a dynamic system for the interrelationships between happiness and health that considers three main attitudes to life: α, β, and γ for Aristotelian, Epicurean, and Stoic, respectively. All variables that have been shown by empirical and theoretical studies to affect individual health and happiness are included (i.e., employment, occupation, education, ethical freedom, equity in achievements). Three main approaches are considered: behavioural and statistical ex-ante, and ex-post behavioural. A model is developed to rank the three attitudes in terms of health for a given happiness level, and consequently, provide insights into which attitude should be adopted by each individual, according to their characteristics: individuals in Protestant and non-Protestant Christian societies should adopt β and γ attitudes, respectively; educated individuals should adopt a γ attitude; and poor individuals should adopt an α attitude. Based on this analysis, this paper provides insights into which attitude actually is adopted by each society by comparing predicted health and achievement levels with the observed life expectancy at birth and per capita gross domestic product levels in 107 countries, thus providing an empirical test of the analytical model. This analysis revealed a prevalence of β attitudes in Protestant Developed Countries, with larger γ shares in less income-unequal countries; a prevalence of γ attitudes in non-Protestant Christian Developed Countries, with larger β shares in more income-unequal countries; a prevalence of α attitudes in Muslim Less Developed Countries, with larger γ shares in more educated countries; and a prevalence of β attitudes in more educated atheist and Jewish countries.

Private forest owners possess a major part of Europe's forests. Therefore, their behaviour plays a significant role in the development and management of European forest resources. At the same time, forest owners' values and objectives are becoming more versatile. There is a need for further understanding of elements affecting forest owners' management behaviour. One aspect of potential impact is how forest ownership is perceived by the forest owners themselves. Understanding how they experience the ownership, especially on the psychological level, can provide new insights into forest owners' management behaviour and aid in planning better services to meet their needs. This paper aims to describe the new NIPF owners' perceptions of forest ownership by qualitative analyses drawn from 23 in-depth interviews covering different contextual settings in Europe. The theory of psychological ownership is used as a theoretical background. The aim is to examine, how psychological ownership is expressed and the ownership feelings are manifested in different forest owning contexts. The results illustrate what kind of ownership values new forest owners set for their forests and discuss how these affect their forest management behavior. At the same time the paper illustrate the potential of the social science approach in forest ownership research.

In the book “The Help” (Stockett, 2009), an African-American nanny living in Jackson, Mississippi whispers to the small child sitting on her knee: “You is kind, You is smart, You is important”. In this unprecedented time of the rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes Covid-19, all nurses need to repeat that phrase to themselves and to others often. Kindness and compassion not only benefit “those who receive it but also to those who offer it” and is the motivation why many are drawn to healthcare practice (Lown et al., 2019, p. 400). When empathic communication and compassion exists, clinical teams are more effective, morale is higher, patient safety and satisfaction is higher, and fulfilling the organizational mission is more likely (Lown et al., 2019). As Rosen (2015, p. 1) explains: ‘Compassion is the foundation of good medical care. It recognises the concerns, distress and suffering of patients and families and taking action to relieve them. It is based on listening, respect, empathy, communication, interpersonal skills, and knowledge and understanding of the patient's life and preferences. At its core, it means treating patients as people, not just illnesses’. The unprecedented Covid-19 pandemic continues to have a profound impact on nursing and healthcare services. There are media reports of hundreds of patients dying in quarantine without their family present. The need for compassionate nurses and healthcare workers is critical. Globally, large numbers of retired healthcare workers have returned to workplaces that notably were overburdened and lacking resources prior to Covid-19. Their altruism and willingness to leave the safety of their homes to care for sick and frightened patients should be met with gratitude and assurances about safe work conditions. Governments are responsible for health policy and funding so must work with health system leaders to urgently address shortages of personal protective equipment (PPE) and structural work conditions known to cause burnout (WHO, 2019). Burnout has a destructive effect on clinicians' wellbeing and capacity to provide compassionate and quality healthcare (Lown et al., 2019). To spark debate about these ‘contemporary issues’, we present a series of three papers for different audiences (i.e., nurse educators; front-line nurses; health system leaders and managers) to explain the relevance of empathic healthcare cultures and constructs such as empathy, emotion regulation, compassion, and self-care to sustain wellbeing, resilience and effectiveness in these volatile times. In this third paper in the series, we explain how health system leaders can implement relevant organizational interventions to reduce caregiver burnout and promote engagement and compassionate practice during the Covid-19 pandemic, and beyond. First, we discuss burnout and draw links with the 2018 NHS Staff Survey results about bullying, harassment, and unsafe conditions. We then outline policy responses in the 2019 Interim NHS People Plan. Next, we present nine evidence-based strategies developed by Mayo Clinic researchers to identify areas for organizational improvement and strategies to promote engagement and reduce caregiver burnout. Finally, we explain how “The Schwartz Rounds” is an organizational strategy for staff to talk about the psychological and emotional challenges of caregiving.

This paper explores the knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors about emerging hazards, environmental change, and relocation among community groups in Utqiaġvik (Barrow) of the North Slope Borough (NSB), Alaska. This region has been experiencing accelerating erosion and warmer temperatures, permafrost thawing, more frequent and intense storm surges, and increased maritime traffic and extractive industries with ice loss, with direct or cascading effects on the mixed ethnic and indigenous communities. This paper used engagement activities (Participatory Applied Theater) and qualitative approaches (focus groups) during three consecutive summers 2016-2018 to evaluate the risk perceptions and interpretations towards coastal changes and relocation as an adaptive response in this U.S. strategic yet remote location. Each focus group session started with risk ranking activities about regional hazards to assess knowledge and perceptions of risk, followed by an interactive script reading of an Iñupiat disaster legend to facilitate discussion about risk reduction options and engagement with the survey questions. Focus groups were audio recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using qualitative data analysis software Nvivo and a hybrid coding strategy. Results indicate that relocation is considered by some participants but is not planned for nor implemented by community groups, families, or the local government to reduce the hazard risks. However, widespread recognition of accelerated hazards and environmental changes, and the need for adaptation could lead to consideration of relocation in the future. This study provides a case of disaster risk reduction in a remote place with unique place-specific characteristics (e.g., particular forms of subsistence, corporate monopolies, Traditional Ecological Knowledge, and social organizations), but also shaped by significant external influences, accompanied by a changing landscape of risk from the slow and rapid onset of environmental changes. Published version

The paper uses data from the World Values Survey and the European Values Study on individuals in Hungary and its neighbouring countries to examine the effects of political borders on different beliefs, as opposed to that of ethnic differences or historical borders. The focus on Hungary and its neighbours is explained by the fact that parts of the Hungarian ethno-linguistic community can be found in all these countries, which makes it possible to separate the effect of culture from that of the current political community. By applying a cultural gravity model which is concerned with the differences in beliefs between all possible pairs of individuals in the sample, the paper finds that out of five areas of beliefs, it is the beliefs regarding work, markets, and democracy whose differences are robustly affected by political borders, giving some support to the approach which argues that values are shaped through the dialogue occurring within a political community.*

National culture is among those societal factors which could influence research and innovation activities. In this study, we investigated the associations of two national culture models with citation impact of nations (measured by the proportion of papers belonging to the 10% and 1% most cited papers in the corresponding fields, PPtop 10% and PPtop 1%). Bivariate statistical analyses showed that of six Hofstede's national culture dimensions (HNCD), uncertainty avoidance and power distance had a statistically significant negative associa-tion, while individualism and indulgence had a statistically significant positive associationwith both citation impact indicators. The study also revealed that of two Inglehart-Welzel cultural values (IWCV), the value survival versus self-expression is statistically significantly related to citation impact indicators. We additionally calculated multiple regression analyses controlling for the possible effects of confounding factors including national self-citations, international co-authorships, invest-ments in research and development, international migrant stock, number of researchers ofeach nation, language, and productivity. The results revealed that the statistically significant associations of HNCD with citation impact indicators disappeared. But the statistically significant relationship between survivals versus self-expression values and citation impact indicators remained stable even after controlling for the confounding variables. Thus, the freedom of expression and trust in society might contribute to better scholarly communication systems, higher level of international collaborations, and further quality research., Comment: 15 pages, 2 figures, 4 tables

The aim of this paper is to explain informal payments by patients to healthcare professionals for the first time through the lens of institutional theory as arising when there are formal institutional imperfections and asymmetry between norms, values and practices and the codified formal laws and regulations. Reporting a 2013 Eurobarometer survey of the prevalence of informal payments by patients in 28 European countries, a strong association is revealed between the degree to which formal and informal institutions are unaligned and the propensity to make informal payments. The association between informal payments and formal institutional imperfections is then explored to evaluate which structural conditions might reduce this institutional asymmetry, and thus the propensity to make informal payments. The paper concludes by exploring the implications for tackling such informal practices.

The paper highlights the originalities offers from metropolitan areas like that of Reggio Calabria. Here the human actions found their peculiarities and richness thanks to the close dialogue with the earth's resources and to their use. So the heritage and the social dynamics participate, more closely than in other places, in the designing the space and in giving prospects for development of the territory. According to an ecological vision of this, as the modern founders of this approach have done between the end of the XV and the first half of the XVI century: Bernardino Telesio with the “Philosophy of Nature” and his disciple Tommaso Campanella, both calabrians. Avoiding the risks and unsustainable choices that might be useful in the short time, but not for the medium or long term. Using the present cultural resources and the remaining natural ones”11The themes of the paper continues a research path that has had another relevant moment with the Event (Aragona, Borruto, 2015) “Metropolis, Nature, Agriculture, Development: for an Ecology of the Territory” for the Festival of the Metropolitan Town held in Reggio Calabria.

This paper is an attempt to broaden economic discourse by importing insights into human behavior not just from psychology, but also from sociology and anthropology. Whereas the concept of the decision-maker in standard economics is the rational actor and, in early work in behavioral economics, the quasi-rational actor influenced by the context of the moment of decision-making, in some recent work in behavioral economics the decision-maker could be called the enculturated actor. This actor's preferences, perception, and cognition are subject to two deep social influences: (a) the social contexts to which he has become exposed and, especially, accustomed; and (b) the cultural mental models—including categories, identities, narratives, and worldviews—that he uses to process information. The paper traces how these factors shape individual behavior through the endogenous determination of preferences and the lenses through which individuals see the world—their perception and interpretation of situations. The paper offers a tentative taxonomy of the social determinants of behavior and describes the results of controlled and natural experiments that only a broader view of these determinants can plausibly explain. The perspective suggests more realistic models of human behavior for explaining outcomes and designing policies.

Objective:\ud \ud To provide a basis for evaluating post-2007 alcohol policy in Scotland, this paper tests the extent to which pre-2007 policy, the alcohol market, culture or clinical changes might explain differences in the magnitude and trends in alcohol-related mortality outcomes in Scotland compared to England & Wales (E&W).\ud \ud Study design:\ud \ud Rapid literature reviews, descriptive analysis of routine data and narrative synthesis.\ud \ud Methods:\ud \ud We assessed the impact of pre-2007 Scottish policy and policy in the comparison areas in relation to the literature on effective alcohol policy. Rapid literature reviews were conducted to assess cultural changes and the potential role of substitution effects between alcohol and illicit drugs. The availability of alcohol was assessed by examining the trends in the number of alcohol outlets over time. The impact of clinical changes was assessed in consultation with key informants. The impact of all the identified factors were then summarised and synthesised narratively.\ud \ud Results:\ud \ud The companion paper showed that part of the rise and fall in alcohol-related mortality in Scotland, and part of the differing trend to E&W, were predicted by a model linking income trends and alcohol-related mortality. Lagged effects from historical deindustrialisation and socio-economic changes exposures also remain plausible from the available data.\ud \ud This paper shows that policy differences or changes prior to 2007 are unlikely to have been important in explaining the trends. There is some evidence that aspects of alcohol culture in Scotland may be different (more concentrated and home drinking) but it seems unlikely that this has been an important driver of the trends or the differences with E&W other than through interaction with changing incomes and lagged socio-economic effects. Substitution effects with illicit drugs and clinical changes are unlikely to have substantially changed alcohol-related harms: however, the increase in alcohol availability across the UK is likely to partly explain the rise in alcohol-related mortality during the 1990s.\ud \ud Conclusions:\ud \ud Future policy should ensure that alcohol affordability and availability, as well as socio-economic inequality, are reduced, in order to maintain downward trends in alcohol-related mortality in Scotland.

The challenges of 21st century are related to the community's ability to succeed a sustainable management of the landscape's resources, in a world where tradition's nostalgia and the patrimonialization are interpreted and re-used in relation with globalization and consuming. In a time of dramatic changes on the social scale and technology, sustainability means more than preserving traditions in places where the vernacular knowledge are important resources to recovery the local identity. It requires a reformulation of their use, a suitable dynamic adaptation of the contemporary world, merging with the technology integration into the landscape. This paper proposes introspection on the integration of indigenous values identified in the current technology development through the transfer of information on landscape. A smart landscape is an adaptable landscape. Adaptability is derived from the proposed uses of technologies in a sustainable vision, in a balanced use of local resources and evolutionary protection of the heritage. The resource, local heritage and technology need to be reconsidered in a relationship with a return to the primary motivation - their coexistence in the landscape, which can be seen as information's primary database that spawned the first technological elements - clay, metal tools and first building blocks. In a cyclical evolution, the technology returns in the 21st century landscape in the form of information and its impact and consequences oscillates between transformation and conservation nostalgia. In this context the dialogue between vernacular and technology gains materiality, redefining old taboo-dispute between tradition and contemporaneousness. The paper aims towards to highlighting the concept of “vernacular” and “technology” and to underline how can their relation be reinterpreting in a sustainable and resilient vision, in a way that respond to the landscape continuous changes.

Storytelling is a receptive and productive educational resource in which social values, content and language are linked and integrated (López Téllez, 1996; Hearn & Garcés, 2005; Miller & Pennycuff, 2008, etc.). Hence, as a current approach to language teaching, CLIL represents the best framework for providing young learners the effective acquisition of some topics from the curriculum (Bentley, 2010, p.6). However, this methodological approach requires establishing quality criteria for successful and sustainable CLIL teaching and learning. This paper aims to explore the complex process of delivering effective CLIL lessons through storytelling and to illustrate a framework (Bloom, 1956; Coyle, 2005 and Coyle et al., 2010) that a pre- primary teacher needs to apply in order to facilitate learners’ linguistic development and acquisition of content knowledge. These theoretical principles are then exemplified and assessed in the development of microteachings conducted at Universidad de Alcalá, where student teachers could reflect on 1) the establishment of an appropriate framework for successful and sustainable CLIL teaching and learning, 2) the effective teaching and learning of some curricular topics through storytelling and 3) the potential development of language and cognitive skills. The findings of the study report that storytelling can be considered an effective educational CLIL resource that facilitates not only the effective acquisition of contents from the curriculum, but also cognitive development and communication in another language. Limitations of the present paper call for further research in the young learner classroom.

Cultural aspects such as values, beliefs, and behavioral patterns influence the way technology is understood and used, and the impact it may cause on the environment and on people. Although there is influential literature devoted to the subject of values and culture in Human-Computer Interaction, there is still a lack of principled and practical artifacts and methods to support researchers and practitioners in their activities. In this paper, we present a Value-oriented and Culturally Informed Approach (VCIA) to sensitize and support Computer Science and Engineering professionals in taking values and culture into consideration throughout the design of interactive systems. The approach is grounded on theoretical and methodological bases of Organizational Semiotics, Building Blocks of Culture, and Socially Aware Computing. VCIA offers a set of artifacts and methods articulated to support the design process in its different stages and activities: from the identification of stakeholders and their values, to the organization of requirements and the evaluation of the designed solution. In this paper, we present VCIA's principles, artifacts, and illustrate its usefulness in bringing values into consideration, supporting a socially aware system design. Values and culture are approached in design in a joint, explicit and informed way.Theoretical and methodological basis from different areas are articulated.Introduction and explanation of informed artifacts created to support designers.Instantiation of a process for involving values and culture in design activities.Case study explains the process in action and shows its contributions.

The urgency of the problem under investigation is due to the fact that spirituality forms the identity of a person and is the highest moral center that is focused on the essence, the very sense of human existence. The purpose of this paper is a theoretical study of basic concepts of the educational process - the spirit, spirituality, religion, morality; the attempts to match the concept of “spirituality” and “morality” in the system of philosophical views. The paper analyzes the existing approaches to the understanding of spirituality, the inclusion of spirituality in the context of psychological analysis. The paper also views possible ways of spiritual and moral formation of a man, the trends of modern education. While some equate spirituality with morality, others identify it with culture or see spirituality only in philosophy or religion. The author emphasizes that education is designed to withstand the destructive tendencies of a modern society and to support creative and progressive tendencies, which are realized through the actions of social institutions, one of which is University. Science should play a crucial role in the development of future society in raising spiritual and moral personality.

This paper addresses the complex reality of the Arabic Language and the related lingering problems which appear on the Arabic cultural scene which include; the interaction of Arabic with foreign languages, the dominance of colloquial Arabic over the accepted standard practice and poor curricula presentation. It further identifies and addresses the historical component of such problems. The aim of the paper is to provide practical solutions to restore the splendour of classical Arabic within public and private forums, particularly in educational institutions and the media, this goal is to be achieved through advocating supportive policies and educational programs that encompass clear methodologies in the context of an integrated vision for Arabic language teaching.

In the age of globalization, a university's brand has a crucial value in facing change, competition and challenges set forth by the sometimes confusing expectations of the society. The current paper discusses the importance of image audit and possibilities to work with the inner stake-holders’ perceptions in order to consolidate and promote the university brand. The authors have relied on sociological surveys and image of organizations as main instruments while carrying out the research in 2011-2012, on a sample of 1099 students and 532 professors from Politehnica University of Timisoara (UPT), determined by probabilistic methods, namely through stratified sampling in the first phase and the second phase sampling group, with a rate of responses of 71%. Among the items measured in the case of students were: reasons for choosing the specialization offered by UPT, students’ information sources when selecting a college, institutional attributes of the university's personality. Professors have been asked to evaluate, among other items: the communication channels and their efficiency in institutional communication, their evaluation of the position of Politehnica University as compared to other universities in Romania and abroad, institutional attributes of the university's personality. The results were then subjected to quantitative and qualitative analysis. Recommendations and conclusions point at the necessity of communication campaigns and strategic planning for consolidating the image anchors identified through the methods discussed in the paper.

In this paper is studied the online training processes promoted by Andalucia en e-Igualdad (Network 428). It is one of the EQUAL projects. The e-learning processes tried to promote a culture of equality, given learning skills to their beneficiaries that would improve their employability and entrepreneurial capacity. A part of these beneficiaries were young university students. The results of the case study at the University of Seville is presented in this paper, in terms of satisfaction and impact on beneficiaries and managers of e-learning processes. Likewise, the potential of e-learning processes in higher education institutions is also reviewed, with particular emphasis on the need to include, in the university curricula, contents oriented to the acquisition of emotional competences, leadership skills and facilitators of a culture of equality.

Anthropological evidence suggests that child sexual abuse has been a persistent and widespread problem for thousands of years. Historically, however, attempts to raise public awareness concerning this problem have been met with disbelief and public disdain. Most notable was Sigmund Freud’s attempt to enlighten his colleagues at the Vienna Society for Psychiatry and Neurology in 1896 with his presentation of the “Etiology of Hysteria.” This paper outlined the seduction theory, in which he linked childhood sexual assault to adult mental illness. Not surprisingly, the paper was not well received, and Freud himself abandoned the theory in an apparent effort to avoid alienation by his skeptical and disapproving colleagues. Later, he developed a theory that seemed to be a more palatable and acceptable explanation for his patients’ descriptions of childhood sexual assaults. Freud’s Oedipus-complex theory not only gained wide acceptance but became the foundation for what would become a dominant force in Western psychology: psychoanalysis (Summit, 1989).

Animals have been widely used metaphorically to convey certain meanings related to human beings in Malay and English. One such animal, cat, has a common proposition of being fickle and independent (Lakoff & Turner, 1989). This paper reports on the findings of a study that focused on the use of cat metaphors in Malay and English proverbs. It sought to ascertain whether the common proposition proposed by Lakoff and Turner is applicable to the data of this study. The study also aimed to examine the similarities and differences in the meanings associated with the cat metaphors in both Malay and English proverbs. Data of the study comprised Malay and English proverbs related to cats. They were selected from Malay and English books and online databases of proverbs. The data analysis focused on the examination of the meanings and metaphorical schemas of the respective proverbs using the Conceptual Metaphor Theory and the Great Chain of Being framework. The analysis revealed that the meanings associated with cat in Malay and English proverbs do not conform to the common proposition of Lakoff and Turner. The paper concludes that various differences in meanings are associated with the metaphorical schemas of the English and Malay proverbs, which are attributed to cultural differences of the two languages in question.

Leadership is an increasingly ubiquitous subject in many undergraduate curricula and its teaching is proliferating in most recognized institutions, but there is an alarming lack of scientific basis in many topics taught in these courses. This paper draws on data collected from students that have finished a leadership program and from the analysis of their curricula. A major contribution of this paper is to establish the need for a break for many institutions in Europe, which should rethink their research and teaching programs in order to ensure the quality of their leadership training. © 2013 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

In the last years of urban planning and landscape design practice, new technologies have evolved and become significant per formative attitude that have transformed the ways in which we conceive and configure the space we live. The interaction between necessity, desire and nature born new cultural paradigm who suggests that technology and nature need not to be mutually exclusive but can help each other. This interaction became a crucial tool of comprehension for today's complex world defined by gradients or intensities of values, with no physical boundaries. Nature arranged on different levels provides a natural extension of existing, but also a symbol should its artificiality. To build environmental awareness of our living space requires the architect/urban planner/landscape architect to think about the relationship between building/place ecological and climatologically system that building/place works. This paper, in a broader sense, define the perspective of human responsibility on the relationship between nature and culture. Opposing nature against culture will never get sustainable solutions for environmental problems, so we need to look deep symbiosis and to different types of functional and flexible, permeable and responsive patterns that saves space and dilates, while saving energy, time, water, infrastructure, a mini-ecosystem. Leaving from this theoretical approach and life reality, the paper attempt to reveal the real pressure for the changes of usual technology to the new one that in the landscape education. Is this a result of a change attitude to the sustainable development and a attitude to envision an territorial tissue that could flexibly respond to all local input factors as well as accommodate desired (planned) goals through new landscape development? To do this we must abandon the viewpoint of the spectator, and to ask the question which is the interest of human beings for living within these new landscapes perspective making the territory fabric.

This exploratory paper initiates a discussion on the potentials of appropriating a temporary weekend market adjacent toa historic square as an informal activity to encourage people to engage more with DataranMerdeka as their historic place. From employing methods of observations, mapping and interviews, the findings from this paper reveal how locating temporary market activity at DataranMerdeka might activate this historic square as a lively social space while tapping into the existing event culture. This study suggests that the juxtaposition between the historic and the everyday can ascribe new meaning to the layers of the city's heritage to support cultural sustainability.

The paper focuses on basic characteristics of multiculturalism and various means of solving multicultural problems in the global world of the 21 century. Multicultural society can be described by shared space and culture in particular places. It can create various benefits, but on the other hand, also problems and threats. The phenomenon of the multicultural society is inevitably cultural diversity. The paper brings the research which compares cultural variety in Germany and the Czech Republic and tries to find possible solutions the problems which can arise in any multicultural society and thus can bring new solutions to current problems.

The active imagining of a European identity needs to engage with the geographical possibilities, visualisations and performativities of place. It is all too easy but superficial and naive to consider geophysical parameters as the silent backdrop or empty canvas on which cultural initiatives unfold. European islands, amongst other features – mountains, coasts, forests – are imbued with powerful (and often Western) myths and tropes of place: they combine materiality and metaphor, presenting spaces that at once appear open and closed, fixed yet fluid, complete and peripheral, vulnerable yet resilient. The geo-social constitution of their culture is also subject to the vantage point of the observer, him/herself caught in the liminality between being a visitor, being an islander, and various other uneasily defined categories in between. Acknowledging the insights of the likes of Clifford Geertz, Ulf Hannerz, Anna-Maria Greverus and Owe Ronstro¨ m, this paper proposes that a critical analysis and appreciation of European culture in island landscapes must be one that engages with the nature of islandness; the locus of study should also be the focus of study. This paper also suggests epistemologies to flesh out this approach, its merits, but also the dangers associated with essentialising island spaces and peoples., peer-reviewed

Previously we showed that swearing produces a pain lessening (hypoalgesic) effect for many people. 20 This paper assesses whether habituation to swearing occurs such that people who swear more frequently in daily life show a lesser pain tolerance effect of swearing, compared with people who swear less frequently. Pain outcomes were assessed in participants asked to repeat a swear word versus a nonswear word. Additionally, sex differences and the roles of pain catastrophizing, fear of pain, and daily swearing frequency were explored. Swearing increased pain tolerance and heart rate compared with not swearing. Moreover, the higher the daily swearing frequency, the less was the benefit for pain tolerance when swearing, compared with when not swearing. This paper shows apparent habituation related to daily swearing frequency, consistent with our theory that the underlying mechanism by which swearing increases pain tolerance is the provocation of an emotional response. Perspective This article presents further evidence that, for many people, swearing (cursing) provides readily available and effective relief from pain. However, overuse of swearing in everyday situations lessens its effectiveness as a short-term intervention to reduce pain.

The growth in numbers of culturally and linguistically diverse students entering nursing programs in Australia presents challenges for academic and clinical staff, and most importantly the students themselves. In this paper we present the findings from a pilot study designed to explore these issues and to develop strategies to address them. This study used a qualitative explorative approach to gain rich in-depth data. Eleven culturally and linguistically diverse students, three clinical facilitators, and four academic staff participated in focus group interviews. Four major themes emerged: level of English language competence, feelings of isolation, limited opportunities for learning, and inadequate university support. The issues we identified led to a meaningful discussion of the political, financial, social and intercultural context that they are entrapped in. This paper provides educators, clinicians, policy makers and researchers with an insight where and how they commence to break the trap and highlights, the need for further research into the perspectives of Australian students' who study and socialise with their international peers. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.

The Historic City of George Town in Penang, dubbed „the City of Living Culture’, has been gearing her development towards living up to the image. This paper examines the imaging of the Historic City of Georgetown for heritage tourism and city marketing tool by the public agencies involved. A short introduction to city marketing, imaging and heritage tourism is offered due to sparse literature in the built environment literature and to serve as a foundation to the main discourse of this paper. The rest of this paper discusses the conservation of heritage as image dimensions in the marketing of Georgetown. We submitted that Georgetown has successfully utilised and capitalised on its cultural diversity and tangible heritage based on its colonial legacy to promote the city as evidenced by its inscription into UNESCO's World Heritage Site list in 2008. Nonetheless, building and maintaining the synergy between the government, the private sector and the people is essential for sustainability of Historic City of George Town's heritage tourism industry.

Objective: This paper details how we, as ‘cultural outsiders’, conducted a large gambling survey in an Indigenous Australian community that adhered to Indigenous ethical protocols and values while differing from some standard survey practices. Approach: The paper summarises the ethical guidelines for conducting Indigenous public health research. It describes research processes used in the study in eight generic steps identified in Keeping Research on Track: A Guide for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples About Health Research Ethics.1 It explains how adherence to these guidelines contributed to successful project completion. Conclusion: The research processes used to conduct this project gave explicit recognition and commitment to respecting Indigenous cultural values and principles. It engaged the Indigenous community in ways that promoted its ownership of the research issue, ensured the validity and reliability of the research data and unearthed potential solutions to problems identified. Implications: By sharing our experiences in attempting to conduct research that respected these values and principles, we have contributed to culturally appropriate and ethical research with participating Indigenous peoples and communities.

Background Post-traumatic stress disorder is one of the most prevalent mental health sequelae of intimate partner violence, and as a result, it has been extensively documented in Western literature. However, whether abused women from non-Western cultures experience similar post-traumatic responses to intimate partner violence is less documented. Objectives The objectives of this paper were (1) to review the literature for information about post-traumatic stress disorder among Chinese women survivors of intimate partner violence; (2) to provide a synthesis of the literature on post-traumatic stress disorder among abused Chinese women; and (3) to identify implications for practice and to suggest directions for research relating to post-traumatic stress disorder among abused Chinese women. Design A systematic review of the literature. Data Sources Following a systematic search for relevant literature in computerized databases and manual searches of English and Chinese language publications, five papers reporting on four studies conducted in China, Taiwan, Malaysia, and the United States were included in the review. Review Methods Abstracts meeting the inclusion criteria were reviewed independently by two of the authors and any discrepancies were resolved by discussion. Full papers for selected abstracts were then retrieved and assessed independently by the same reviewers. Results The present literature review revealed a paucity of information relating to post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms or diagnoses in abused Chinese women. Nevertheless, a link between post-traumatic stress disorder and intimate partner violence was demonstrated by the reviewed papers. Conclusions Caution should be exercised when making comparison of the findings across the four studies because of the inherent methodological differences. Also, as the assessment tools have not been validated for culture-bound interpretation of trauma and symptom manifestation, comparisons of findings for Chinese women to women in Western literature should be undertaken with due consideration. Implications for practice and recommendations for future research are discussed.

Objective: To explore social equity, health planning, regulatory and ethical dilemmas in responding to a pandemic influenza (H5N1) outbreak, and the adequacy of protocols and standards such as the International Health Regulations (2005). Approach: This paper analyses the role of legal and ethical considerations for pandemic preparedness, including an exploration of the relevance of cross-jurisdictional and cross-cultural perspectives in assessing the validity of goals for harmonisation of laws and policies both within and between nations. Australian and international experience is reviewed in various areas, including distribution of vaccines during a pandemic, the distribution of authority between national and local levels of government, and global and regional equity issues for poorer countries. Conclusion: This paper finds that questions such as those of distributional justice (resource allocation) and regulatory frameworks raise important issues about the cultural and ethical acceptability of planning measures. Serious doubt is cast on a ‘one size fits all’ approach to international planning for managing a pandemic. It is concluded that a more nuanced approach than that contained in international guidelines may be required if an effective response is to be constructed internationally. Implications: The paper commends the wisdom of reliance on ‘soft law’, international guidance that leaves plenty of room for each nation to construct its response in conformity with its own cultural and value requirements.

This paper explores issues of technology and artefacts in a comparative cross-species frame, using archaeological examples and modern data sets to illustrate points about process and content. It develops the argument that regardless of species, artefacts have a special significance as external projections of the mind, often necessitating cognitive judgements on the basis of several variables and subject to influences by cultural tradition, functional needs, and raw materials. In humans, apes, and other tool using animals, behaviour overlaps in some respects and is vastly different in others. Overlapping aspects are worth seeking out and exploiting, as they provide opportunities to investigate factors influencing variation and to gain insights into cognition. Recent primatological research establishes much more foundation for continuity, but many of the details of artefacts and their variation remain to be explored. This paper presents case studies of variability and standardisation that suggest the limits on variation are as tight in some chimpanzee produced artefacts as in many produced by humans, and functional constraints appear to operate more strongly on some parts of artefacts than others. Thus, degree of standardisation cannot be used as a simple index to 'refinement,' but the widespread overlap in standardisation between human and nonhuman artefacts greatly expands the scope for study.

Introduction Motorcycling is recognized to be a relatively risky activity. Powered two wheelers (PTW) are classified as mopeds, light, and heavy motorcycles, the first two categories being denoted light PTWs. This paper reviews the scientific literature on accident risks and traffic behavior among users of light PTWs with the aim of clarifying the current state of knowledge. Method Based on a risk analytical and an anthropological perspective on motorcycling, the paper discusses the significance of cultural and social factors as important aspects of safety. More targeted and effective safety measures, for example better training programs, are needed to prevent motorcycle accidents. This means developing a deeper understanding of the rider as an individual, and the individuals within different groups and settings. Why and how motorcyclists approach the road, its function as a social arena, the varieties of goals and values, and the motorcyclists' own perceptions of the behavior that ensures their “achievements” or “successes”, are some of the issues. Today, this kind of knowledge is scarce and almost entirely absent from the scientific literature. Results We conclude that the massive quantities of data on numbers of accidents, the categorization of situations, the causal explanations related to speed, gender, age, lack of concentration so forth, can only be employed as support for safety measures as long as they are linked to social and cultural factors. Impact on Industry Risk informed decision making has become an integral part of authorities' and manufacturers' implementation of safety measures. This tendency is strengthened by the fact that the responsibility of product safety rests upon the manufacturers, cf. for example EU safety regulations. Therefore it is paramount that a thorough understanding of social and cultural factors related to the PTW driving is necessary for the industry to develop targeted and efficient safety measures.

Our study seeks to prove that German Stability Culture is a myth. The concept is a core legitimizing element of economic policy discourse in Germany and used regularly to juxtapose Germany and northern Europe and the euro area periphery. Using Eurobarometer surveys we construct a measurement for Stability Culture which is based on the priority assigned to the fight against inflation. Our empirical analysis covers the 2002 to 2010 timespan and includes 27 European Union Member States. Our results show that the distinction between northern states with an allegedly strong and southern states with an allegedly weak Stability Culture is a myth. Controlling for actual inflation, we find that the northern Member States with an allegedly high Stability Culture are less concerned with price stability than the rest of the EU. Intermediate version; University of Edinburgh, School of Law Research Paper 2015/34; Europa Institute Working Paper 2015/06

Countries continue to seek ways to achieve and sustain elite athlete success. However, competitive advantages in elite sport are largely found within individual sports’ contexts and policies. This paper uses tennis as an exemplar and mixed methods to examine sport-specific policy and other factors that influence international success. Thirty-five international tennis experts participated in a questionnaire which combined (a) open questions, and (b) Likert scale questions, based on the Sport Policy Factors that Lead to International Success (SPLISS) model. The findings support the significance of the SPLISS model at a tennis specific level. The most significant contribution of this paper rests on the emergence of two contextual themes, namely culture and commercial environment, which help explain the context within which tennis operates. These findings are important for understanding the ways elite sport success is fostered in professional sports like tennis and potentially transferring that knowledge to other commercialised sports. The paper advances the theoretical understanding of the combined meso-level and contextual factors at a sport-specific level that influence international success. The practical implications address high performance directors’ and sport policy makers’ challenge of nurturing and enhancing the tennis culture and commercial environment.

This paper employs syndemics theory to explain high rates of sexually transmitted disease among inner city African American and Puerto Rican heterosexual young adults in Hartford, CT, USA. Syndemic theory helps to elucidate the tendency for multiple co-terminus and interacting epidemics to develop under conditions of health and social disparity. Based on enhanced focus group and in-depth interview data, the paper argues that respondents employed a cultural logic of risk assessment which put them at high risk for STD infection. This cultural logic was shaped by their experiences of growing up in the inner city which included: coming of age in an impoverished family, living in a broken home, experiencing domestic violence, limited expectations of the future, limited exposure to positive role models, lack of expectation of the dependency of others, and fear of intimacy.

Hydrocarbon extraction will continue for the foreseeable future, and undoubtedly impact upon regions and environments which this industry or indeed modern infrastructure had not done so previously. In light of this the paper considers how decisions with regard to the permitting or licensing of such projects might include the cultural significance of such environments more effectively. Focusing on the extraction of oil sands in Alberta, Canada as a model, the paper will establish the failings of established methods of assessing such values and whether human rights law, more accomplished in dealing with such subjective considerations, offers an alternative. Finally the paper will suggest a framework which, whilst incapable of solving all of the inherent issues in the inclusion of such subjective considerations in an industry so focused on quantification, might better balance them with the overbearing economic arguments for extraction.

This paper draws evidence from the anthropological, worldviews and systems design literature, to show how culture and context play a significant role in the way people perceive and approach their interaction with a multilingual e-commerce website. In doing so, this paper shows that a relationship exists between language, cultural context and usability. The paper initially takes a look at the problems raised by the translation of text from one language to another and then moves onto an overview of the current practice of presenting multilingual web sites on the web. Next, the role of culture, through one’s internal lens is examined. The impact this has on human computer interaction is then explored. Finally, a model is proposed that that aims to guide further research into the role of cultural context in the usability of multilingual websites. Some suggestions for further research are provided.

The present paper addresses the important inter-organizational relationship between Chinese firms and local unions by investigating Chinese managers’ HRM practices in managing African employees. We utilize the storytelling research method to obtain a nuanced understanding of this little-understood, yet important phenomenon. Our data was collected through in-depth narrative interviews with 32 Chinese managers (both senior and middle) with three to eight years of professional experience in African countries from 21 Chinese firms (both state-owned and privately owned). We found that Chinese managers’ crossvergence HRM practices are a blend of divergent local contextual factors and convergent cultural factors. Our findings reveal that the cultural proximity between African “Ubuntu” and Chinese Confucianism can significantly influence Chinese firm-local union inter-organizational relationship in managing African employees of Chinese firms. The crossvergence of Chinese managers’ HRM practices can gradually affect the work behaviors of African employees over time. The paper identifies importance of the cross-cultural training and mutual learning between Chinese managers and African employees to enhance mutual understanding against the backdrop of Chinese firms entering Africa countries. Our study contributes to the better understanding of HRM practices of emerging market multinational corporations, and has important practical implications for managing African employees.

The spread and perpetuation of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in South Africa has hindered the country’s social and economic growth after apartheid. This paper documents my experiences while working with the Projects Abroad Human Rights Office and specifically my interactions with the Treatment Action Campaign (TAC), an organization which has taken a multidimensional approach in order to educate people about HIV/AIDS and attempt to provide access to medicines for millions of South Africans afflicted with the disease. I discuss how TAC has used both traditional and non-traditional methods of advocacy to combat the epidemic and equate access to health care to a social justice issue by empowering marginalized communities. The paper’s dual purpose is to applaud TAC’s continuous success in combating HIV/AIDS with such a multidimensional approach and illustrate how other organizations can utilize such an approach in order to affect social change. To illustrate TAC’s approach, I utilize Lucie White’s three dimensions of lawyering and equate TAC to a single cause lawyer, signifying that White’s characterization of multi-dimensional activism is not limited to individuals, but can rather be applied at the firm level. White’s three dimensions include: (a) advocacy through litigation, (b) advocacy in stimulating progressive change, and (c) advocacy as a pedagogic process. From this analysis, I conclude that TAC’s multi-dimensional approach and specifically its inherent practice of White’s three dimensions has been the root of its success in educating millions about the virus and advocating for access to medicines for those who have contracted HIV. TAC’s innovative advocacy has also mobilized a new generation of South African activists who have helped TAC grow into a vibrant and integral organization within the country’s post-apartheid culture. Such an example can serve as a framework for future organizations who wish to tackle other challenges that face the country.Keywords: HIV/AIDS, Treatment Action Campaign, South Africa, PAHRO, activism

This paper describes some epistemic cultural considerations which shape the uses of psychology. I argue the study of mind is bound by the metaphysical background of the given locale and era in which it is practiced. The epistemic setting in which psychology takes place will shape what is worth observing, how it is to be studied, how the data is to be interpreted, and the nature of the ultimate explanatory units. I argue epistemic constraints shape the praxes that arise from structural study of the mind. In order to illustrate this notion of epistemic cultural constraint, I discuss Soviet Psychology and provide a contrast between practical uses of psychoanalysis in India, Egypt, and rural Ghana. In response to these conceptual and practical epistemic limitations, psychology could adapt methods drawn from history and anthropology towards an interdisciplinary psychology.

Socio-ecological environments produce certain psychological functions. that are adaptive for survival in each environment. Past evidence suggests that interdependence-related psychological features are prevalent in East Asian cultures partly due to the history of 'rice-crop farming' (versus herding) in those areas. However, it is unclear how and why certain functional behaviors required by the socio-ecological environment are sublimated to become cultural values, which are then transmitted and shared among people. In this paper, we conceptually review the works examining various macro sharing processes for cultural values, and focus on the use of multilevel analysis in elucidating the effect of both macro and individual level factors. Uchida et al.'s study (2019) suggests that collective activities at the macro level (community-level), which is required by a certain socio-ecological environment, promote interdependence not only among farmers but also non-farmers. The multilevel processes of how psychological characteristics are construed by macro factors will be discussed.

International audience; The increasing intra-national diversity of many modern markets poses challenges to identity segmentation. As consumers require greater recognition of their diverse identities from brands, marketing science and practice are in search of theories and models that recognize and capture identity dynamics as impacted by cultural influences both from beyond and within national market borders. This paper extends consumer acculturation theory into multicultural market realities and offers a Consumer Multicultural Identity Affiliation (CMIA) Framework2 that distinguishes and integrates three key types of intra- and trans-national cultural influences informing identity dynamics. By examining consumer cultural identities within the CMIA framework in a mixed-method, two-country study, we show that gaining such an integrative view on cultural identity affiliations uncovers greater diversity and complexity (mono-, bi-, or multi-cultural) of consumer segments. We conclude with discussing future directions for CMIA applications to support marketing managers, scholars and educators dealing with culturally heterogeneous markets.

This paper presents the results of a multi-level event study of the effects of the 2008 financial crisis on leadership behavior. Following assumptions from the threat-rigidity hypothesis, we expect that across firms and countries, this crisis led to an increase in directive leadership. In line with this hypothesis, we also anticipate that this change is context-specific. The impact of the 2008 financial crisis on the change in directive leadership is analyzed for over 20,000 managers in 980 organizations across 36 countries. We find that the financial crisis went along with a significant increase in directive leadership, and that this effect was stronger in the manufacturing sector, and in countries with a high degree of power distance. Our results support the threat-rigidity hypothesis, and contribute to leadership research by showing that the context is not only a moderator but actually shapes leadership behavior. This opens up a new avenue of leadership research where context is an antecedent of leadership behavior more generally, and where the methodological set-up allows for causal inference.

This paper explores the moderating role of formal and informal institutions on the sustainable banking and financial development link. We compute an aggregated measure of sustainability in the banking sector for a sample of 46 countries for the period 2010-2018. Our results indicate that sustainable banking positively influences financial development only in countries with strong formal institutions. Nevertheless, informal institutions can generate the necessary trust in the banking sector, allowing the positive effect of sustainable banking on financial development in countries with weak formal institutions. The results are robust after controlling the potential endogeneity issues, The authors acknowledge financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, Project RTI2018-097447-B-I00 and PID2020-118064GB-I00, and from the Professorship Excellence Program in accordance with the multi-year agreement signed by the Government of Madrid and the Autonoma University of Madrid (Line #3)

Although the literature on consumer (or user) entrepreneurship is flourishing, research has focused on sources of product innovation as a driver of consumer entrepreneurial venture establishment and overlooked sources of cultural innovation. By drawing on the theory of cultural innovation, this paper provides a case study on the emergence and rise of a recently established consumer entrepreneurial venture that stands out in the local competitive arena for the cultural positioning that it pursues. Findings drawn from a two-year longitudinal case study combining longitudinal case analysis with enactive research shed light on how consumers can recognize the existence of a cultural opportunity, craft a cultural strategy and structure a firm to exploit this opportunity commercially. The study provides a theoretical and empirical elaboration to link the literature of consumer entrepreneurship with the theory of cultural innovation.

National culture has been shown to impact the way investors, firm managers, and markets in their entirety respond to different situations and events. The psychology literature, however, notes that in terms of crisis, old behaviors and norms can get replaced by new norms as groups adjust to the new situation. To date, no one has looked at the impact of culture on market responses to disasters. This paper is the first to address the effect of national culture on stock market responses to a global health disaster. We find larger declines and greater volatilities for stock markets in countries with higher uncertainty avoidance, lower individualism, and greater experience with disease-causing pathogens during the first three weeks after the confirmation of the first COVID-19 case within a country. Our results are robust after controlling for a number of variables, including investor fear, cumulative infected cases, the stringency of government response policies, the 2003 SARS experience, the level of democracy, political corruption, and trade openness.

Highlights • We study the effect of governance and culture on firms’ environmental performance and disclosure. • Governance best practices improve performance and disclosure. • Cross listing is related to better performance and higher disclosure quality. • Cultural backgrounds are important determinants of performance and disclosure., This paper investigates the impact of corporate governance and culture background on firms’ environmental performance and CSR disclosure from a global perspective. It also provides evidence of a positive relationship between performance and CSR disclosure, supporting the voluntary disclosure theory. We find that common internal corporate governance best practices (such as CEO non-duality, board with ESG committee and gender diversified board) are associated with better environmental performance and more disclosure of CSR related information. Debt is an effective internal governance vehicle and positively affects firms’ environmental performance and CSR disclosure. Cross-listed firms perform better environmentally and disclose more CSR information. Firms residing in countries with stronger legal systems have less voluntary CSR disclosure, implying that external governance is functional and may partially serve as a substitute for internal governance. In terms of culture influence, we find that firms in countries with low power distance, individualism, femininity, high uncertainty avoidance, and long-term orientation perform better environmentally. Firms in low power distance, collectivistic, feminine, long-term oriented, high uncertainty avoidance and restrained countries disclose more CSR information.