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One of the important actions for enhancing human reliability in any industry is assessing human error probability (HEP). The HEART technique is a robust tool for calculating HEP in various industries. The traditional HEART has some weaknesses due to expert judgment. For these reasons, a hybrid model is presented in this study to integrate HEART with Best-Worst Method.In this study, the blasting process in an iron ore mine was investigated as a case study. The proposed HEART-BWM was used to increase the sensitivity of APOA calculation. Then the HEP was calculated using conventional HEART formula. A consistency ratio was calculated using BWM. Finally, for verification of the HEART-BWM, HEP calculation was done by traditional HEART and HEART-BWM.In the view of determined HEPs, the results showed that the mean of HEP in the blasting of the iron ore process was 2.57E-01. Checking the full blast of all the holes after the blasting sub-task was the most dangerous task due to the highest HEP value, and it was found 9.646E-01. On the other side, obtaining a permit to receive and transport materials was the most reliable task, and the HEP was 8.54E-04.The results showed a good consistency for the proposed technique. Comparing the two techniques confirmed that the BWM makes the traditional HEART faster and more reliable by performing the basic comparisons.

This study aimed to compare the effect of audiovisual distraction on physiological indicators and pain of burn dressing change among 6-12 year-old children.The study was a single-blind clinical trial with a three-group that sample size was 120 children aged 6-12 years admitted to the burn ward of Hamadan Besat Hospital. Data collection tools were the Oucher pain scale, a Cheklist form of the physiological Indicators, and apulse oximetry device. The cartoons were shown for visual group and the melodic poems were played for the auditory group 2 min before the dressing until the end of the procedure (at 2-min intervals). Data were analyzed by SPSS-16 software one-way, variance analysis and post-hoc Bonferroni test.Therewere statistically significant differences between visual, auditory and control groups in the mean pain intensity scores at all measurement times, the mean arterial blood oxygen saturation percentage at all measurement times except for the10 min before the dressing and the start of the procedure and the mean heart rate at all measurement times except for 10 min before dressing (p 0.001). Post-hoc tests showed that the difference in the mean heart rate was related to the difference between the visual and auditory distraction groups during and at the end of the dressing (p 0.05), the visual and control groups at all measurement times (P 0.001) and the auditory and control groups at all measurement times (p 0.05).Audiovisual distraction is effective in reducing the fluctuations of physiological indicators and the burn dressing pain intensity in children at all times of measurement, especially during changedressing.The findings of this study are relevant to clinical practice because they suggest preparing children before and during a burning procedure situation.

Noise is defined as “unwanted” sound and the workers in industrial workroom are often exposed to noise. Acoustics analysis helps to evaluate and improve noise absorption of the reflecting surfaces. Acoustics treatment aims to control sound reflections within the room. This study investigated a method of dynamic room acoustics analysis in industrial workrooms which was developed using image processing and MATLAB software. This method can be used for collecting data and calculating the noise absorption surface area, and may help to identify the acoustics index of buildings more accurately on the basis of the existing conditions. The proposed method was compared with the classical method through 82 dimensional measurements. The required tools including camera, targets, and checkerboard were installed in the site of experiment. Taking into account the distance between the camera and the fittings of interest, the required data were gathered along the two directions of the hall in order to calculate the length, width, and the height of the fittings. The captured photos in jpg format were saved on a computer and processed using suitable algorithms. To collect the data via the classical method, the data collection stage was repeated using a Laser distance meter Tajima Model F02. Based on the results obtained from dimensional analysis in the Industrial settings, the average sound absorption index measured using the new and the classical method, respectively, was 4.15 and 4.39 Sabin·m2. The intra class correlation coefficient between these two methods was 0.989 (R2 = 0.994). The proposed method as a measurement and monitoring instrument was accurate enough to be used for acoustic analysis of buildings and can be considered as an alternative for the classical method. This method requires less time to be performed and provides more accurate calculations, thus, it can be used to make the right decision regarding the building acoustic condition; moreover, as it is a non-contact analysis method, it can significantly protect evaluator person against the risk of accidents caused by industrial machinery.

Introduction Obesity is a serious health problem that leads to low quality of life and early mortality. To the purpose of prevention and gene therapy for such a worldwide disease, genome wide association study is a powerful tool for finding SNPs associated with increased risk of obesity. To conduct an association analysis, kernel machine regression is a generalized regression method, has an advantage of considering the epistasis effects as well as the correlation between individuals due to unknown factors. Materials and methods In this study, information of the people who participated in Tehran cardio-metabolic genetic study was used. They were genotyped for the chromosomal region, evaluation 986 variations located at 16q12.2; build 38hg. Kernel machine regression and single SNP analysis were used to assess the association between obesity and SNPs genotyped data. Results We found that associated SNP sets with obesity, were almost in the FTO (P = 0.01), AIKTIP (P = 0.02) and MMP2 (P = 0.02) genes. Moreover, two SNPs, i.e., rs10521296 and rs11647470, showed significant association with obesity using kernel regression (P = 0.02). Conclusion In conclusion, significant sets were randomly distributed throughout the region with more density around the FTO, AIKTIP and MMP2 genes. Furthermore, two intergenic SNPs showed significant association after using kernel machine regression. Therefore, more studies have to be conducted to assess their functionality or precise mechanism.

Background In the search for new psychopharmacologic options in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorders (OCD), some findings suggested that augmentation with buprenorphine, a partial-opioid agonist used to treat opioid addiction, moderate acute pain and moderate chronic pain, is worthy of consideration. Accordingly, to explore this possibility further, a double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial was performed. Method A total of 43 patients (mean age: 34.41 years; SD = 6.58; 53.5% males) with refractory OCD and treated with SSRIs or clomipramine at therapeutic dosages were randomly assigned either to an adjuvant buprenorphine or to an adjuvant placebo condition. Patients completed the Yale-Brown-Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) at baseline, weeks 3, 9 and 12 (study completion). Buprenorphine (2–4 mg; sublingual) and placebo (tablets with identical shape, color, consistency, and scent) were given daily. Results Symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorders decreased over time, but more so in the buprenorphine than in the placebo condition. Substantial improvements were observed up to week 3 and then 9. Response and partial response were observed in the buprenorphine at week 9 more than in the placebo condition. The advantage had disappeared by week 12. Conclusions The pattern of results suggests that adjuvant buprenorphine augmentation can reduce symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorders after only three weeks, compared to a placebo. Adjuvant buprenorphine seems to accelerate symptom improvement.

Background Timely prevention of type 2 diabetes decrease socio-economic burden of disease in a society. To measure people’s knowledge, the existence of valid and accurate tool such as questionnaires is very important. In the study we tried to make a comprehensive questionnaire to measure knowledge of apparently healthy individuals. Material and methods In this study a questionnaire to assess general population awareness about type II diabetes disease and its complications was Design, developing and validation based on 10 experts’ panel and statistical inferences. Results Initially 67 questions designed and according to the experts’ panel 16 questions were removed and 11 questions were edited. Finally, content validity of 51 questions has been approved by the experts’ panel. According to Lawshe’s score if CVRs were at least 0.8, items will be has content validity. The results show that both internal consistency and intra-class-correlation were good (>0.75). Cronbach’s alpha and ICC were 0.84 and 0.82, respectively for all questions. To confirm structure of conceptual model, confirmatory factor analysis and Amos software was used. Goodness of Fit Index was RMSEA = 0.027, GFI = 0.95, AGFI = 0.91, CFI = 0.97; and showed that the hypothesized model is approved. Conclusion In general, we can say that the questionnaire is approximately comprehensive and complete. It is suggested that to assess awareness of diabetes type 2 in seven dominants (e.g. fundamentals, common symptoms, early and late complications, diet, control methods, and source of information of DMT2) this questionnaire should be used in general population.

Objective The aim of this study was to assess the effect of inhalation aromatherapy with lavender essence on the pain severity of intravenous catheter insertion in hospitalized preschool children. Method A quasi-experimental study involving 60 participants using convenience sampling were assigned to control (n = 30) and aromatherapy (n = 30) groups. Children in the aromatherapy group inhaled 5 drops of the essence, while children in the control group inhaled 5 drops of distilled water, 20 min before venipuncture. Pain severity was measured using OUCHER scale 10 min after catheterization. Results Mean of pain severity between the aromatherapy and control groups demonstrated a significant difference immediately (P = 0.002) and 5 (P = 0.001) and 10 min (P = 0.01) after intravenous catheter insertion. Mean of pain severity in the three assessed time points had significant differences in aromatherapy and control groups (P = 0.001). Conclusion Aromatherapy with Lavender essence helped to reduce pain severity of intravenous catheter insertion in children.

Introduction It is important to evaluate when and why the mental workload of operators increases during system operation. The city traffic control center (TCC) is a complex work system, and it is important to describe MW as a condition related to this. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the mental workload of operators while monitoring traffic loads in the city TCC. Methods Electroencephalography and electrooculography data were collected from 16 operators while performing their daily work, in four conditions: resting state, low traffic density, high traffic density, and recovery. The Simplified-Subjective Workload Assessment Technique (S-SWAT) was used to evaluate the subjective workload of operators. Results The findings indicate that operators experience a larger mental workload during high traffic density than during low traffic density ( p p Conclusion Although the working situations of TCC operators are repeated daily, their mental fatigue and stress level gradually increase, leading to deterioration in their mental health. It may be necessary periodically to monitor their mental health and to consider their organizational behavior during traffic density monitoring. Relevance to industry complex work systems have increased the requirement for many operators to conduct mental tasks in real work conditions such as city traffic density monitoring. When evaluating such workplaces, it is important to identify situations requiring increased mental workload that might impose additional stress on operators, decreasing their performance. Based on the results, the traffic control center director would be aware of the MW condition of the operators.

Occupational Health and Safety Assessment Series (OHSAS) 18001 standard has been recommended as a tool for managing and controlling occupational risks through a systematic and structured management. However, controversy exists as to the effectiveness of OHSAS 18001 in reducing occupational risks at workplace. The current study introduces an integrated decision making approach by merging two techniques including Analytical Network Process (ANP) and Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) to assess and improve the effectiveness of OHSAS 18001 standard. Our findings indicate that the most influential factors to be taken into account to improve the effectiveness of OHSAS 18001 standard are management commitment, workers' participation, allocation financial resources, training, risk assessment, definite responsibility, communication and dissemination of occupational health and safety results and activities. The study offers this approach as a tool to evaluate and promote the effectiveness of OHSAS 18001 standard.

This study evaluated operators' mental workload while monitoring traffic density in a city traffic control center. To determine the mental workload, physiological signals (ECG, EMG) were recorded and the NASA-Task Load Index (TLX) was administered for 16 operators. The results showed that the operators experienced a larger mental workload during high traffic density than during low traffic density. The traffic control center stressors caused changes in heart rate variability features and EMG amplitude, although the average workload score was significantly higher in HTD conditions than in LTD conditions. The findings indicated that increasing traffic congestion had a significant effect on HR, RMSSD, SDNN, LF/HF ratio, and EMG amplitude. The results suggested that when operators' workload increases, their mental fatigue and stress level increase and their mental health deteriorate. Therefore, it maybe necessary to implement an ergonomic program to manage mental health. Furthermore, by evaluating mental workload, the traffic control center director can organize the center's traffic congestion operators to sustain the appropriate mental workload and improve traffic control management.

Awkward back and shoulder postures have been suggested to be a cause of back and shoulder discomfort in carpet weavers. This study aimed at continuous assessment of the upper arm and back postures and estimation of biomechanical load subtasks using inclinometers during 4 h. Median of trunk flexion angle in weavers was 18° and 13° during knotting and compacting subtasks, respectively. The weavers worked with arms elevated greater than 45° for %4.5 of the work time. The average cumulative compression load for males and females were estimated at 22 MN-S and 13 MN-S, respectively. In addition to poor workstation design, constrained posture of the trunk and low elevation and velocity for both arms may be the main risk factors for developing fatigue and disorders in the back and shoulder regions among carpet weavers. Therefore, any ergonomic interventions should be focused on reducing trunk flexion and the constrained postures of weavers.

In many accident reports, failure in situation awareness is mentioned as one of the immediate causes of those accidents. Accordingly, the identification of variables affecting situation awareness and their interactions are key factors in preventing accidents. This study aims to identify interactions among the most important individual, situational, and organizational variables affecting situation awareness in industrial workplaces. Using Fuzzy Delphi and Fuzzy DEMATEL methods, this study was conducted based on the data collected from experts’ judgments. The results show that organizational variables and some individual variables are the critical factors affecting situation awareness, and their effect is directly or indirectly created by situational and individual variables. The results of the study can be used to design proper guidelines for industry managers and employers to improve safety performance in the workplace; in addition, the findings of the study can be employed to design future studies to model the predictive power of variables affecting situation awareness in different work environments.

Background Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems are becoming more widespread in organizations. Consequently, their effectiveness has become a core topic for researchers. This paper evaluates the performance of the Occupational Health and Safety Assessment Series 18001 specification in certified companies in Iran. Methods The evaluation is based on a comparison of specific criteria and indictors related to occupational health and safety management practices in three certified and three noncertified companies. Results Findings indicate that the performance of certified companies with respect to occupational health and safety management practices is significantly better than that of noncertified companies. Conclusion Occupational Health and Safety Assessment Series 18001-certified companies have a better level of occupational health and safety; this supports the argument that Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems play an important strategic role in health and safety in the workplace.

This paper describes a new approach that combines needle trap devices (NTDs) with a newly synthesized silanated nano material as sorbent for sampling and analysis of HVOCs in air. The sol-gel technique was used for preparation of the single wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT)/silica composite as sorbent, packed inside a 21-gauge NTD. Application of this method as an exhaustive sampler device was investigated under different laboratory conditions in this study. Predetermined concentrations of each analyte were prepared in a home-made standard chamber, and the effects of experimental parameters, such as temperature, humidity, sampling air flow rate, breakthrough volume and storage time on NTD, and the sorbent performance were investigated. The proposed NTD was used in two different modes and two different injection methods, and an NTD with a side hole, a narrow neck glass liner and syringe pump assisted injection of carrier gas were applied. The NTD packed with SWCNTs/silica composite was compared to the NTD packed with PDMS and also SPME with CAR/PDMS. For four compounds, LOD was 0.001-0.01 ng mL(-1), LOQ was 0.007-0.03 ng mL(-1), and the relative standard division for repeatability of method was 2.5-6.7%. The results show that the incorporation of NTD and SWCNTs/silica composite is a reliable and effective approach for the sampling and analysis of HVOCs in air. Coupling this system to GC-MS make it more sensitive and powerful technique.

The increasing trend of deaths and injuries in industries has led their authorities to develop accident investigation plans. One of the underlying aspects of such plans is hazard identification and incidents reporting which can be met by an appropriate employees' participation. So far, several studies have confirmed the effect of training in participation improvement. So the main objective of the present study was to compare two training approaches, classic and creative, in improving health, safety and environment (HSE) supervisors' participation. The study was carried out in an Iranian petrochemical complex where the safety supervisors had been encouraged to report incidents through the Green Card system. Classic and creative training approaches were applied to increase supervisors' participation. To do so, the supervisors were divided into Case and Control groups. In order to determine the level of supervisors' participation, the mean of completed green cards by each person at six month intervals was used. In this way, the level of participation in the two groups was measured before, during and after the intervention. To analyze the results, Student's t-test, Longitudinal Data Analysis and Mixed Model were employed. The results showed that both during and after the intervention, the effect of the creative approach was more than that of the classic approach. After twelve months of intervention stop, the participation trend in both groups was downward. However, this decrease was only significant in the control group. To conclude, the creative approach emphasizing on the participatory training could be an effective approach in improving the safety and consequently the health of supervisors in industries. Language: en

Summary Introduction One of the most prevalent metabolic disease is diabetes and it can lead to enormous medical as well as socio-economic consequences. The Iranian diabetes population is estimated to be around 1.5 million. Studies show that approximately half of the people with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) are undiagnosed and thus unaware that they have the disease. This lack of awareness can lead to presentation with complications and its consequences. The aim of this survey was to determine the level of population awareness in Bushehr port, based on the available education programs. Material and methods The cross-sectional study was assessed upon 719 subjects aged over 18 years old, without diabetes and inhabitant in Bushehr port in 2005. Multi-stage random simple sampling was used in this study. A questionnaire was prepared with validity checked by researchers in Yazd Diabetes Research Center and reliability alpha-cronbach = 75%. The questionnaire was included 39 questions: demographics indices, fundamentals about diabetes, its presenting signs and symptoms, the early and late complications, means of management as well as looked into the source of the information. The data was analyzed with independent t-test, Pearson's correlation coefficient, ANOVA and multiple-regression models by SPSS package ver. 10.05. Results In this study, 719 subjects (417 male and 302 female) that mean age was 40.13 ± 11.48 years (40.8 ± 12.93 for male and 39.19 ± 9.03 for female) were assessed. The male awareness rate was more than of female (P = 0.001). There was indirect relation between subjects’ awareness and their age (r = −0.203, P = 0.001). There was direct relation between awareness and the level of education of subjects (P = 0.01, r = 0.07). The mean of awareness scores of subjects was not same between singles and married (P = 0.042). Studies population awareness about fundamental diabetes disease, primary symptoms, early complications, delay complications, diet awareness was low and about controlling methods of diabetes was high. Conclusion The results indicate that most subjects’ awareness about fundamental and complications of diabetes disease were low, so the people need more education about diabetes.