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Objective Gynecological cancer (GC) survivors have unmet needs when they complete primary cancer treatment. Despite this, no known research has summarized these needs and survivors’ suggestions to address them. We conducted a scoping review to fill these gaps and develop a model useful to guide clinical discussions and/or intervention. Methods English, full length, and accessible primary studies describing the needs of GC survivors were included. No restrictions on date nor country of publication were applied. Two reviewers extracted data, which was verified by a third reviewer. Results Seventy-one studies met the inclusion criteria for data extraction. Results were thematically grouped into seven dimensions: physical needs, sexuality-related concerns, altered self-image, psychological wellbeing, social support needs, supporting the return to work, and healthcare challenges and preferences. After consulting with a stakeholder group (a GC survivor, clinicians, and researchers), the dimensions were summarized into a proposed model to guide clinical assessments and/or intervention. Conclusion Results illuminate the diverse needs of GC survivors as they complete primary cancer treatment and their recommendations for care to meet these needs. Practice Implications The resulting model can be used to guide assessments, discussions and/or interventions to optimally prepare GC survivors for transition out of primary cancer treatment.

Rationale & Objective Cultural Safety is being prioritized within health care around the world. As a concept, Cultural Safety centers upon power relations between health providers and indigenous recipients of care, ensuring that all people feel safe and respected in the health care system. In this article, we explored the breadth of the literature regarding Cultural Safety within the context of indigenous kidney health care. Study Design & Populations As a systematic narrative review, this work engaged widely across a diverse range of the available literature to broaden understanding of Cultural Safety within indigenous kidney health care and indigenous populations from Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and the United States. Search Strategy & Analytical Approach Guided by the research question focused on how Cultural Safety occurs within care for indigenous people with kidney disease, an initial database search by the university librarian resulted in retrieval of 2,232 articles, of which 96 potential articles were screened by the research team. Results 15 articles relevant to the research question were identified and study findings were assembled within 3 broad clusters: relationality, engagement, and health care self-determination; systemic issues, barriers, and access; and addressing legacies of colonialism for health care providers. Limitations The review summarizes mainly qualitative articles given the paucity of articles found specific to Cultural Safety within indigenous contexts. Conclusions Of particular interest to health care providers are the collation of solutions by cluster and the findings of this review that contribute to further understanding of the concept of Cultural Safety in health care for indigenous people with kidney disease. Also, findings address the importance of community-driven kidney care in which language, ways of knowing and being, and traditional ways of healing are prioritized.

Objective Carotid endarterectomy is recommended for the prevention of ischaemic stroke due to carotid stenosis. However, the risk of stroke after carotid endarterectomy has been estimated at 2% - 5%. Monitoring intra-operative cerebral oxygenation with near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has been assessed as a strategy to reduce intra- and post-operative complications. The aim was to summarise the diagnostic accuracy of NIRS to detect intra-operative ischaemic events, the values associated with ischaemic events, and the relative contribution of external carotid contamination to the NIRS signal in adults undergoing carotid endarterectomy. Data sources EMBASE, MEDLINE, Cochrane Centre Register of Controlled Trials, and reference lists through May 2019 were searched. Review methods Non-randomised and randomised studies assessing NIRS as an intra-operative monitoring tool in carotid endarterectomy were included. Studies using NIRS as the reference were excluded. Risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle Ottawa Scale, RoB-2, and QUADAS-2. Results Seventy-six studies were included (n = 8 480), under local (n = 1 864) or general (n = 6 582) anaesthesia. Seven studies were eligible for meta-analysis (n = 524). As a tool for identifying intra-operative ischaemia, specificity increased with more stringent NIRS thresholds, while there was unpredictable variation in sensitivity across studies. A Δ20% threshold under local anaesthesia resulted in pooled estimates for sensitivity and specificity of 70.5% (95% confidence interval, CI, 54.1 - 82.9) and 92.4% (95% CI 85.5 - 96.1) compared with awake neurological monitoring. These studies had low or unclear risk of bias. NIRS signal consistently dropped across clamping and recovered to pre-clamp values upon de-clamp in most studies, and larger decreases were observed in patients with ischaemic events. The contribution of extracranial signal to change in signal across clamp varied from 3% to 50%. Conclusion NIRS has low sensitivity and high specificity to identify intra-operative ischaemia compared with awake monitoring. Extracranial signal contribution was highly variable. Ultimately, data from high quality studies are desperately needed to determine the utility of NIRS.

To collate and summarize the literature on what quality improvement tools have been developed on safety of deceased organ donation processes for donation after circulatory determination of death and neurological determination of death.The increasing organ shortage requires that organ donation organizations take preventive measures to improve their processes and maximize organ donation opportunities. Quality improvement tools can be used to facilitate daily activities, prevent errors and enhance organ donation processes. Still, there is a paucity of comprehensive evidence around the use of these strategies to manage organ donation processes.Scoping review methodology according to the Joanna Briggs Institute framework. We will search MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Web of Science - Science Citation Index and Social Science Citation Index and Academic Search Complete. We will also conduct a web search of Google and request unpublished material (e.g., institutional protocols and quality improvement tools) from key stakeholders in the organ donation field worldwide and we will consider reports dated after 2000. Two independent reviewers will screen the literature against the inclusion criteria, extract data according to the data extraction tool and perform descriptive analysis. Results will be assembled, summarized and presented through tabular form accompanied by a narrative summary to answer the review question.Results from this scoping review will be used to develop and update quality improvement tools in decease organ donation, will be used to guide the second phase of a study aiming at developing a set of quality improvement tools to decease organ donation process, as well as these results can be used to inform future policy development in deceased organ donation.

This paper examines the extent to which a change in the cost of car ownership affects the house price gradient with respect to distance from the central business district (CBD). Theory suggests that if the cost of owning a car increases, people will use other modes of transportation, thus reducing house prices farther away from the CBD and increasing house prices closer to the city center. However, in an empirical setting, the cost of car ownership is likely to be endogenous and correlated with various unobserved factors that also contribute to changes in the house price gradient. To obtain causal effects, we exploit a unique feature of Singapore's car registration process. All cars in Singapore must have a Certificate of Entitlement (COE), but the number available is restricted based on the traffic concerns of the government and are allocated through a competitive bidding process. We use the number of COEs available each quarter as an instrument for the price of a COE, as the quota is likely to be correlated with the price of the COE but not the price of housing at various distances from the CBD. We find that when the price of a COE increases, the price of housing closer to the city center increases, suggesting that increases in the price of a car cause individuals to increase their willingness to pay to locate closer to the CBD.

This article reviews guidelines for burn wound excision, regarding timing, depth, and technique. The authors collect evidence from both animal models and the clinical literature, to recommend best practices for burn wound excision.

The negative correlation between growth outcomes and natural resource abundance is well-known. Researchers have proposed a number of channels - such as corruption, education, and conflict - through which resource rents may negatively affect growth in a society. We utilize a more nuanced approach and focus on the heterogeneous effect of resource rents on firms across different firm sizes. Specifically, we combine firm-level World Enterprise Survey Data with resource data across Africa from Berman et al. (2017). We find small firms suffer across a range of categories - including corruption - in response to positive exogenous resource shocks. Large firms, however, tend to benefit from resource shocks and experience less corruption and crime. These results are robust to a number of alternative specifications as well as a placebo analysis where resource shocks are randomly assigned to areas where the mineral in question does not exist. Our findings contribute to the understanding of how resource rents exacerbate the existing difficulties faced by small firms in the developing world.

Background: With increasing spatial heterogeneity of malaria transmission and a shift of the disease burden towards older children and adults, pregnant women attending antenatal care (ANC) have been proposed as a pragmatic sentinel population for malaria surveillance. However, the representativeness of routine ANC malaria test-positivity and its relationship with prevalence in other population subgroups are yet to be investigated. Methods: Monthly ANC malaria test-positivity data from all Tanzanian health facilities for January 2014 to May 2016 was compared to prevalence data from the School Malaria Parasitemia Survey 2015, the Malaria Indicator Survey (MIS) 2015/16, the Malaria Atlas Project 2015, and a Bayesian model fitted to MIS data. Linear regression was used to describe the difference between the malaria test-positivity in pregnant women and the respective comparison group as a function of ANC test-positivity and potential covariates. Findings: The relationship between test-positivity in pregnant women and survey prevalence in children follows spatially and biologically meaningful patterns. However, the uncertainty of the relationship was substantial, particularly in areas with high or perennial transmission. In comparison, modeled data overestimated the prevalence in children at low transmission intensities and underestimated it at higher transmission intensities. Interpretation: Pregnant women attending ANC are a pragmatic sentinel population to assess sub-national heterogeneity and trends in malaria prevalence in Tanzania. Yet, since ANC malaria test-positivity cannot be used to directly predict the prevalence in other population subgroups, complementary community-level measurements remain highly relevant. Funding: This analysis was funded by the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute. Declaration of Interest: We declare no competing interests. Ethical Approval: This paper includes secondary analyses of published or publicly accessible anonymous data which does not require ethical approval.

Previous studies have struggled to demonstrate that higher taxes deter business activity. We revisit this issue by estimating the effect of changes over time in cross-border differences in state tax conditions on the tendency for new establishments to favor one side of a state border over the other. Identification is enhanced by taking account of previously overlooked reciprocal agreements that require workers to pay income tax to their state of residence as opposed to their state of employment. When reciprocal agreements are in force, higher personal income tax rates lure companies from across the border, while corporate income tax and sales tax rates have the opposite effect. Where reciprocal agreements are not in place, the results are largely reversed. These patterns are amplified in heavily developed locations, and differ in anticipated ways by industry and corporate/non-corporate status of the establishment. Overall, results strengthen the view that state-level tax policies do affect the location decisions of entrepreneurs and new business activity, but not in a way that lends itself to a one-size-fits-all summary.

Given the resurgence of cities as consumer centers and the importance of amenities, we revisit the differences in tipping in taxis between tourists and locals in New York City. Taxi service is an endogenous amenity; however, taxis also contribute to the demand and provision of other amenities. Using data from the New York City Taxi and Limousine Commission, we find that tourists and theatergoers tip more than locals and non-theatergoers, and tourists who are theatergoers tip even more. These differences between tourists and locals may affect the allocation of taxis throughout the city, and hence the provision of other amenities.

This paper considers two related questions: the impact of spatial variation in crime prevention policies on the migration of criminal activity into nearby locations and the tendency for higher-level government anti-crime policies to be offset by a scaling back of local crime deterrent efforts. A key source of identification is to draw upon variation in the timing of adoption of state-wide Truth-in-Sentencing (TIS) legislation during the 1990s. To estimate the effect of the policy, I compare activity in adjacent counties on opposite sides of state boundaries in the 59 urban areas that cross state lines. There are three key results. First, adoption of TIS lowers the level of criminal activity in the adopting state. Second, adoption of the stiffer sentencing policy prompts migration of criminal activity into adjacent counties in the neighboring state, especially in the most populated urban areas. Finally, after the imposition of TIS by the state government, local governments reduce the level of police protection. This suggests that some of the deterrent effect of higher-level government anti-crime policy is offset by a scaling back on anti-crime efforts at the local level.

This paper estimates the impact of violent crime on the location of business activity and entrepreneurship in five US cities. Central to our analysis is the idea that different sectors of the economy will sort into high- and low-crime areas depending on their relative sensitivity to crime. We illustrate this by comparing retail industries to their wholesale counterparts, and high-end restaurants to low-end eateries. Because retail industries are dependent on pedestrian shoppers, they are expected to be especially sensitive to violent crime. Because high-end restaurants are dependent on evening business, they are expected to be especially sensitive to violent crime over the prime dinner hours. Findings indicate that retail, wholesale, high- and low-end restaurants are all more active in areas with higher local rates of violent crime, even after conditioning on an extensive set of model controls. This could arise because violent crime is attracted to our target industries. This also likely reflects that other sectors of the economy outbid our target industries for safer locations (e.g. residential). Further analysis confirms such sorting behavior. Retailers are more likely to locate in safer locations as compared to wholesalers in the same industry. Among restaurants, an increase in violent crime during the prime dinner hours equivalent to the sample max/min range would decrease the high-end share of local restaurants by roughly 40 percentage points. These findings indicate that entrepreneurs take violent crime into account when bidding for locations within a city. These finding also indicate that efforts to make distressed portions of cities more vibrant must give consideration to the need to ensure that such areas are safe.

Group cycling events have become a common practice in the cycling community to encouraging every day cycling. That said, scant literature has evaluated their actual impact on changing participant travel behavior. The purpose of this research is to investigate how group and social dynamics influence cycling behavior. We survey individuals participating in a monthly group cycling event in San Luis Obispo, CA to investigate their motivations for participation and if that participation is reflective of their everyday travel behavior or if is not. We hypothesize that these kinds of events have an impact on encouraging non-regular cyclists to bicycle. We find quite the opposite, those that these events encourage participation of who, on-the-whole, already regular cycling commuters—what we define as ‘hardcore’ cyclists. This offers opportunities to rethink such programs and target them to everyday other users.

We examine the impact of low priority initiatives on criminal behavior. Low priority initiatives mandate that minor marijuana possession offenses be the lowest enforcement priority for police officers. Localities pass these laws because they believe if officers devote fewer resources towards minor marijuana crimes, more resources will be available to deter more serious crimes. Using data from California, we find that jurisdictions that adopted low priority laws experienced a reduction in arrests for misdemeanor marijuana offenses. However, we do not find a significant effect of enacting a low priority initiative on the crime rate or clearance rate of felony offenses.

We examine the impact of new sports facilities on new businesses, an unexplored topic in the literature. We use data from the Dunn and Bradstreet MarketPlace files to examine how new sports facilities affect nearby business activity in terms of the number of new businesses and workers. We find no evidence of increased new businesses openings after the opening of new sports facilities in 13 US cities in the 2000s; employment at new businesses near new facilities is larger than at new businesses elsewhere in the MSA; this increase cannot be linked to businesses in any specific industry.

The genotypes of merozoite surface protein-1, merozoite surface protein-2 and glutamine rich protein are frequently used to distinguish recrudescence from reinfection when parasitaemia reappears after antimalarial drug treatment. However, none of the previous reports has clearly assessed the change of genetic diversity following drug treatment. In the present study, we have assessed the impact of pyrimethamine/sulfadoxine and chlorproguanil/dapsone on the genetic diversity of isolates and the multiplicity of infection in patient isolates from Kilifi, Kenya. We have analysed the length polymorphism of merozoite surface protein-1, merozoite surface protein-2 and glutamine rich protein and the data clearly show that treatment with pyrimethamine/sulfadoxine and chlorproguanil/dapsone did not change the multiplicity of infection found in patients, in contrast to the selection that these drugs exert on the genes encoded by the target enzymes. In addition, we report that children of less than 2 years tend to have fewer numbers of clones per isolate when compared with older children. Overall, this study shows that the selection for genes that confer drug resistance is not a factor in reducing the genetic diversity of parasite clones in a patient.

We have determined the relationship between point mutations in the gene that encodes the sulfa target, dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS) and the chemosensitivity profile to sulfadoxine and dapsone in 67 isolates from Kilifi, Kenya. We assessed the presence of mutations at codons 436, 437, 540, 581, and 613 of dhps. The results showed that the dhps genotype had a strong influence on the sensitivity to sulfadoxine and dapsone, but that the correlation was far from perfect. Eleven isolates carried a wild-type dhps allele, but were resistant to sulfadoxine (IC(50) values10 microg/ml), and 4/28 isolates were classed as sensitive to sulfadoxine (IC(50) values10 microg/ml), but carried a triple mutant (436/437/613) allele of dhps. These data show that in low folate medium in vitro, the dhps genotype alone did not account completely for sulfadoxine or dapsone resistance; other factors such as the utilisation of exogenous folate must also be considered.