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The 2030 Agenda has been adopted on a global level, but its implementation must also take place at the local level (Cavalli, 2018). The integration between the different levels of government - supranational, national and local - is essential; they must necessarily cooperate and coordinate their actions to ensure the effective implementation of every Goal of the Agenda. It is evident that the European Union, with its Member States, is fully committed towards the implementation of the 2030 Agenda and its SDGs (Sanna et al., 2019). In particular, the concept of sustainable development, clearly stated in the five Strategic Objectives, is also expressed in future operational programmes in the context of Cohesion Policy. The latter is one of the most transversal policies of the European Union, including not only economic cohesion but also the social and territorial ones, and “contributes to most, if not all 17 SDGs" (European Commission, 2019). This paper proposes a methodology that evaluates the sustainability of the operational programmes co-financed by the Union with reference to the 169 targets of the 2030 Agenda and it is based specifically on the 143 intervention fields. The developed methodology can be used as a decision support tool for the European Union itself as a means of monitoring expenditure with reference to the 2030 Agenda in the various European Cohesion Policies. The present work briefly presents the model developed and its first results, deriving from the pilot applications to the Sardinia ERDF and ESF 2014-2020 ROPs.

Italian Abstract: Nel settembre 2015, 193 Paesi hanno lanciato un appello per promuovere lo sviluppo sostenibile nella sua accezione ambientale, economica e sociale: a tale scopo, hanno approvato all’unanimita l’Agenda 2030 per lo Sviluppo Sostenibile, contenente 17 Obiettivi di Sviluppo Sostenibile (SDGs, Sustainable Development Goals) e 169 target. Nonostante questo impegno dei leader internazionali, e noto che le realta in cui viviamo sono molteplici ed eterogenee: e per questo che la declinazione degli SDGs a livello nazionale e locale, attraverso la pianificazione di strategie e politiche ad hoc, e fondamentale per l’implementazione e il raggiungimento degli stessi. Compresa e considerata l’importanza che gli enti territoriali svolgono all’interno del processo di attuazione dell’Agenda 2030 per lo Sviluppo Sostenibile e di implementazione dei suoi 17 Obiettivi di Sviluppo Sostenibile, la creazione di strumenti utili agli amministratori locali e alla cittadinanza risulta indispensabile per raggiungere un tale risultato e, con esso, un cambio totale del paradigma vigente. Per questo, la Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei, dopo aver analizzato il grado di sostenibilita dei comuni-capoluogo di provincia italiani e aver proposto una comparazione interregionale rispetto ai Goal dell’Agenda, presenta ora uno strumento utile a Province e Citta Metropolitane del nostro Paese. Per rispondere alla necessita di tutti gli enti locali citati sono stati forniti loro strumenti teorici e quantitativi atti a trainare il percorso verso il raggiungimento di uno sviluppo sostenibile dal punto di vista economico, sociale e ambientale. L’elaborazione dei suddetti tools metodologici e pertanto utile a cogliere le sfaccettature e opportunita dell’Agenda 2030 e della Strategia Nazionale per lo Sviluppo Sostenibile (SNSvS). Si ricorda, infatti, che l’Agenda 2030, nella sua declinazione nazionale e locale, costituisce un’opportunita e un quadro di riferimento per allineare le politiche territoriali con le agende internazionali di sviluppo sostenibile, per raggiungere citta, province e regioni piu operose, sostenibili e inclusive. L’indice per le Province e le Citta Metropolitane del nostro Paese analizza la distanza di queste ultime dagli Obiettivi di Sviluppo Sostenibile – il cui raggiungimento per 21 dei loro 169 target, doveroso sottolinearlo, e previsto al 2020 e non al 2030. Tale studio e stato reso possibile grazie a un set di 57 indicatori elementari scelti per fotografare lo stato dell’arte di province e citta metropolitane rispetto agli SDGs. Fine ultimo del Rapporto e quello di aiutare le diverse comunita ad affrontare le sfide ancora aperte che interessano i territori del nostro Paese, nonche ad elaborare un database consolidato di indicatori sullo sviluppo sostenibile provinciale in Italia da monitorare nel tempo. English Abstract: In September 2015, 193 countries launched an appeal to promote sustainable development in its environmental, economic and social meaning: for this purpose, they unanimously approved the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, containing 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and 169 targets. Despite this commitment by international leaders, it is well known that the realities we live in are various and heterogeneous: for this reason, the declination of the SDGs at national and local level, through the planning of specific strategies and policies, is necessary for their implementation and achievement. Considering the relevant role that local authorities play in the implementation of the 2030 Agenda and its 17 SDGs, it is necessary to create useful tools for local administrators and citizens, in order to achieve this objective and a radical change of the current paradigm. For this reason, the Eni Enrico Mattei Foundation, after analyzing the level of sustainability of the Italian administrative centre and proposing an interregional comparison referred to the SDGs, presents a useful tool for Provinces and Metropolitan Cities of Italy. In order to meet their needs, all the above mentioned local authorities have been provided with theoretical and quantitative tools able to achieve an economic, social and environmental sustainable development. The preparation of these tools is helpful to get the aspects and opportunities of the 2030 Agenda and the Italian National Strategy for Sustainable Development. Indeed, the 2030 Agenda, in its national and local declination, represents an opportunity and a framework for adjusting territorial policies with international sustainable development agendas, in order to create more productive, sustainable and inclusive cities, provinces and regions. The SDGs Index for Italian Provinces and Metropolitan Cities analyzes their gap from the achieving of Sustainable Development Goals –21 out of 169 targets must be reached by 2020 and not by 2030. This study was made possible thanks to a set of 57 basic indicators chosen in order to describe the state of the art of Provinces and Metropolitan Cities regarding the SDGs. The essential aim of the Report is to help the various communities to face the still ongoing challenges affecting the Italian territories, as well as to develop a solid database of indicators on provincial sustainable development in Italy to keep monitored over time.

After two years from the publication of the SDSN Italia SDGs City Index (FEEM, 2018), the following Report presents data updated to 2020 as the Italian capitals of provinces are concerned, proposing a comparison of them, where possible and subjected to appropriate methodological considerations, after two years. Through the collection of data for 103 Italian municipalities-capitals of provinces, and based on 46 elementary indicators about 16 out of 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the following Report intends to be a tool to increase the awareness of civil societies on the sustainability level of their territories, and at the same time to support local administrators in their decision making, providing not only a screenshot of their cities’ distance to the targets of the 2030 Agenda, but also a comparison, if possible, among performances in a two-year timeframe.

Aims We investigated whether physical inactivity could unmask defects in insulin and AMPK signaling in low birth weight (LBW) subjects. Methods Twenty LBW and 20 normal birth weight (NBW) subjects were investigated using the euglycemic–hyperinsulinemic clamp with excision of skeletal muscle biopsies pre and post 9 days of bed rest. Employing Western blotting, we investigated skeletal muscle Akt, AS160, GLUT4, and AMPK signaling. Results Peripheral insulin action was similar in the two groups and was decreased to the same extent post bed rest. Insulin and AMPK signaling was unaffected by bed rest in NBW individuals. LBW subjects showed decreased insulin-stimulated Akt phosphorylation and increased AMPK α1 and γ3 protein expression post bed rest. Insulin response of AS160 phosphorylation was lower in LBW subjects both pre and post bed rest. Conclusions Bed rest-induced insulin resistance is not explained by impaired muscle insulin or AMPK signaling in subjects with or without LBW. Lower muscle insulin signaling in LBW subjects post bed rest despite similar degree of insulin resistance as seen in controls may to some extent support the idea that LBW subjects are at higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes when being physically inactive.

The SYNTAX III Revolution trial reported a high level of agreement on treatment recommendation (i.e. CABG or PCI) between heart teams assessing the coronary anatomy either with coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) or conventional angiography plus clinical information; this occurred

Adipokines play important regulatory roles in the pathophysiology of obesity and insulin resistance. We measured plasma and interstitial concentrations of the adipokines adiponectin, resistin, leptin, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) in subcutaneous, abdominal and femoral adipose tissue using calibrated, large-pore microdialysis technique in 8 healthy, lean men on 2 experimental days. The interstitial leptin concentration was 2.5-fold higher in subcutaneous, femoral than abdominal adipose tissue (P0.05), but no regional differences were found for the remaining adipokines (P0.05). Adiponectin and leptin concentrations were higher in plasma than subcutaneous adipose tissue (approximately 25-fold and approximately 2-fold, respectively, P0.05), whereas MCP-1, IL-6 and IL-8 concentrations were higher in subcutaneous adipose tissue than plasma (approximately 100-fold, approximately 200-fold and approximately 1000-fold, respectively, P0.05). Resistin concentrations did not differ significantly between compartments. Adipose tissue blood flow (ATBF) showed no regional difference (P0.05). The intra- and inter-subject variations of all investigated adipokines as well as of ATBF were substantial (coefficient of variation: 4-177%). In conclusion, interstitial leptin concentrations are approximately 2.5-fold higher in subcutaneous, femoral than abdominal adipose tissue, which might be a potential mechanism behind the health-benefits of "pear-shape". Furthermore, subcutaneous adipose tissue has a marked production of pro-inflammatory adipokines.