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Intellectual disability is a common feature in genetic disorders with enhanced RAS-ERK1/2 signaling, including neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) and Noonan syndrome (NS). Additional training trials and additional spacing between trials, respectively, restores memory deficits in animal models of NF1 and NS. However, the relationship between the underlying mechanisms in these strategies remain obscure. Here, we developed an approach to examine the effect of adding training trials or spacing to a weak training protocol and used genetic and behavioral manipulations in Drosophila to explore such question. We found that repetition and spacing effects are highly related, being equally effective to improve memory in control flies and sharing mechanistic bases, including the requirement of RAS activity in mushroom body neurons and protein synthesis dependence. After spacing or repeating learning trials, memory improvement depends on the formation of long-term memory (LTM). Moreover, a disease-related gain-of-function RasV152G allele impaired LTM. Using minimal training protocols, we established that both learning strategies were also equally effective for memory rescue in the RasV152G mutant and showed non-additive interaction of the spacing and repetition effects. Memory improvement was never detected after Ras inhibition. We conclude that memory improvement by spacing or repeating training trials are two ways of using the same molecular resources, including RAS-ERK1/2-dependent signaling. This evidence supports the concept that learning problems in RAS-related disorders depend on the impaired ability to exploit the repetition and the spacing effect required for long-term memory induction. Fil: Cattaneo, Verónica. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay; Argentina Fil: San Martín, Alvaro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay; Argentina Fil: Lew, Sergio Eduardo. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ingeniería. Instituto de Ingeniería Biomédica; Argentina Fil: Gelb, Bruce D.. Mindich Child Health and Development Institute; Estados Unidos Fil: Pagani, Mario Rafael. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay; Argentina

Two studies examined whether expecting future interaction with the same group members affects minority influence. Holding constant majority members’ expectation of future interaction, Study 1 demonstrated that minorities had more influence on majorities’ private decisions and the group’s public decision when they did not expect future interaction with the majority than when they did. Study 2 demonstrated that this minority influence effect only emerged when majority members themselves expected future interaction. Study 2 also shed light on the early information sharing dynamics underlying this effect: minorities expressed more dissent when they did not expect future interaction and majorities were more open to divergent information when they expected future interaction. These two forces combined promoted more systematic information processing by the group as a whole and, eventually, resulted in greater minority influence on both private and public decisions. Implications for our understanding of minority influence and group decision-making are discussed.

Spanish Abstract: ?Cuales son las condiciones necesarias para liderar un proceso de crecimiento sostenido y de cambio estructural que permita reducir las desigualdades en el largo plazo y que respondan eficazmente a las demandas de los sectores populares y de las victimas del conflicto armado? Este trabajo busca hacer un modesto esfuerzo en este sentido, con el fin de abrir las discusiones en la sociedad colombiana, para ir mas alla del llamado "momento uribista-santista". Solo en un escenario en el cual los conflictos distributivos sean resueltos mediante procesos de negociacion entre las partes, reconociendo las tensiones y los intereses de las clases, sera posible transitar hacia un modelo democratico de crecimiento incluyente que penalice los comportamientos predatorios y nepotistas, sustentados en "instituciones politicas y economicas extractivas" English Abstract: What are the necessary conditions to lead a process of sustained growth and structural change that will reduce inequalities in the long term and respond effectively to the demands of the popular sectors and victims of the armed conflict? This work seeks to make a modest effort in this regard, in order to open discussions in Colombian society, to go beyond the so-called "Uribe-Santos moment." Only in a scenario in which distributive conflicts are resolved through negotiation processes between the parties, recognizing the tensions and interests of the classes, will it be possible to move towards a democratic model of inclusive growth that penalizes predatory and nepotist behaviors, based on "Extractive political and economic institutions"

Spanish Abstract: El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar un analisis alternativo de la manera como opera la politica monetaria y sus efectos sobre la distribucion funcional del ingreso en Colombia. El punto de partida son los presupuestos de la teoria endogena de la moneda. En este documento se considera que la inflacion es el resultado del conflicto distributivo entre los poseedores de riqueza real o financiera y los trabajadores. Cuando el Banco Central actua para regular el conflicto inflacionario (o mejor distributivo) puede adoptar una politica de neutralidad frente al status quo o seguir el camino de una politica sesgada contra alguno de los perceptores del ingreso. En otras palabras, puede ser el "tercero excluido" o hacer parte de la contienda inflacionaria entre salarios, beneficios, intereses y rentas. Ese es el verdadero dilema de la politica monetaria. Las politicas monetarias no son neutrales ni en el corto y ni en el largo periodo. La inflacion es un indicador de la tension distributiva entre los intereses de las diferentes clases sociales en cualquier economia monetaria de produccion. De alli que el arreglo institucional de la politica monetaria determina el papel del banco central a favor o en contra de alguno de los agentes en conflicto. En Colombia, las decisiones de la Junta del Banco de la Republica se han alejado de la regla justa de la tasa de interes, es decir, sus efectos no han sido neutrales, por el contrario, promovieron claramente un patron regresivo de la distribucion del ingreso a favor de los poseedores de riqueza.English Abstract: The aim of this paper is to present an alternative analysis of how monetary policy operates and its effects on functional income distribution in Colombia. The starting point is the assumptions of the endogenous theory of money. This paper considers that inflation is the result of the distributive conflict between owners of real or financial wealth and labor. When the Central Bank acts to regulate the conflict inflationary (or better distributive) may adopt a policy of neutrality (status quo) or go the way of a skewed policy against any of the income earners. In other words, you can be the "excluded middle" or be part of the inflationary contest between wages, profits, interest and rents. That's the real dilemma for monetary policy. Monetary policies are not neutral nor in the short or long period. Inflation is an indicator of distributive tension between the interests of different social classes in any monetary production economy. Hence, the institutional arrangement for monetary policy determines the role of the central bank in favor or against any of the agents in conflict. In Colombia, the decisions of the Board of the Bank of the Republic have moved away from the just rule of the interest rate, ie., their effects have not been neutral, however, clearly promoted a regressive pattern of income distribution in favor of the holders of wealth.

Arabian cultures are of historical and contemporary importance, yet little is known about their psychological characteristics. We hypothesized that the importance of memberships in kinship groups in Arabian culture leads to both strong interdependent tendencies via group identification, but also strong independent tendencies regarding self-dignity and experience of independent emotions (pride, anger) as a result of kinship group rivalries. Using a cultural task analysis to assess implicit behavioral markers of cultural orientations, we found that – compared to individuals in the United States, Japan, the United Kingdom, and Germany – Saudi Arabians were relatively interdependent on measures of attention, social judgment, and happiness. However, on two measures tapping self-evaluation and emotional experience, Saudi Arabians emerged as highly independent. No gender difference was found. Altogether, Saudi Arabia clearly defies the currently dominant classification of cultures (independent or interdependent), thereby posing important challenges to extant theories of culture.

La viabilidad de las empresas aconseja atraer, formar y retener a la mejor gente disponible para ocupar los puestos clave de liderazgo, de modo particular el CEO. El largo proceso de encaje entre el CEO y su nuevo puesto sugiere la puesta en practica de un plan que promueva el liderazgo a todos los niveles de la organizacion y que sirva, en ultimo termino, como plan de sucesion del CEO. Este plan consiste en la identificacion, evaluacion y formacion de los posibles aspirantes a este puesto. Uno de nuestros propositos fundamentales es subrayar la necesidad de suscitar en ellos el desarrollo de la motivacion trascedente (aquella que apunta al impacto que las acciones tienen en terceros, Perez Lopez, 1993), por dos motivos. El primero, porque beneficia a los futuros CEO en la medida en que tal desarrollo es esencial para las bases de un autentico liderazgo, funcion clave de la tarea directiva. El segundo, sin la motivacion trascendente el plan se volveria ingobernable y se dificultaria la obtencion de resultados, que podrian ser aprovechados por los candidatos a CEO fuera de la empresa. En el articulo se abordan algunas consecuencias nocivas de perder de vista el papel de la motivacion trascendente. Dentro de la estructuracion del programa, se trata de posibles modos concebir la asignacion y seguimiento del plan. Por ultimo, se destaca la necesaria motivacion de los altos directivos, en especial el actual CEO y del consejo de administracion, cuyo compromiso solido y visible son esenciales para la viabilidad del programa, y por otro, de la organizacion en su conjunto, para inculcar una cultura corporativa de apoyo.