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The number of people killed in traffic accidents in Morocco reached 3593 during 2016, compared to 3565 in 2015, registering a slight increase of 0.79%. Thus, the total of traffic accidents over the past year amounted to 81827 against 78864 in 2015, an increase of 3.76%, according to provisional statistics of traffic accidents in 2016. These statistics show that Morocco is one of the countries with the highest mortality rate. In order to decrease these numbers and put an end to this dilemma, we are working on developing vehicle-to-vehicle communication (V2V) in order to provide information and assistance required to avoid collisions, traffic-jam, etc. Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANETs) have great potential for providing safety and comfort applications for Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) and to improve traffic safety on roads. In this paper, we have consecrated our study on Casablanca, the largest city in Morocco which has a highway passing through it. Thus, we took two scenarios, first the highway and trunk roads and second the other roads (primary, secondary, tertiary and residential roads). To demonstrate these scenarios, we used various tools such as OpenStreetMap and SUMO to generate a realistic mobility model that gives aspects of real vehicular traffic. Generated scenarios are added to NS-2.35 (Network Simulator) in order to analyze the performance of 802.11a (Wi-Fi) and 802.11p (DSRC/WAVE). We evaluated the performance based on three parameters: Packet Delivery Ratio, End-To-End Delay and Throughput. The results showed that 802.11p is better and more efficient than 802.11a under both scenarios. In addition, 802.11p gives better results in the second scenario than in the first one, and this is due to the number of cars, the authorized speed and the distance between the cars in each scenario.

The digital environment is one of the major factors contributing to the technical and industrial revolution we are witnessing today. Indeed, this environment is no longer used only for the exchange of textual data, but also transactional and multimedia such as gaming, video on demand, and IPTV. Therefore, in parallel with the diversity of flow, there is an improvement in network infrastructure. The Quality of Service (QoS) mechanisms make it possible, among other things, to optimize the consumption of network resources, by favoring certain flows over the others according to specific policies. One of the big challenges to overcome when setting up QoS mechanisms is sizing the network, that is, ensuring that the mechanism and reservation are chosen correctly to meet the customer’s requirements and not causing any deterioration in network performance. Simulation is one of the preliminary phases to be carried out before applying the various QoS mechanisms in a digital network. In general, QoS simulation projects, under Riverbed Modeler or other simulators, contain hundreds or even thousands of scenarios. This makes the simulation difficult, tedious, and especially vulnerable to errors related to the human factor involving the confidence interval of the results obtained. In this paper, we propose a new 2AFM-QoS (Assisted Automated for Fast Modeling Quality of Service) approach for automating the simulation of QoS mechanisms in an intelligent digital environment under Riverbed Modeler. The 2AFM-QoS approach is validated by a new Graphical User Interface (GUI) tool facilitating its exploitation.

A three-dimensional study of a fracture network has been performed on a 0.66-m 3 block of fine-grained granite from La Peyratte (Deux-Sevres, France). The block was sawn in nine parallel plates. The fractures associated with altered haloes were mapped for each plate using a photographic method. The nine fracture sets were subjected to an analysis of the percolated network based on a measurement of the width of altered haloes developed around fractures. Hydrothermal alteration is created by circulation of a certain amount of fluid flow in the rock. We assume that the alteration zone width is proportional to fluid mass flow. The width of alteration zones will give a good idea of the path preferentially followed by fluids. The relation between fracture length and width of the alteration zone shows that the total fracture network consists in fact of two sorts. The largest fractures (surface >0.1 m 2 ) create a loose and poorly interconnected pattern in the block. However, they have developed wide alteration zones (> 3 mm) and have then had a great role in fluid conduction. They represent only 10% of the fractures but are responsible for 47% of alteration (in volume). Approximately 80% of these fractures with wide alteration zones are oriented in the same direction. This main network is linked to a more dense, highly interconnected system made of shorter fractures with narrower altered zones. Fractal analysis has also been performed on pictures of the fracture patterns using the linear Cantor's dust method. Fractal dimension values ( D ) indicate an anisotropy of fracture distribution on each plane. Moreover, when the planes are compared to one another in succession, variations of D values can be noticed indicating an inhomogeneity in the third dimension. The study of such a three-dimensional fracture set shows that fluids follow preferential paths within a fracture network and helps the understanding of fracture distribution.

The Cantor's Dust method of fractal analysis has been used to describe the regularity of fracture patterns in geological materials seen on a two-dimensional surface. This linear method of analysis is well adapted to a determination of two-dimensional phenomena. The determination of the fractal dimension, D, indicates that it varies regularly as a function of the orientation of the analysis direction. This is taken to indicate that there is a relation, unexplained as yet, between the regularity of the fracture pattern and the forces which produced it. The use of the Cantor's Dust method on naturally fractured materials ranging in dimension from 3 mm to 45 m in maximum dimension indicates the fractal nature of the fractures found in natural materials. The analysis method can also be used to identify local variations in the stress field which caused failure, such as the fractures in a feldspar compared to those in the host granite, etc. The method appears to be a sensitive descriptive measure of the failure patterns in rocks.