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The diagnosis of sport-related concussion is still based primarily on history and physical examination. Use of a standardized history and examination form is recommended. There have been many tests investigated, but none have been proven to be sensitive and specific for the diagnosis of concussion. Sideline management is based on recognition, diagnosis, and initial treatment. It is clear that symptoms of a concussion can worsen with continued play, and so, if a concussion is suspected based on observation, history, and physical examination, then the athlete should be removed from play.

The Future Revascularization Evaluation in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus: Optimal Management of Multi-Vessel Disease (FREEDOM) clinical trial randomized only a proportion of screened patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) and multi-vessel disease (MVD).We determined late rates of death, non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI) and stroke in all 430 patients with DM who had MVD identified on angiographic screening for the FREEDOM Trial, which recruited from June 2006 -March 2010 at Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, Australia. Mortality at 6 years [median] was 23% among 192 FREEDOM-eligible patients and 26% among 238 FREEDOM-ineligible patients, of whom 139 [58%] had prior. CABG (mortality 31%). Overall, 196 (45%) had percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), 127 (30%) underwent coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) (who were 4 years younger; p = 0.003), and 107 (25%) had neither procedure of whom 80 were considered unsuitable for revascularization. Mortality was 26% post-PCI 16%, post-CABG and 33% among those who did not undergo revascularization (p = 0.01). On multivariable analyses, factors associated with late mortality were older age, hypertension and not undergoing CABG (all p 0.05). Factors associated with late MI were presented with an acute coronary syndrome, whereas patients that underwent treatment with either PCI or CABG had less late MI (all p 0.05).Among consecutive diabetic patients with MVD, at a median of 6-years CABG was associated with better survival and fewer non-fatal MI outcomes compared to PCI.

Inkjet printing of multiple materials is usually processed in multiple steps due to various jetting and curing/sintering conditions. In this paper we report on the development of all inkjet-printed UV-curable electromagnetic responsive inks in a single process, and the electromagnetic characterization of the developed structure. The ink consists of iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles (nominal particle size 50–100nm) suspended within a UV curable matrix resin. The viscosity and surface tension of the inks were tuned to sit within the inkjet printability range.Multiple layers of the electromagnetic active ink were printed alongside passive UV-curable ink in a single manufacturing process to form a multi-material waffle shape. The real permittivity of the cured passive ink, active ink and waffle structure at a frequency of 8–12GHz were 2.25, 2.73 and 2.65F/m, respectively. This shows the potential of additive manufacturing (AM) to form multi-material structures with tunable electromagnetic properties.

An evanescent field microwave microscope has been developed at the National Physical Laboratory. This instrument has multiple applications and has been developed to allow traceable measurements of local complex permittivity, unlike most other microwave scanning microscopes. In this paper we describe basic operation of the microscope and show measurements on graphene samples produced at Imperial College. The microscope obtains images by raster scanning of a wire probe in ‘contact mode’. Of particular interest to the graphene community is the possibility of being able to scan over large areas (up to 4×4 mm2), and to be able to measure actual values of surface resistance without a requirement for metal contacts. As an ultrathin semimetal, a graphene layer being placed in the evanescent field of the probe is expected to behave like a lossy dielectric material, its microwave loss tangent is proportional to its conductivity. Employing a high Q dual mode re-entrant cavity as host resonator and a spherical metal probe of 180 μm diameter, we found that spatial variations of the conductivity of graphene can be clearly resolved.

With increasing numbers of children participating in sports activities, orthopedic injuries are a very common presenting complaint. Emergency care providers should be familiar with the evaluation and management of common injuries in children and adolescent patients. This article will review the common uses of casts, splints, and braces in the emergency department. Different types of products, indications for their use, and other general considerations like fitting and cleaning will be discussed.

The anisyl boronic acids, 2-OMe-3-R2-5-R1-C6H2B(OH)2 (R1=R2=H (a); R1=H, R2=Ph (b); R1=Me, R2=H (c); R1=Cl, R2=H (d); R1=t-Bu, R2=H (e)), have been employed in Suzuki cross-coupling reactions with either 2-bromo-6-formylpyridine (I) or 2-bromo-6-acetylpyridine (II) generating, following a facile deprotection step, the 2-phenoxy-6-carbonylpyridines, 2-(2′-OH-3′-R2-5′-R1-C6H2)-6-(CH O)C5H3N (R1=R2=H (1a); R1=Me, R2=H (1c); R1=Cl, R2=H (1d); R1=t-Bu, R2=H (1e)) and 2-(2′-OH-3′-R2-5′-R1-C6H2)-6-(CMe O)C5H3N (R1=R2=H (2a); R1=H, R2=Ph (2b)). Condensation reactions of 1 and 2 with 2,6-diisopropylaniline proceed smoothly to give the 2-phenoxy-6-iminopyridines, 2-(2′-OH-3′-R2-5′-R1-C6H2)-6-{CH N(2,6-i-Pr2C6H3)}C5H3N (R1=R2=H (3a); R1=Me, R2=H (3c); R1=Cl, R2=H (3d); R1=t-Bu, R2=H (3e)) and 2-(2′-OH-3′-R2-5′-R2-C6H2)-6-{CMe N(2,6-i-Pr2C6H3)}C5H3N (R1=H, R2=Ph (4a), R1=H, R2=Ph (4b)). Reduction of the imino unit (and concomitant C–C bond formation) in 3 can be achieved by treatment with trimethylaluminium or methyllithium which, following hydrolysis, furnishes the racemic chiral 2-phenoxy-6-(methanamino)pyridines, 2-(2′-OH-3′-R2-5′-R1-C6H2)-6-{CHMe-NH(2,6-i-Pr2C6H3)}C5H3N (R1=R2=H (5a); R1=Me, R2=H (5c); R1=Cl, R2=H (5d); R1=t-Bu, R2=H (5e)). This work represents a straightforward and rapid synthetic route to libraries of sterically and electronically variable phenoxy-substituted imino- and methanamino-pyridines, which are expected to act as useful ligands or proligands for late and early transition metal-mediated alkene polymerisation catalysis.

Performance-enhancing drugs, ergogenic aids, or sports supplements have been a part of sports since sporting competition began and likely always will be. Considered cheating by purists and necessary by some athletes, we must accept the fact that they are used, understand why they are used, and study how to prevent their use to institute change. This article summarizes current information regarding the use of performance-enhancing drugs in young athletes and provides proven prevention strategies for instituting a program in your local schools.

It is well known that Harvey was influenced by Aristotle. This paper seeks to show that Harvey's quantitative argument for the circulation and his analogy of the heart with a pump do not go beyond Aristotle and may even have been inspired by passages in Aristotle. It also considers the fact that Harvey gives much greater prominence to a macrocosm/microcosm analogy between the weather cycle and the circulation of the blood than he does to the pump analogy. This analogy is prominent in both the preface to the king and pivotal chapter eight of De Motu Cordis, and may indicate a significant influence from the Renaissance natural magic tradition. The full implications of this analogy are critical for Harvey's conception of the nature of the circulation, especially the constant interconversion of venous and arterial blood and the passage of blood through the lungs. The tendency to assume that Harvey had a superior method since he made such an important discovery may have led not only to overestimation of the influence from the new science of the seventeenth century, but also to underestimation of influence from the magical tradition.