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With the objective of identifying an ecologically sustainable substrate for commercial gerbera production, we conducted an experiment to assess the effects of super absorbent polymer and organic vermi-products on the physico-chemical properties of the growing media, and plant growth and flower yield in gerbera cv. Yosemite. CPV (Cocopeat: Perlite: Vermiculite) and soil amended with vermicompost (VC, 20%), Pusa hydrogel (PHG, 0.25%) and horn bio-manure (HBM, 1%) had significant positive effects on growth and flowering of gerbera. The lowest (0.29 ± 0.02 g cm−3) bulk density was recorded in CPV + PHG + HBM while the maximum (59.75 ± 0.63%) water holding capacity was observed in CPV + PHG + VC substrate. The maximum electric conductivity (0.99 ± 0.06 dS m−1) and pH (7.90 ± 0.04) were recorded in Soil + PHG + VC. Plants grown on CPV + PHG + VC media and sprayed with 20% of vermiwash produced the highest number of leaves during the entire period (31 ± 0.58), maximum leaf length (30.18 ± 0.18 cm) and width (8.30 ± 0.16 cm), maximum number of primary roots (42 ± 1.53), highest flowers per plant (19.67 ± 0.33), stalk length (41.08 ± 0.10 cm) and flower head diameter (10.11 ± 0.03 cm). Flowers produced on this medium also had an extended attractive appearance (20.33 ± 0.33 days) and longer vase life (14.33 ± 0.33 days). Water requirement of gerbera (litre/crop season) on CPV + PHG + VC medium, with or without Vermiwash spray was also considerably lower than other treatments. Overall results suggest that CPV amended with PHG and VC coupled with Vermiwash spray provide congenial conditions for gerbera plant growth and flower production while also simultaneously reducing irrigation water use considerably.

Citrus fruits fall in the category of those commercially grown fruits that constitute an excellent repository of phytochemicals and biologically active compounds, with health-promoting properties. Processing of fruit results in generation of large amounts of waste, which are fed to animals or disposed of, increasing the burden on the environment. However, due to its richness in valuable compounds, citrus fruit waste viz. peels (flavedo and albedo), seeds, and pomace are considered potent bio-resource materials for various uses in the food and non-food sectors. The inherent bioactive compounds present in citrus waste can be used as food additive, encapsulant, nanoparticle, prebiotic, pectin source, essential oil, polyphenol, carotenoid, or dietary fiber. It can also be used as a natural ingredient for cosmetics, medicines, packaging materials, and synthetic fuels. Use as bio-absorbents, biofertilizers, biodiesel, biogas, and bioethanol are some other non-food applications of citrus waste. Irrespective, citrus waste is considered as an ecological risk, alongside other types of waste. Considering this risk, some strategies have recently been developed to reduce its adverse effects. This review on the same lines covers all possible effective and economical ways of valorization of citrus waste in the food and non-food sectors.

Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) have several novel opto-chemical characteristics and potential uses in biomedicine, imaging, catalysis, and sensing. However, there are cost and technical limitations with scaling up the synthesis of CQDs for fulfilling its current demand. We propose a simplistic, innovative, sustainable, and economically scalable method for the formation of fluorescent nitrogen and sulphur co-doped CQDs (NS-CQDs) by utilizing bulk, low-grade subbituminous coal as feedstock. The co-doped NS-CQDs were identified using a suite of microscopic and spectroscopic approaches. We suggest that heteroatoms (i.e., N and S) are effectively self-doped on CQDs surfaces/edges of the carbon nanostructure either by functionalization or by getting incorporated on the edges during the oxidative process. The coal-derived CQDs show blue and cyan fluorescence with quantum yields of 9.35 and 16.96%, respectively. The cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) of the coal-derived CQDs were evaluated using a rodent hepatocyte cell line, which revealed that these CQDs are biocompatible, non-cytotoxic, and non-genotoxic. Moreover, these coal-derived CQDs also have proved to be good carriers of nutrients and microbes for plant growth promotion, effectively behaving as a nanofertilizer. Their phytotoxicity and impact on plant metabolites and antioxidant properties of the carbon quantum dot products have also been examined in our study.

The aim of this work was to study the application of genetic algorithm (GA) in modelling and optimization of cellulose production by Trichoderma reesei from pea hull. Enzyme activity of cellulase was determined using Filter Paper Activity (FPA) assay. Optimization of process parameters was performed using mathematical (MO) and genetic optimizers to obtain combination of variables for highest possible enzyme activity. GA generated a higher value of cellulase activity (0.353 U/mL) as compared to MO (0.302 U/mL). The values of independent variables in set (GA, MO) were: agitation speed (127, 120 rpm), %H2O2 concentration (10.36, 5.0), cultivation time (112, 91 h). The investigation highlights that GA could be used as a potential optimizer for processes involving waste utilization.

Pharmaceutical products often have drawbacks of unacceptable taste and palatability which makes it quite difficult for oral administration to some special populations like pediatrics and geriatrics. To curb this issue different approaches like coating, granulation, extrusion, inclusion complexation, ion-exchange resins, etc for taste masking are employed and among them use of lipids have drawn special attention of researchers. Lipids have a lower melting point which is ideal for incorporating drugs in some of these methods like hot-melt extrusion, melt granulation, spray drying/congealing and emulsification. Lipids play a significant role as a barrier to sustain the release of drugs and biocompatible nature of lipids increases their acceptability by the human body. Further, lipids provide vast opportunities of altering pharmacokinetics of the active ingredients by modulating release profiles. In taste sensors, also known as electronic tongue or e-tongue, lipids are used in preparing taste sensing membranes which are subsequently used in preparing taste sensors. Lipid membrane taste sensors have been widely used in assessing taste and palatability of pharmaceutical and food formulations. This review explores applications of lipids in masking the bitter taste in pharmaceutical formulations and significant role of lipids in evaluation of taste and palatability.

Perovskite oxides of transition elements with multiple oxidation states have attracted widespread attention owing to the formation of inherent defects. In addition, when modified with suitable dopants these materials can exhibit remarkable properties. LaCoO3 and defect induced La0.8A0.2CoO3 (A- Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba) were synthesized by using sol-gel method. Scanning Electron Micrographs of sintered pellets of these compositions revealed distinct grain and grain boundaries with minimal porosity. Electrical studies indicated semiconductor to metal transition in all compositions after around 500 °C. Conductivity of the materials were significantly improved upon doping-from 0.063 S/cm for LCO to 1955.68 S/cm for LBCO at room temperature. Consequently thermoelectric studies also revealed higher power factor values at temperatures below 500 °C. The highest power factor was observed for LSCO of 1.02 x 10−4 W/mK2 at room temperature. An overall improvement in ZT was observed at room temperature due to doping in spite of increase in thermal conductivity.

Biocompatible and biodegradable polymers like PLGA have revolutionized the drug delivery approaches. However, poor drug loading and substantially high lipophilicity, pave a path for further tailing of this promising agent. In this regard, PLGA was feathered with biocompatible phospholipid and polymeric micelles were developed for delivery of Methotrexate (MTX) to cancer cells. The nanocarriers (114.6nm±5.5nm) enhanced the cytotoxicity of MTX by 2.13 folds on MDA-MB-231 cells. Confocal laser scanning microscopy confirmed the increased intracellular delivery. The carrier decreased the protein binding potential and enhanced the bioavailable fraction of MTX. Pharmacokinetic studies vouched substantial enhancement in AUC and bioresidence time, promising an ideal carrier to effectively deliver the drug to the site of action. The developed nanocarriers offer potential to deliver the drug in the interiors of cancer cells in an effective manner for improved therapeutic action.

Biopolymeric clay hydrogels composites, synthesized from crosslinking of carboxymethyl cellulose with citric acid in the presence of bentonite, were used to develop base triggered release formulations (TRFs) of thiamethoxam (3-(2-chloro-1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethyl)-5-methyl-1,3,5-oxadiazinan-4-ylidene(nitro)amine) through an ex-situ encapsulation technique. Hydrogels, hydrogel-bentonite composites and their formulations were characterized by 1H NMR, IR spectroscopy, XRD, and SEM-EDS. Triggered release of thiamethoxam from the developed formulations was studied in water (pH 7-11) with the help of HPLC and subjected to kinetics analysis using different models. The kinetics study showed the release from developed TRFs followed Gallagher-Corrigan equation with an immediate burst release phenomena and higher release rate of thiamethoxam was observed at alkaline pH than neutral condition (pH 7.0). These TRFs of thiamethoxam may be useful for the efficient control of insects which are having alkaline pH in their gut.

Batteries act as one of the primary sources of energy for high power Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV). The life of the battery becomes a significant constraint while building an HEV. So researchers found Lithium-ion batteries are more suitable for HEV with a better lifecycle. But the manufacturing cost of Lithium-ion batteries is expensive. Thus, while designing an economic HEV, the cost of batteries also a constraint. In subsequent years, lead-acid batteries are found one of the best alternatives for lithium-ion. Sulfation is the main problem in lead-acid batteries. So de-sulfation is a solution to recover the sulphated lead-acid battery. But de-sulfation was not found as a better solution for preventing sulfation. Hence battery management system for proper charging or discharge is found as a passive solution for the sulfation. In literature, many methods are reviewed related to proper charging and a discharging controller which may trap in sulfation problem. Hence, this paper, an Atom Search Algorithm (ASA) based Hybrid Energy Storage System (HESS) is designed to enable proper charging and discharging controller for increasing the lifecycles of the lead-acid battery by avoiding sulfation. The lead-acid battery is connected with Ultra-Capacitor (UC) through a bidirectional DC-DC converter to enable proper charging and to discharge of controller in a. The lifetime extension of lead-acid battery is attained by maintaining the proper charging and discharging through the conservation of Depth of Charge (DOC) and State of Charge (SOC). The charging and discharging controller of the lead-acid battery are enabled by a rule-based control strategy in the converter. The optimal operation of the converter is to provide essential supply to meet the load drive cycle as well as battery charging progress. To avoid battery's dry conditions, UC is playing the leading role to supply by the converter. The controller action is performed through the consumption of the Fractional-Order Proportional Integral Derivative Controller (FOPID) in the bidirectional DC-DC converter. The optimal switching operations are selected with the utilisation of the ASA algorithm. The proposed method is implemented in MATLAB/ Simulink and contrasted with existing methods. Finally, the proposed method extends the lifecycles of the battery to 7500 cycles by proper charging and discharging controller.

The present study aims to optimize the process variables for development of ready-to-eat (RTE) iron-rich extruded snacks from locally available food grains (barnyard millet, defatted soy flour, amla (Indian gooseberry) and rice flour). Experiments were carried out using Box-Behnken design with three independent parameters viz, blend ratio (barnyard: defatted soy flour), barrel temperature (°C), and amla (g/100 g of the total flour) and six responses viz. bulk density (BD), crispiness (CR), the color difference (ΔE), iron, ascorbic acid and protein content. It was found that all independent parameters significantly (p

Several off-stoichiometric compositions Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3+x (x = 0, 0.01, 0.015, 0.02) with varying Te concentrations were synthesized via melting the elemental components of stoichiometric compositions in a furnace operating at temperature 800 °C to study the role of excess Te on enhancing the thermoelectric properties. The structural characterization performed by XRD and TEM reveals the formation of a matrix phase of Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3and a minor phase of Te. A systematic investigation of electronic and thermal transport behaviour of Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3+x (x = 0, 0.01, 0.015, 0.02) were performed in wide temperature range. Interestingly, enhanced power factor (~22.6 μW/cm K2 at 486K) was optimized for composition Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3.010which is18% enhanced power factor(PF) than that of pristine Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3 material (PF~19.1 μW/cm K2 at 486K). In addition to this, a drastic reduction in thermal conductivity (1.01 W/m K at 486K) was also observed which is 11% reduction when compared to that of bare state-of-art Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3 material. This reduction in thermal conductivity is explained in terms of the scattering of phonons due to mass fluctuation, strain field domains, grain boundaries, and multiple interfaces. An enhanced ZT~1.08 at 486 K for the composition Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3.010 was optimized which is primarily due to enhanced power factor and reduced thermal conductivity.

In this work, hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, nitric acid and sulphuric acid were screened for their relative potential for hydrolysis of damaged wheat grains. Inhibitor concentration and reducing sugar were taken as performance parameters. Concentration of four inhibitors namely, furfural, 5-hydroxymethyl furfural, acetic acid and formic acid were measured by high pressure liquid chromatography. Initial screening demonstrated that HCl was the most potent acid for hydrolysis. Subsequent experiments with different substrate (10 %, 15 %, 20 % w/w) and acid concentrations (1%, 3%, 5% w/v) were carried out to identify suitable hydrolysis condition for maximum conversion of substrate to reducing sugars (RS). Results showed that 3% HCl with 15 % substrate concentration produced highest RS (116.29 mg/mL) after 45 min of hydrolysis. Early formation of inhibitors was observed at 5% HCl which diminished the RS formation. Although hydrolysis with 1% HCl yielded RS comparable to that of 3% HCl concentration, the time of hydrolysis was higher. Artificial neural network (ANN) and second-order models were applied to the experimental data to map the variation in RS with hydrolysis. ANN performed well in predicting RS after hydrolysis with good accuracy (R2 = 0.939). The obtained model can be used to predict the variation in RS over a wide range of process variables thereby making the selection of hydrolysis process parameters easier.

Background We report secondary and exploratory analysis with 18F-NaF PET/CT and CTCs to determine how tumour burden and RNA expression of androgen receptor (AR) splice variants and neuroendocrine (NE) features predict duration of treatment (DoTx) with ENZA. Methods Men with progressive mCRPC with ≥ 2 lesions on bone scintigraphy were enrolled and treated with ENZA 160 mg daily at 3 US sites. 18F-NaF PET/CT scans were obtained at baseline (BL) (PET1), week 13 (PET2), and at the time of PSA progression (per PCWG2 criteria), standard radiographic or clinical progression, or at 2 years without progression (PET3) using QTBI. CTCs were obtained at BL and at PET3. PSA decline and DoTx were compared with BL QTBI, CTC metrics, and change in QTBI. Results 23 men (median age, 72 years [range, 51-93]; median PSA, 20.5 ng/mL [range, 3.9-133.6]) were enrolled; 22 of which completed planned imaging. The mean number of bone lesions on PET1 was 58 (range 9-168), with a median total standardized uptake value (SUVtotal) of 3886.5 (range 506.7-22852.8). DoTx ranged from 1.4 to 31.8+ mo. In general, SUV metrics decreased while on ENZA (PET2) and increased by PET3. Change in lesion heterogeneity (PET1 to PET3) was the most significant predictor of time to PSA progression (hazard ratio, 3.88; 95% confidence interval, 1.24-12.1). ARV7/9 was found in CTCs in 3/20 men and NE features were found in 4/20 men at BL and in 4/19 and in 11/19 men, respectively, at PET3. Conclusions Although PSA response with ENZA is high, DoTx is variable. SUVtotal at BL did not correlate with DoTx; however, decrease in SUVtotal/mean was associated with increased DoTx, with less heterogeneity correlating with a longer time to PSA progression. ARV7/9 or NE expression in CTCs did not predict lack of benefit from ENZA; however, at the time of progression, the observed increase in ARV7/9 and NE expression are consistent with tumor evolution to more aggressive phenotypes. While BL heterogeneity may be prognostic, it may not predict response or DoTx. Assessing response heterogeneity may predict response duration, thus, should be explored as a possible surrogate of benefit in future studies. Clinical trial identification NCT02384382. Editorial acknowledgement Medical writing and editorial assistance funded by Pfizer Inc. and Astellas Pharma, Inc. was provided by Stephanie Vadasz, PhD, and Michele Salernitano from Ashfield Healthcare Communications. Legal entity responsible for the study Pfizer Inc. and Astellas Pharma, Inc. Funding Pfizer Inc. and Astellas Pharma, Inc. Disclosure G. Liu: Leadership role, Shareholder / Stockholder / Stock options, Employee: AIQ Solutions; Advisory / Consultancy, Research grant / Funding (self), Research grant / Funding (institution): Novartis; Advisory / Consultancy: Exelixis; Advisory / Consultancy, Research grant / Funding (self), Research grant / Funding (institution): Janssen; Advisory / Consultancy, Research grant / Funding (self), Research grant / Funding (institution): TRACON Pharma; Research grant / Funding (self), Research grant / Funding (institution): Madison Vaccines Inc.; Research grant / Funding (self), Research grant / Funding (institution): Pfizer Inc. C.E. Kyriakopoulos: Advisory / Consultancy, Travel / Accommodation / Expenses: Exelixis; Speaker Bureau / Expert testimony: The France Foundation; Research grant / Funding (self), Research grant / Funding (institution): Sanofi. J.M. Lang: Shareholder / Stockholder / Stock options, Licensing / Royalties, I am listed on the patent on a technology for rare cell capture and analysis. This technology has been licensed by Salus Discovery, LLC though no commercial products are available: Salus Discovery; Advisory / Consultancy: Sanofi; Research grant / Funding (institution): Agensys; Research grant / Funding (institution): Pfizer Inc.; Research grant / Funding (institution): Novartis. E.I. Heath: Advisory / Consultancy, Research grant / Funding (institution): Agensys; Honoraria (self), Speaker Bureau / Expert testimony: Sanofi; Honoraria (self): Bayer; Honoraria (self), Research grant / Funding (institution): Dendreon; Honoraria (self), Research grant / Funding (institution): Seattle Genetics; Research grant / Funding (institution): Tokai Pharmaceuticals; Research grant / Funding (institution): Genentech/Roche; Research grant / Funding (institution): Millennium; Research grant / Funding (institution): Celldex; Research grant / Funding (institution): Inovio Pharmaceuticals; Research grant / Funding (institution): Celgene; Research grant / Funding (institution): Zenith Epigenetics; Research grant / Funding (institution): Merck; Research grant / Funding (institution): AstraZeneca; Research grant / Funding (institution): Esanik; Research grant / Funding (institution): Oncolys BioPharma; Research grant / Funding (institution): CureMeta; Research grant / Funding (institution): Bristol-Myers Squibb; Research grant / Funding (institution): eFFECTOR Therapeutics; Research grant / Funding (institution): Fortis. S. Perlman: Research grant / Funding (institution): GE Healthcare Progenics; Advisory / Consultancy: Pfizer Inc. T. Mayer: Advisory / Consultancy: Beacon Biosciences/ICON Medical; Honoraria (self): Novartis; Honoraria (self): AstraZeneca; Research grant / Funding (institution): Sotio; Research grant / Funding (institution): Merck; Research grant / Funding (self): Pfizer Inc. K. Modelska: Travel / Accommodation / Expenses, Shareholder / Stockholder / Stock options, Employee: Pfizer Inc. A. Porcari: Travel / Accommodation / Expenses, Shareholder / Stockholder / Stock options, Employee: Pfizer Inc. W. Duggan: Travel / Accommodation / Expenses, Shareholder / Stockholder / Stock options, Employee: Pfizer Inc. R. Jeraj: Licensing / Royalties, Patents: Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation; Shareholder / Stockholder / Stock options: AIQ Solutions; Research grant / Funding (institution): GE Healthcare. All other authors have declared no conflicts of interest.

Processing of fruit juices is required for its preservation and extended shelf life. Guava, which is mostly consumed as a fresh fruit possess many nutritional qualities which must be preserved if to be processed for future consumption. In this study, guava juice is processed using chemical preservative (Sodium benzoate) and induction pasteurization. The quality parameters of the pasteurized juice viz. pH, Total soluble solid (TSS), titrable acidity, ascorbic acid, total sugar, Total colour difference (TCD) and microbial count were studied. The process parameters have optimized using Box-Behnken design of Response surface methodology (RSM). It was found that the independent parameters viz. concentration of sodium benzoate, pasteurization temperature and pasteurization time, significantly (p

In large scale apple juice industry, about 75% of apple is utilized for juice and the remaining 25% is the by-product, i.e. apple pomace. In India, more than 500 apple processing industries produces 1.3 million tonnes of apple pomace per annum which involves an annual disposal expenditure of $10 million. Generally, apple pomace is thrown away which causes environmental pollution and only approximately 10,000 tonnes of apple pomace is being utilized. As pomace is a part of the fruit, it has potential for being transformed into various edible and industrial products. It is a rich source (amount per 100 g) of carbohydrate (11.8 g), pectin (16.95 g), crude fibre (2.3 g) and minerals (0.3 g) and as such is a good source of nutrients. This paper reviews the work done to utilize this precious resource which can prove useful for setting up of small scale industries.

A study was conducted on PVC columns in the laboratory to investigate the effect of the application of hydrogel in modifying the hydraulic properties of different soil types. The main treatments consisted of four different soil types, namely sand, alluvial sandy loam, red sandy loam and black clay. The sub-treatments consisted of three levels of gel application: 0.7%, 0.5% and 0% (by weight). A given level of gel was mixed in the top 10 cm-layer of soil. In all soil columns, 5 cm of water was applied, and soil samples were taken with a core auger on the fourth, seventh, 14th and 22nd days after watering (DAW). The undisturbed soil of the rings of the core assembly was used for preparing the soil water retention curve, and the soil of the core was used for determining saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks), bulk density and gravimetric soil water content. The results of measuring soil water content (SWC) during drying revealed that in sand treated with a 0.7% gel application, the water release rates were relatively uniform throughout the entire drying period, whereas in black clay, water release rates were very high initially (4–7 DAW) but fell appreciably afterwards (less than 0.5% per day). The result of the soil water characteristic curve revealed that water release per unit suction change in the 0–10 kPa range (unavailable to plants) in soil samples not treated with gel was higher compared to soil samples treated with gel, except in alluvial soil, for which rates were similar. However, the water release per unit suction change in the 10–100 kPa range (available to plants) in soil samples not treated with gel was significantly lower compared to that in soil samples treated with gel for all soil types. The above results suggest that gel significantly improved the readily available water capacity (RAWC) of the soils. Furthermore, the exceptionally low value of the water released per unit suction change pattern in all soil types for soil water suction of > 100 kPa indicated that 100 kPa can be considered the critical limit of soil water potential from the water availability standpoint. The efficacy of the gel in improving RAWC was confirmed by the increased midpoint moisture (MPM), reduced median pore diameter (dm) and moisture release index (Im). The time at which a critical SWC (SWC corresponding to 100 kPa) was reached was studied in order to further examine the suitability of gel in improving soil water retention in different soil types. The drying pattern of soils highlighted that under low evaporative condition, the critical SWC with the 0.7% gel treatment reached approximately 7, 14, 22 and 4 DAW in red sandy loam, alluvial sandy loam, sand and black clay soils, respectively. The above-mentioned results thus reaffirmed the suitability of gel for sandy soil because it improved the water availability of the sandy soil for a longer period (nearly 22 days, which corresponds to the irrigation interval of most agricultural crops), while gel was found unsuitable for black soil, in which the critical soil water content was reached early (4–7 days).

Polarography has been used as a tool for controlling the electropolishing of p-type Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3.0 and n-type Bi2Se0.3Te2.7: 0.2 wt.% SbI3 semiconducting materials used in thermoelectric coolers at particular current density in terms of electropolished film thickness preceded by the electroetching of these materials in suitable electrolytes, by measuring the diffusion current for the reduction of Sb and Se ions at dropping mercury electrode (DME) from electropolishing electrolytes for the p-type and n-type materials respectively. In addition, I–V measurements for correlating the current density with the growth of the electropolished film for these n-type and p-type semiconductors have been carried out.

Background: Strychnos nux-vomica , commonly known as kuchla , contains strychnine and brucine as main constituents. Minor alkaloids present in the seeds are protostrychnine, vomicine, n -oxystrychnine, pseudostrychnine, isostrychnine, chlorogenic acid, and a glycoside. Seeds are used traditionally to treat diabetes, asthma, aphrodisiac and to improve appetite. Objective: The present study was aimed to evaluate the various pharmacognostical characters and antidiabetic activity of S. nux-vomica seed. Materials and Methods: Pharmacognostical characters were performed as per the WHO guideline. Extraction was carried out in petroleum ether, chloroform, alcohol, hydroalcoholic, aqueous, and phytochemical constituents present in extracts were detected by different chemical tests. Among these extracts hydroalcoholic, aqueous extracts were evaluated for antidiabetic activity on the basis of extractive yield and phytoconstituents, in alloxan-induced diabetic rats using gliclazide as standard. Results: Various analytical values of S. nux-vomica extract were established. Phytoconstituents present in S. nux-vomica extracts were detected. Conclusion: S. nux-vomica extracts show antihyperglycemic activity in experimental animals.