1. Snakebite incidents, prevention and care during COVID-19: Global key-informant experiences
- Author
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Benjamin Waldmann, Janneke van Oirschot, Gaby I Ooms, and Priyanka Kadam
- Subjects
Pandemic ,Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) ,business.industry ,Ventilators ,Article from A trans-disciplinary view of snakebite envenoming, Edited by: Dr. Rafael Ruiz de Castañeda, Dr. Isabelle Bolon and Dr. Jose Maria Gutiérrez ,COVID-19 ,Access to care ,Context (language use) ,Disease ,Toxicology ,Health outcomes ,Antivenom ,Agrarian society ,Global awareness ,Key informants ,RA1190-1270 ,Environmental health ,Toxicology. Poisons ,Medicine ,Snakebite ,business - Abstract
Snakebite envenoming is a long-neglected disease causing significant morbidity and mortality in snakebite endemic low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Global awareness on snakebite was increasing steadily up to 2020, and an increasing number of countries began to acknowledge the issue, when coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) started to have an unprecedented impact on societies and health systems. To better understand how snakebite incidents, prevention and care are being affected during this global emergency, we collected perspectives of snakebite community- and health system stakeholders in a qualitative key-informant study. An open-ended survey and semi-structured interviews were conducted to gather information on changes in snakebite occurrence and circumstances, community responses, access to care and health outcomes in LMICs since the COVID-19 pandemic. Forty-three informants from 21 countries participated in the study. Based on informants' experiences, in spite of COVID-19 lockdowns, exposure to snakes did not change in many rural agrarian communities, where incidences are usually highest. However, we did find several access to care issues relating to avoidance of formal care, transport barriers, overburdened healthcare systems and -providers, and antivenom manufacturing and supply disruptions, which were unique per context. On a brighter note, ventilator availability had increased in several countries, although not automatically benefitting snakebite patients directly. In conclusion, we found apparent effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on snakebite prevention and care, although its severity was highly context- and time-dependent. Interactions between the pandemic effects and snakebite incidents most severely impact remote rural communities, showing the need to invest in community-based prevention and care., Highlights • The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted snakebite prevention and care in LMICs. • Healthcare avoidance and transport barriers have resulted in additional morbidity and mortality. • Increased ventilator availability could have a positive effect on snakebite care in specific settings. • Treatment of snakebites at primary level health facilities can significantly reduce snakebite morbidity and mortality.
- Published
- 2021