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In modern days, the challenge is to beat the heavy traffic in the metropolitan cities, the need of the hour to find an alternate mode of transport with low cost and highly efficient transport to skip traffic and to save nature with zero carbon emission. The alternate transport for skipping the traffic with zero carbon emission is the way to suggest to travel with Skate Scooter made of Composite Material. Design validation based on various design aspects and simulating the skate scooter to be free from the commonly caused defects by the user handling and make the scooter user friendly. The main aim of the research is to identify the correct material for the base board to sustain in heavy load with minimal amount of wear and tear during the user handling. Studying the various material aspects for the base board to find out which is the best suitable material for the board to carry the maximum load. The design of skate scooter created using SolidWorks. The dynamic analysis of the Skate Scooter is performed using the Abaqus CAE which contains all the three major steps of Simulation pre-processing, analysis and post-processing. The input parameter for the existing model and new design model are same as follows with load of 80 kg and the velocity of 0.01 m/s. The material used in the trail study for the design of the board AISI Steel 1040 and 12% Maple wood. From the analysis results, it is concluded that joining of the board which is moulded with the base board causing failure. Therefore, the new design which provides distributed stress concentration over the screw mounted joint is reduced to half of the existing model.

The evolution of the rapid prototyping with the emergence of the Industry 4.0 brings the new challenges in the field of additive manufacturing. The additive manufacturing eliminates the various process incorporated in conventional manufacturing such as casting, machining and welding. Therefore, the additive manufacturing reduces the manufacturing cost, labours and produce complex shapes easily. The additive manufactured Inconel 718 super alloy is widely used in various fields such as medical application, automobile and air crafts for its mechanical strength and corrosion resistance. The mechanical study of this material may cause most expansive, time consuming process and material wastage. The study is mainly focused to minimized expenditure and material wastage due to conventional testing process. In this paper, the additive manufactured Inconel 718 super alloy is evaluated through CAE software. For investigation, the direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) processed material and their corresponding mechanical properties are considered as a base data. All the models are meshed fine elements in hex shape to improve the accuracy of testing. Boundary condition applied as per ASTM standard for tensile (ASTM E8), erosion (ASTM G76) and impact (ASTM E23). Experimentation such as axial loading, impact loading and solid particle erosion studies are performed. Subsequently, the simulated results are compared with conventionally tested material for data interpretations. The analytical result for DMLS alloy has tensile strength is 1125 MPa and impact strength of 23.30 J; and the commercial alloy has tensile strength of 1252 MPa and impact strength 25.33 J respectively. As a research finding, it has been confirmed that the result achieved through simulated modelling for DMLS processed Inconel718 is very close and with negotiable difference for the conventional Inconel 718 material.

Cutting tool plays a major role in manufacturing process to reduce cost and machining time. Various number of researches had been conducted to optimize machining process and to find a way to extend the life of the cutting tool. To improve the process quality, the surface texturing is also performed on the cutting tool. In this paper, the machinability of textured tungsten carbide cutting tool for turning aluminum alloy is proposed. The texture pattern used in parallel stripes and vertical stripes on the flank of the cutting tool. The simulations of the texture pattern were engraved on the tool using Abaqus/CAE 6.14 software chip formation simulation had been done. Boundary conditions for the work is defined as displacement and rotation and the velocity is defined as 0.2 m/s. The meshing of the part and work is done in square mesh pattern and the discretization rate is 0.0005. From the analysis, the chip flow direction and the shear zone are discussed in detail. Subsequently, the energy developed on machine the material has been evaluated with the results of cutting force. The maximum cutting force developed in the plain cutting tool is 1.468 N. however, for the textured cutting tool has 1.207 N for horizontal texture tool and 3.249 N vertical textured cutting tool. It indicates that the horizontal has a built – up edge nature and supports to shear the material conveniently than the other two conditions. In addition, the stress induced during the machining process is also compared for interpretation. Thus, the inference is made to justify that the tool life is increased when surface texturing is done compared to the tool life for non-textured tool.

Tropical and subtropical climates are the dominant growing environments for water hyacinth plants. Aquatic plants that float on the surface of the water. This substance occurs naturally in most of Tamil Nadu's ponds and dams. In comparison to other types of aquatic natural plants, it is one of the worst invasive species. Researchers concentrate on this plant as a waste management concept because of the government's treatment of this material as garbage. Water hyacinth plant absorption studies are presented and investigated in this paper, including both water and chemical tests in relation to applications for commercial and house-hold use. We believe no work has been done with regard to the absorption process of water hyacinth powder, ash, and composites. In this case, the use of plant powders, ash and composites constitute a novel application of natural ecosystem consideration. A currently implemented work sample that actively prevents deforestation as well as introduction of environmentally friendly products can be implemented by replacing wood-based products.

This project work aims the study of productivity improvement methods in AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY’s Cathodic Electro Deposition painting line by optimizing jig density. In AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY’s PTCED line, SM parts lifted using dedicated jigs on continuously moving OH conveyor. Present production capacity of CED line is 110 units/shift at 90% efficiency with consumption of 5.8 jigs/tractor. Objective of the project work is to improve the existing productivity by increasing jig density. Usual methods of productivity improvements mainly focusses on increasing the conveyor speed and automation introductions. Alternative method of increasing the loading capacity per jig and exploring the feasibilities of changing the existing loading patterns being adopted in this project work. The modified loading jigs and patterns observed for 2 months resulted an increase in productivity from 105 units to 141 units/shift operations.

The machining of lightweight composite materials is a challenging process in the field of materials and manufacturing. The composites have materials with distinct phases of hard fibre and soft matrix, inducing the cutting tool edge to face varying cutting pressure. In this paper, alumina based ceramic cutting tools in different combinations [(i) Al2O3 + Ti [C,N] and (ii) Al2O3 + SiCw] are used to machine a glass fibre rod at different process conditions. From the experimentation, the performance of the tool is observed to measure the flank wear at individual process conditions. The tool wear found to be rapid and failure occurred with increase in cutting velocity. On other hand, it was found that the tool life decreases with increase cutting velocity and the performance of cutting tools is similar in both cases. Wear morphology was found to be smooth and regular on machining fibre material. A modified Adam – Gene algorithm (AGA) was used with a constraint, to find the optimal machining process condition. It is found that the Al2O3 + Ti [C,N] cutting tool has a better tool life with minimal production cost for an optimal process condition of 250 m/min and 0.1 mm/rev. Economically, the Al2O3 + Ti [C,N] cutting tool has lower production cost, however, Al2O3 + SiCw cutting tool has better performance.

In this present scenario, most materials and manufacturing processes were affected by the environment. Due to this reason industries need eco-friendly materials and manufacturing processes. The present experimental studies are thermal and automated conduct of hybrid natural fiber-strengthened aggregates. 7.5 wt% and 10 wt% alkali-treated Agave Americana fibres are used. A small amount of carbon fiber is added to the purpose of hybridization. The hybrid composites are fabricated by means of a Compression casting device. After that, by means of Universal testing machine (UTM), the experiment is performed to discover the flexural strength and Tensile strength respectively. The TGA, DTA, and thermal conductivity (thermal insulation) of the composites were analyzed. The results are compared between 7.5% and 10% alkali-treated Agave Americana fiber-reinforced composite. In order to save energy by reducing the rate of heat transfer for industrial applications, insulation materials, building and automotive industry, it is presumed that Agave Americana fiber treatments will aid the improvement of synthetic fibre reinforced sandwich polymer composites.

In this investigation, electroless Ni-P was deposited on mild steel in presence of magnetic field, a modified coating technique. Degree of crystallinity was measured through integrated intensity, Full Width at Half Maximum and integral breadth with the help of profile fitting. The data which are taken from the x-ray diffraction profile was used to find the crystallite size and microstrain using the in-house software ‘PROFAN’. The presence of the magnetic field modified the Crystallization behaviour of the Electroless Ni-P both in as coated and heat treated conditions.

The natural fiber is a best replacement for synthetic fiber which is reinforced with polymer composites for advanced engineering application. The main purpose of this paper is to study the tensile and flexural properties of untreated and treated palymra natural fiber reinforced polyester composites. Palmyra fibre is used as a reinforcement and the polyester resin is used as a matrix. Composites plates were fabricated through handlayup moulding techniques. The treated palymra fiber composites yields excellent tensile and flexural properties. Tensile tests revealed that the ultimate strength is about 48 MPa, and elongation break at 6%. The flexural strength is estimated to be around 64 MPa respectively. The mechanical properties of materials prepared from a chemical treated with potassium permanganate palmyra are found to be much stronger than those of untreated fiber. Surface morphologies of fracture surfaces of composites were reported using electron microscopy scanning (SEM).

This work aims to experimentally verify the wear resistance of the candidate material Stainless steel (SS316L) during the high-pressure fluid interaction. In the experimental study high pressure fluid was considered as water to replicate piping environment. The experiments were performed using the water jet machining to reach the high-pressure water. The angle of the contact of water jet with the specimen plate and the jet pressure were taken as parameters. Based on the experimental results, mathematical models were generated in correlation between the jet pressure and erosive wear by considering four basic models, linear, polynomial, power and logarithmic. The results revealed that the polynomial model holds good for all the angle of contact. Further, the crater formation is visible in optical microscope (OM) image, and the pressure has direct correlation with the erosion wear and the angle of contact has inverse correlation with the wear.

In this paper, the shape memory alloy was machined with electro spark machining process. The three main input factors such as pulse on, pulse off, and applied voltage are varied parameters, the material removal and surface roughness are measured. Investigation proved that the pulse on time has induced to make spark intensity and material diffusion. Variation in pulse off made increased conductivity on shape memory alloy. In continuation, the surface damage due to spark intensity and influence of applied voltage revealed maximum for higher voltage. Adam gene algorithm, a modified genetic algorithm is used to find the optimal input process parameter for proposed research. It has been confirmed that the average pulse on time and minimum applied voltage can produce better results.

As per the survey of the World Energy monitor issue 2019 portrait that since 1975, there was a rapid growth in the energy demand around the world till now and it is mainly satisfied by fossil fuels and centralized power generation. In the future, there should be varied energy transition need to happen to decrease the usage of fossil fuel. In this regard, much research work had been going on to ensure proper energy consumption without wasting much energy. Nowadays research on coating techniques was evolved to control the waste heat emission and to reduce corrosion reduction in pipes to conserve the most energy-releasing as an unused. In that, the usage of nanoparticles as a coating material in the area of heat transfer applications were evolved to enhance its working capacity. This review paper depicts the results obtained by various researchers with the usage of nanoparticles as coating materials over the other materials to enhance the thermal and corrosion properties by exploring with diverse nanoparticle size, coating thickness, morphological characteristic detecting instruments and usage of nanoparticles in diverse applications were studied. This paper may give the researchers a basic idea to pick the valid coating materials with their properties and applications for their study in heat transfer equipment.

This review paper aims to portray the work done by various researchers in the domain of thermal barrier coatings. Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) are provided to minimize the temperature of components in the field of aviation and power generation sector to increase the components performance and efficiency. The review was made in the aspects of methodology adapted for the coating process, thickness of various coatings, materials chosen for coating, anatomy of TBC and mechanism of thermally grown oxides (TGO). Based on the survey, majority of the articles are found employed the process of spray coating for TBC. On the hand, literatures depicts that the preferred materials for TBS is ceramics due to lack of thermal conductivity and high corrosion and wear resistance. The review expose that the TBCs are more resistant to oxidation, corrosion, erosion and it act as a good thermal insulator to protect the material high temperature environment.

In current scenario, the engineering materials are profound their application towards Bio-Medical field. The human implants caught the eye of researchers in the field of materials and metallurgy. After meeting the accidents, aged people’s bone crack, and other factors for replacing bones is a major problem faced by the medical society. Considering the fact, researchers have found some viable alternative for the bone material which are positive towards biocompatibility. Now-a-days the human implants are available commercially but for particular length, and the implants are not patient specific. To overcome the current issue, machining the materials have been using as the conventional methods to make them into patients’ specific implants. While machining the implants, complex shapes cannot be machined by traditional approach, on the other hand, the biocompatibility of the material have been spoiled. In the commercial market both stainless steel and the titanium-based implants play a vital role in the replacement of the bone. The commercial grade of titanium implant is not pure titanium but the alloy of titanium. Due to the lack of biocompatibility the machined implant material cannot resist the bio-corrosion, eventually, it leads to the lack in the growth of the human cells. Usually the implants are placed in the human body, which is in contact with the live tissue containing the fibroblast cells (Skin cells). Lack of biocompatibility of the human implants reflects on the growth of the fibroblast cells, healing the surgery wound, further it may also lead to allergy to the patient.

This study aims to understand the electrochemical behavior of the Wire Electro Spark Eroded Ni55Ti45 alloy. The WESE machining process had been performed by considering the spark on time, spark off time and applied voltage as process parameters. The response chosen for the valuation of the machining process is surface quality. The surface properties of machined specimen were studied through the Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and surface roughness meter. Then the maximum and minimum surface roughness samples were exposed to the electrochemical corrosion studies considering NaCl as the electrolyte medium. The outcomes of the corrosion result are projected in form of corrosion rate found from the TAFEL plot. Further, the surface of corroded specimens was studied using the imaging techniques.

In current scenario, the engineering materials are profound their application towards Bio-Medical field. The human implants caught the eye of researchers in the field of materials and metallurgy. After meeting the accidents, aged people’s bone crack and other factors for replacing bones is a major problem faced by the medical society. Considering the fact, researchers have found some viable alternative for the bone material which is positive towards biocompatibility. The alternative implant materials are manufacturing without compensate biocompatibility. This paper covers the trends happening in the machining of implant material through the non traditional approaches such as EDM, WEDM and some other advance technologies.

Recently, manufacturing sectors are undergoing several sustainable transformations in their production process. These transformation in the production is majorly due to the competitiveness between industries to reduce cost and wages incurred during the production process. In order to achieve mass production in reduced time, provide customer satisfaction, for dynamic management of customer orders and to cope with limited time to market the product, manufacturing industries use cloud based technologies. Cloud manufacturing offers leasing and utilizing manufacturing possessions, whenever the needed resources are based on demand to promote elasticity. This investigation addresses scheduling issues in cloud manufacturing, because when manufacturing tasks and resources in an enterprise is not properly scheduled, the cost and time of utilizing those resources override business profit. In this investigation, scheduling is done by considering workflow analysis on ceiling fan SMEs as case study and the performance of workflow was experimented. The major idea of this work is to optimize the workflow and integrate SMEs related to ceiling fan sectors in manufacturing lines. Scheduling and mapping tasks and resources is carried through Particle Swam Optimization (PSO) and the results were analyzed at different levels. The results show that, PSO is well suited because of its advantage on global convergence in the solution space.

Carbon-fiber strengthened materials are creating inroads for aid in the automotive industry due to their greater properties such as high specific strength and stiffness and chemical resistance. Carbon fiber composite is a versatile material which is commonly used in many applications. The machining characteristics of such materials need attention. It is observed that abrasive water jet machining of carbon fiber composites has rarely been done, hence we propose to carry out the experimentation in abrasive water jet machining of carbon fiber composites. Abrasive water jet drilling and abrasive profile cutting are planned here. Process parameters are water pressure, stand-off distance for this study. Full factorial approach will be used for the study and all the combination of the parameters is intended to study here. The quality of the machining is planned to assess by the measurement of features such as dimensional deviation, kerfs width, circularity, roundness, surface roughness etc. The drilled profile is intended to be studied and the micro structural properties will be observed through advanced optical tools. Analysis of variance is conducted for entry hole diameter, exit hole diameter, entry hole roundness, exit hole roundness and kerf and the results have been reported.

The aim of this research is to design the office chair leg component through Product LCM using anisotropic material. For every product, Product Life Cycle Management (PLCM) plays a vital role to satisfy the customers requirement; especially on weight factor, the cost, failure rate, Time to market, manufacturing feasibility and aesthetics. The anisotropic material properties are mapped from the injection molding machine package to the software on elemental mesh analysis. In a recent time number of researchers used the injection molding simulation software interface with Finite element analysis software to predict the anisotropic material property induced during the molding process. The analysis of the office chair leg is done with respect to the BIFMA ×5.1 office chair standard. Since the leg must withstand both the bending and torsion load induced due to various caster position, the usage of anisotropic material properties plays a significant role in evaluating its stiffness. ANSYS is used for the structural evaluation, Altair OptiStruct is used for Topology optimization and Moldex3D is used for simulating the injection molding process. The leg is optimized from its concept design and validated in FEA using the process induced anisotropic material properties instead of using the isotropic properties available in the material datasheet. The optimum leg design is achieved, which is passing the stress criteria with the factor of safety.

In this investigation, electroless Ni-P with diamond particle was deposited on carbon steel in presence of magnetic field, a modified coating technique. Degree of crystallinity was measured through integrated intensity and integral breadth with the help of profile fitting. The coatings were evaluated using an In-House developed software 'PROFAN. The presence of the magnetic field modified the crystallization behaviour of the composite coatings with nickel – phosphorus – diamond through electroless coating process. The treatment of composite coating is performed with different technique at different temperatures. Further, the mechanical wear of the coating is evaluated.

In this paper, the Ni – P is deposited on steel through electrolytic process. During deposition the magnetic field is used to control the deposit and the same was performed with conventional concept. The difference in magnetic field found better than the conventional process. Efficiency of the coating and the crystallinity of the coating evaluated through a standard procedure. In the case of annealing, the decrease in microstrain and the corresponding increase in crystallite size is associated with the decreasing defect content of the lattice as a consequence of recovery and recrystallization processes. This behavior of increasing both crystallite size and microstrain is distinctly different. The strains which are produced by the magnetic field by constraining the movement of atoms as mentioned earlier could be the reason for this trend.

This investigation reports the effect of mechanical deflector during coating on the mechanical properties of the Electroless Ni-P deposits. Micro hardness of the electroless Ni-P deposits was measured using shimadzu micro hardness measuring unit employing a diamond indenter and pin-on-disc wear tester was used to measure the wear resistance of the deposits. The characteristics of deposits produced in presence of mechanical deflector are found to be superior from those produced using conventional deposition techniques. Enhancement in properties are correlated with modified crystallinity and the conversion of Ni-P in to possible phosphides in the presence of mechanical deflector. It has been noticed that the coating efficiency has 30% hike with mechanical deflector. Annealing at 350ºC has reached the maximum hardness of 950 Hv and subsequent increase in wear resistance.

In this research, the austenitic stainless steel human implant materials are machined using wire electrical discharge machining process (WEDM). The machining process is controlled with optimised process parameters such as pulse on / off time and applied voltage. The responses on machining are assessed from surface quality. At the same machined surface are metallurgical evaluated for the quality of surface topography through electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Further the machined surfaces are subjected to study bio-compatibility using the medium simulated body fluid (SBF). The body fluid was prepared using standard reagents and regular process followed by Kokubo procedure. The outcomes of the results are in the form of corrosion rate calculated from TAFEL plot. Surface degradation of the exposed samples are further analysed using SEM for discussion

Surface modification is a broad term which is associated with various technologies that can be exploited to achieve high reliability and performance capability of industrial components. The increasing usefulness and benefits of surface engineering has resulted in significant recent advances in the field. Among the various coating techniques, Thermal coating technique of Plasma spray process has been embraced in this work. Surface properties are enhanced with Tungsten Carbide (WC) coating over Austenitic Stainless Steel (SS316). The Plasma Spray Coating is the deposition coating technology in which solid feed stock in form of Tungsten Carbide powder of 50 µm size is introduced in hot plasma jet to form liquid droplets which are accelerated toward a substrate (SS316). The surface morphology of Tungsten Carbide (WC) coating over Austenitic Stainless steel (SS316) using Scanning Electron Microscope is discussed in this paper. Erosion wear tests and corrosion tests for Tungsten Carbide (WC) coated Austenitic Stainless Steel and uncoated Austenitic Stainless Steel has been conducted. The comparison studies are carried out and it is found that the coated Tungsten carbide (WC) over Austenitic Stainless Steel (SS316) gives longer life in corrosion environment and better resistance in erosion of surface materials in the exposure of high velocity air mixed with Al2O3 abrasive particles. Scanning Electron Microscope images analysis gives better improvement in surface behaviour of coated material when compared to uncoated material.

In this paper, the machinability of Ni-Cr-Fe based superalloy is studied using abrasive water jet cutting process. Experiments have been performed by varying the cutting process parameters namely: water jet pressure (240, 260 and 280 MPa), jet travel speed (20, 30 and 40 mm/min) and stand-off-distance (1, 2 and 3 mm). Material removal rate (MRR), kerf, and average surface roughness are measured as response parameters to evaluate process productivity and surface quality simultaneously. The influence of individual process parameters is identified using analysis of variance. Subsequently, the wear tracks are studied using electron microscopy. From the analysis, it is found that the jet travel speed is the most significant parameter. Conclusively, abrasive water jet cutting at 260 MPa jet pressure, 30 mm/min jet travel speed, and 1 mm stand-off-distance resulted in optimum responses i.e. kerf (0.0428), MRR (37.1835 mm3/min) and Ra (3.757 µm).