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Scholars of classical economics have largely rejected the popular view of Adam Smith as an apologist for big business indifferent to the plight of the poor. To test and ultimately vindicate this consensus, I attempt to tabulate all mentions of the poor in Smith's published works in which their well-being is under discussion. For each such appearance I assess his attitude toward such well-being, as well as where his sympathies lie should there be a conflict between the poor on one side and the rich and powerful on the other. The textual search strongly supports the idea that Smith was indeed partial to workers and the poor, although this judgment requires that the reader enter into Smith's patterns of thought about property rights, economic growth, and the system of natural liberty.

The fashion, beauty, and advertising industries have been positioned as key contributors to body dissatisfaction through the promotion of unrealistic and homogenous appearance ideals. Recently, some businesses within these industries have started to disrupt the status quo by taking actions that can be seen to be fostering positive body image (e.g., through representative and diverse imagery, body acceptance messages, and inclusive product ranges). The aim of this study was to explore the opportunities and challenges to foster positive body image from a business perspective. Participants were purposively selected based on their experience of leading business actions to foster positive body image in fashion, beauty, and/or advertising. In total, 45 individuals (82% women) took part in semi-structured interviews, which were transcribed and then analysed using thematic analysis. Four themes were identified: (1) Personal motivations for championing change, (2) Industry ingrained appearance standards, (3) Business barriers to fostering positive body image, and (4) Fostering positive body image as an effective corporate social responsibility (CSR) strategy. This study provides future directions for research aimed at creating healthier body image environments in addition to considerations for businesses seeking to foster positive body image.

Molecular diagnostics are fast becoming a big business, with the promise of personalized medicine fueling the growth of “blockbuster” tests with high expectations for health system impact and commercial success. We investigate the polycentric regulatory regime for molecular diagnostics in the US, drawing attention to the prominent role of coverage and reimbursement systems in setting regulatory standards for this industry. We hone in on the private consultants who assist molecular diagnostics companies to gain broad clinical uptake of their products. Through a web-based search of consulting companies, analysis of their online materials, and 13 qualitative interviews with consultants, we describe the role of these actors in the coverage and reimbursement of novel diagnostics and highlight the production of evidence as a critical part of the process. We argue that consultants operate as regulatory intermediaries, helping to develop the evidentiary standards for payment decisions that ultimately benefit their clients, the manufacturers. We suggest that public policy discussions over how best to realize the promise of personalized medicine should be re-oriented to consider whose interests are represented in the regulatory regime governing access to these technologies.

Early support for expert policymaking through administrative agencies was rooted in concerns over political power. In a context of formal universal male suffrage, late 19th-century liberals (typically well-educated, urban professionals) opposed policies to regulate business out of fear of working-class radicalism. Yet by the 1910s, liberals supported redistributive policies---through administrative agencies. We use a formal model to show how potential policy feedback effects made an anti-business coalition between liberals and populists unachievable, and how, by diminishing feedback effects, agencies facilitated a successful progressive-liberal coalition. Because administrative agencies guaranteed a central policymaking role for credentialed urban professionals, liberals could support farmers and industrial workers against big business while no longer fearing the rising power of their coalition partners. In this way, the strategic dilemma created by a changing distribution of power among social groups explains the development of broad political support for bureaucratic agencies.

Low prices are one of the key benefits of competition although they periodically devastate less-efficient businesses. Criticism of low prices is a prerogative of the wealthy and the privileged. Grandiose proposals to reshape capitalism in a quick maneuver are the brainchildren of intellectuals with political ambitions. In our time, attacks on low prices and outlandish trustbusting ideas married with the blessing of a populist surge. This Article explores how this genre might affect the race for dominance in the video streaming sector, commonly known as the “streaming wars.” It explains why the populist thread of the present antitrust impulse jeopardizes the institutional capacity of the United States to reinvigorate antitrust enforcement. Pioneered by Netflix in 2007, in the second decade of the 21st century, the video streaming industry became one of the most dynamic and most competitive sectors in the US economy. Streaming companies have invested hundreds of billions of dollars in streaming technologies and content. To compete and remain relevant, streaming platforms must keep their rates low and persistently expand their content libraries and offerings of live shows. This competition is not sustainable. It would inevitably lead to the exit of some or most rivals, heavy losses, consolidation, and integration. This trend is already here. Amazon, arguably the world’s most powerful digital ecosystem, is one of the key players in the video streaming sector. Responding to the streaming wars, Amazon’s appetite for content has been growing persistently. But, while Amazon’s rivals sell video subscriptions, Amazon sells a membership plan whose benefits include access to the company’s streaming platform. In effect, Amazon’s video streaming arm is a perk designed to lure consumers to join its digital ecosystem and retain the loyalty of existing customers. The company’s participation in the streaming wars illuminates the challenges that Amazon’s business model presents for antitrust law and policy. Amazon’s guiding principles are “customer obsession . . ., passion for invention, commitment to operational excellence, and long-term thinking.” Its flywheel architecture is the company’s most admired and most feared feature. Every element in Amazon’s ecosystem intends to drive growth momentum in other elements. Integrated efficiently, the elements have persistently accelerated the spinning of the flywheel building a seemingly unstoppable growth momentum. This organizational strategy defines Amazon’s identity and corporate culture. Its success has enormously benefitted American consumers but has also devastated numerous industries and contributed to the elimination of jobs. Alarmed by the company’s growth and impact, some Big Tech critics have concluded that Amazon’s low prices, customer service, and operational efficiency are nefarious, predatory, and exclusionary strategies. The simplicity and populist flavor of this thesis have popularized it among politicians and commentators. Against this background, this Article examines why the United States has failed so far to develop antitrust policies for the Digital Age. It shows that, historically, every generation of aspiring antitrust reformers—both progressive and conservative—has used a few insightful observations to attack or defend big business while largely neglecting the protection of competition. Among other things, this inquiry explains why aspiring trustbusters tend to be the preferred toy of antitrust offenders and their defenders.

In considering Grover Cleveland's life and thought, the author contends that this Democratic president was profoundly conservative. In fact, he meets the criteria for “conservative internationalism,” as defined by Henry Nau. Cleveland was an advocate of solid currency, the government not spending more than it takes in, big business not “railroading” the little guy. And, he fought impediments to free trade, domestically and internationally. Finally, while cautious about American commitments abroad, Grover Cleveland defended an assertive U.S. policy throughout the Western Hemisphere.

Association football is a popular sport, but it is also a big business. From a managerial perspective, the most important decisions that team managers make concern player transfers, so issues related to player valuation, especially the determination of transfer fees and market values, are of major concern. Market values can be understood as estimates of transfer fees—that is, prices that could be paid for a player on the football market—so they play an important role in transfer negotiations. These values have traditionally been estimated by football experts, but crowdsourcing has emerged as an increasingly popular approach to estimating market value. While researchers have found high correlations between crowdsourced market values and actual transfer fees, the process behind crowd judgments is not transparent, crowd estimates are not replicable, and they are updated infrequently because they require the participation of many users. Data analytics may thus provide a sound alternative or a complementary approach to crowd-based estimations of market value. Based on a unique data set that is comprised of 4217 players from the top five European leagues and a period of six playing seasons, we estimate players’ market values using multilevel regression analysis. The regression results suggest that data-driven estimates of market value can overcome several of the crowd's practical limitations while producing comparably accurate numbers. Our results have important implications for football managers and scouts, as data analytics facilitates precise, objective, and reliable estimates of market value that can be updated at any time.

Global environmental health efforts are motivated by a sense of common responsibility. These programs take forms small and large, from community churches to the World Bank. The methods likewise take varying, and sometimes competing forms, from watershed restoration to road building to community engagement, with funding provided by charities, bilateral aid, loans, microfinance and big business. Once these projects are installed, typically the implementers are their own evaluators. Under the best of circumstances, sometimes funding is available to run a randomized controlled trial to rigorously evaluate if the projects are improving the intended environmental, economic, health or other metrics. But, usually sooner rather than later, the funding runs out for that particular project, and everyone moves on. This has resulted in sad statistics. For example, half of the water pumps installed in some African countries are broken a few years after they’re installed. In a recent volume, Broken Pumps and Promises – Incentivizing Impact in Environmental Health [1] my co-authors and I review alternatives. Instead of pushing money toward projects based on promises, pay interventions for successfully demonstrating impact that meets this intent. We propose moving from intent to impact via a combination of aligned standards, metrics and evidence.

At the start of the 20th century there was a flourish of interest in the theory that the corporation is a kind of organism made out of other multicellular organisms, in the same way multicellular organisms are made out of cellular ones. This theory of the corporation came to be known as the 'organic theory'. The story of this flourish of interest in the organic theory was told by Harvard Law School Professor Morton Horwitz in a 1985 essay called 'Santa Clara Revisited: The Development of Corporate Theory'. Horwitz's account of the flourish of interest has been hugely influential, and, if the story of the flourish is known, it is generally through his work. The argument made by Horwitz in his essay was this: the role of the flourish of interest in the organic theory at the start of the 20th century was to help to legitimate big business. This talk revisits Horwitz's account. It shows that it is, in fact, highly misleading. It shows that the organic theory was never used in the way Horwitz suggests and that, if anything, the effect of the theory was the opposite - rather than helping to legitimate big business, it, in fact, opposed it. Hence, as I discuss, the story of the flourish of interest as understood in current academic discourse requires remedying. This is the text of a talk given at the Corporate Law Teachers Association 2020 conference, hosted by Monash Business School.

In 1848, two obscure German philosophers, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, published a revolutionary pamphlet called “The Manifesto of the Communist Party.” The Communist Manifesto, destined to become one of the most influential works of political philosophy of all time, began with these famous words: “A spectre is haunting Europe – the spectre of communism….” Now, almost two centuries later, someone has finally chased down this seductive spectre and attempted to bottle her up for good. That someone is Tyler Cowen. In brief, Cowen has just published a kind of “Capitalist Manifesto,” one that is even more intoxicating and liberating than Marx and Engel’s original screed. Far from the source of all things evil, Cowen explains why privately-owned business firms should be praised.

It is a historical fact that most entrepreneurs both in small and big business ventures have failed to progress and sometimes folded up as a result of lack of knowledge of a business plan. Some of them who had the knowledge of business plan did not put it into practice. Poor writing of a business plan and outright neglect to it therefore is one of the challenges facing entrepreneurs especially, the small scale enterprises in Nigeria. The focus of this paper is to give hindsight to the writing of a good business plan and to outline a comprehensive method of writing it. The justification of this paper is that, as a road map that directs entrepreneurship operations, a good business plan is a must to any prospective venture creature which must be consulted periodically to measure the progress or otherwise of the business. The business plan shall also be edited as time progresses. This paper shall rely on the available secondary sources that treated business plan in Nigeria and beyond. Available literature revealed that most entrepreneurs do not have sufficient knowledge of business plan while few, who had written business plan, did not apply them. The study recommended that efforts shall be made to educate entrepreneurs on the importance of business plan.

Embedded system based virtualization, which appreciates massive prominence in the venture and individualized computing spaces, is as of late increasing critical interest in the inserted area—beginning from a correlation of crucial qualities of big business fitness equipment and fitness action monitoring. So in the proposed method difficult that current wellness gear has a solitary capacity, the absence of diversion and intuitive highlights, the smart wellness hardware installed virtually with wellness, and double amusement capacity is explored and created by appropriated virtual innovation. The design, equipment, and programming structure for the wellness hardware and distinction in inspiration for the utilization of embedded system machines and the subsequent contrasts in the innovation's necessities. The differences are very considerable, and that virtualization can't meet the unique prerequisites of implanted frameworks. All things being equal, broader working virtual innovations are required, which uphold virtualization as an extraordinary case.

The basic attitude of Chinese law towards wildlife resources is differentiated protection plus rational utilizations. Artificial breeding of terrestrial wildlife was a big business and a way to alleviate poverty, but also raised concerns over wildlife conservation and public health. China's complete ban on the consumption of terrestrial wildlife, whether wild-sourced or artificially bred, was a drastic change of China's legal regime on wildlife conservation and commercial artificial breeding. This change will have impacts on the drafting of a new Biosafety Law and the revision and enforcement of the Wildlife Protection Law, the Husbandry law, the Fisheries Law, and the Animal Epidemic Prevention Law., Highlights • The Chinese regulatory regime on commercial artificial breeding of terrestrial wildlife is reviewed. • The change of Chinese regulatory regime on wildlife conservation is assessed. • The change of Chinese regulatory regime on commercial artificial breeding is assessed. • The impacts on the drafting, revision, and enforcement of laws are discussed.

This paper presents an historical analysis of the antitrust laws. Its central contention is that the history of antitrust can only be understood in light of U.S. economic history and the succession of dominant economic policy regimes that punctuated that history. The antitrust laws and a subset of other related policies have historically focused on the negative consequences resulting from the rise, expansion and dominance of big business. Antitrust specifically uses competition as its tool to address these problems. The paper traces the evolution of the emergence, growth and expansion of big business over six economic eras: the Gilded Age, the Progressive Era, the New Deal, the post-World War II Era, the 1970s, and the era of neoliberalism. It considers three policy regimes: laissez-faire during the Gilded Age and the Progressive Era, the New Deal, policy regime from the Depression through the early 1970s, and the neoliberal policy regime that dominates today and includes the Chicago School of antitrust. The principal conclusion of the paper is that the activist antitrust associated with the New Deal that existed from the late 1930s to the 1960s resulted in far stronger economic performance than have the policies of the Chicago School that have dominated antitrust policy since the 1980s.

Tourism continues to be a major activity in India, which inevitably produces economic, political, social, cultural and ecological consequences. In India, Tourism has created employment opportunities for airline executives, hotel sales managers, structural engineers, city planners, horticulturists, computer programmers, artisans, textiles workers, etc. In spite of its growth, it has not reached out to the masses because the net benefits accrue only to a limited segment of the society, to say, big business agents. It is an imperative duty of the so-called richer class to reach out the benefits directly to the Pro-Poor People who are actually working into the tourism sector day and night. Thus, Pro-Poor Tourism (PPT) is tourism that results in increased net benefits for poor people or marginalized section of the society. The aim of this paper is to explore the prospects and challenges of ‘pro-poor tourism strategies’ and its significance in poverty reduction by generating employment in handicraft sector of Varanasi in order to identify useful lessons and good practice for livelihood and capacity building, leadership and community development for sustainable development. KEYWORDS: Pro-Poor Tourism, Employment Generation, Poverty Reduction, Livelihood and Capacity Building, leadership & Sustainable Development

In present era technology and information cannot be separated they intermingle in a manner that they have become complimentary to each other. The information technology is part and parcel of every field of activity whether it is daily activity of individual or commercial activity of any big business house. The field of human resource management is not apart from this. To create a center of attention and get talent is one of the biggest challenges for Human Resource Department. The companies for purpose of talent acquisition are technology. E recruitment has become a noteworthy tool for Human Resource Department. E-recruitment is very effectual in terms of saving the cost of recruitment and selection. The study provides an inside of E recruitment. The objective of this study was to know the Impact of e-recruitment on perception of job seekers and the data was collected from 145 respondents, those respondents are looking for job. The data is checked using regression analysis.

Critical political economists on the Left regard the 2008 Global Financial Crisis as a symptom of long-term structural issues threatening global capitalist reproduction. Building on that view, a number of studies have argued that global capitalism will collapse in the coming decades. The three key structural issues they identify are: (1) mass technological unemployment of middle-class workers, (2) low growth and economic stagnation in advanced economies leading to global economic breakdown, and (3) declining Western growth and consumption cannot be offset by growth in China and Asia more broadly, thus leading to a breakdown of the global system. This article challenges each of these arguments on the grounds that they are theoretically flawed and empirically ungrounded. Key issues include a failure to adequately account for the role of global capitalist variation in driving growth and innovation, and an invalid representative model of global economic evolution based on trends in the United States, Europe, and Japan. Based on theoretical considerations concerning the state’s role in generating institutional diversity, and in light of identified empirical trends concerning global growth and employment, I argue that the global political economy is in more robust condition than critics suggest.

In this paper I track the history of post-1945 human genetics and genomics emphasizing the importance of ideas about risk to the scientific study and medical management of human heredity. Drawing on my own scholarship as it is refracted through important new work by other scholars both junior and senior, I explore how radiation risk and then later disease risk mattered to the development of genetics and genomics, particularly in the United States. In this context I excavate one of the central ironies of post-war human genetics: while studies of DNA as the origin and cause of diseases have been lavishly supported by public institutions and private investment around the world, the day-to-day labor of intensive clinical innovation has played a far more important role in the actual human experience of genetic disease and genetic risk for affected families. This has implications for the archival record, where clinical interactions are less readily accessible to historians. This paper then suggests that modern genomics grew out of radiation risk; that it was and remains a risk assessment science; that it is temporally embedded as a form of both prediction and historical reconstruction; and that it has become a big business focused more on risk and prediction (which can be readily marketed) than on effective clinical intervention.

Genetic engineering is a technique that allows to detect, isolate, multiply and transplant specific genes in another living organism. The introduction of genes in another living organism or other species is a process unstable and insecure with side effects and consequences difficult to predict on the recipient genome and interaction with the surrounding environment. The main proponent are big business owners of patents in the field of GMOs and other stakeholders, including some GMO growers and scientists, as well as international trading partners. The potential economic interests in relation to GMOs in the field of plant breeding are considerable, the world annual turnover of the seed market has now exceeded 35 billion Euros. Today the world market is dominated by only a handful of large operators. The same multinational companies operating in the food, plant protection chemicals, energy and pharmaceutical industries. This concentration allows a small group of corporations to exercise considerable control over the entire production chain of food and related products, thus putting at risk the freedom of choice, the accessibility of prices, open innovation and diversity genetics. The development and dissemination of GMOs through these centuries-old-traditions have been called the Green Revolution. The greater use of chemicals in agriculture offers the possibility of a higher gain, but requires a greater dose of herbicides over time, which makes it necessary to look for a more aggressive chemical solution. However, on the basis of objective evidence one can conclude that genetic engineering is not fundamentally new to these historical applications. The advent of genetic engineering marks a definitive break between the biotechnology of “old” and the “modern” conception. Among the arguments used more frequently to support the use of GMOs, is the need to fight hunger, to ensure the supply of food to a growing world population and the fight against climate change. The majority of genetically modified varieties currently on the market are grown for forage and feed for livestock, for meat and milk consumed in the Western World, or to produce biofuel or plastics. The increase in non-food use of edible agricultural products has pushed-up the prices of raw materials and foodstuffs on the world market, which has done nothing but exacerbate food insecurity and poverty in the world. The problems of the global food supply difficulties arise not so much from production to distribution since global production is equivalent to over 150% of global consumption. Consequently this requires a political and economic solution rather than agricultural innovation.

Healthcare is turning a big business. A better understanding of the factors affecting healthcare expenditure (HCE) can assist expenditure control. This study uses fuzzy set/Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA) to explore the sufficient conditions for the outcome, HCE. FsQCA provides causal recipes for each year to show the causal complexities leading to the outcome of that year with high consistencies. The three most recurrent causal recipes are: (1) longevity countries with many doctors and aging population; (2) longevity and rich countries with many doctors; and (3) longevity and rich countries with aging population. The analysis also shows strong predictive validities. The causal recipes of the first few years can successfully forecast the causal recipe(s) of following years.

A vital part of urban progressivism, as shall be seen further below, was a frenetic attack on the ‘corruption’ of politicians . . . (Rothbard 2017, 285). The Progressive Era, written by Murray Rothbard and edited by the present writer, was recently published by the Ludwig von Mises Institute in the fall of 2017 (Rothbard 2017). It contains nine full chapters of Rothbard’s planned book on the period as well as later published essays on material Rothbard wanted to discuss in the book. Chapter 9, “The National Civic Federation: Big Business Organized for Progressivism,” documents the cartelizing state and local reforms pushed by big business, big government, and court intellectuals in the early 20th century. In Chapter 10, of which only notes remain because it was unfortunately not written, Rothbard would have continued his analysis of local Progressive Era interventions by analyzing both their political and urban reforms. Some of his important insights were included in the published essays later in the book as well as in other writings not included (Rothbard 1962, 1974, 2011 [1978], 1995). Rothbard’s lecture series “The American Economy and the End of Laissez Faire: 1870 to World War II,” given at Brooklyn Polytechnic in 1986, followed the format of the unpublished manuscript of The Progressive Era and continued where Rothbard left off. Immediately after finishing with the material provided in Chapter 9, the lecture series moved into his notes on the political and local reforms of the era (Rothbard 1986). Using his published writings and lectures, this article will discuss what Rothbard would have written about in the tenth chapter of the book.

Human Resources Management becomes a vital and comprehensive function in the organization with its growing importance towards business stakeholders. Big business conglomerates, renowned manufacturing and services sectors, NGOs, educational institutions in Bangladesh leverage to changing their functional window through the adoption of technology in human resources management and strategic collaborative affairs of the business. Thus, managing human resources in organizations is becoming smoother and gradually easier through the adoption of the technological system. This paper primarily aimed at a conceptual review of the understanding of electronic human resources management functions, systems and uses, and its functional areas. The key motivator of the paper is an effort to critically analyze the perspectives and challenges of technology-based human resources management function with outright benefits, workflow models relevant to smooth implementation in all types of organizations in the context of Bangladesh. It is an effort to unveil a comprehensive theoretical view to the readers to understand technology driven electronic human resources management functions in an organizational context.

As far as the intensity of discussion was concerned, the ‘gasoline problem’ turns out to be the most important issue after the ‘pension project’. The flurry of negotiations, compromises, concessions and warnings has come to the intermediate finish line following the Russian authorities’ decision to abstain from any further attempts to persuade biggest market participants to forego some of their export super-profits for the sake of stabilizing domestic fuel prices. After many months of difficult discussions, the authorities have fired an unprecedentedly tough ultimatum to big business: if the oil tycoons do not agree to freeze their prices until at least the end of 2018 (and then to keep their growth rate within the limits of general inflation until April 2019), the Government will immediately introduce prohibitive export duties on oil.

In the wake of the 2016 US Presidential election and similar developments parts of Europe, commentators widely acknowledged the rise of populist movements on both the right and left of the political spectrum that both were deeply suspicious of big business. This development potentially has important implications for the law and practice of corporate purpose. Left of center corporate social responsibility campaigners have long advocated the use of “boycotts, shareholder activism, negative publicity, and so on” to pressure corporate managers to act in ways those campaigners deem socially responsible. Right of center populists could use the same tactics to induce corporate directors to make decisions they favor. The question thus is whether they are likely to do so based on their historical track record. Assuming for the sake of argument that right-of-center populists begin focusing on corporate purpose, the question arises whether modifying the shareholder wealth maximization norms so as to give managers more discretion to take the social effects of their decisions into account would lead to outcomes populists would view as desirable. Populists historically have viewed corporate directors and managers as elites opposed to the best interests of the people. Today, right of center populists find themselves increasingly at odds with an emergent class of social justice warrior CEOs, whose views on a variety of critical issues are increasingly closer to those of blue state elites than those of red state populists.

Competition policy is there to promote competition in order to lower prices and enhance economic efficiency. It does so by challenging business conduct deemed anticompetitive. The purpose of this essay is to address two questions. First: Does competition policy really promote competition? Second: Does competition really lower prices and does it enhance efficiency? The problem with competition policy is that it often promotes competition in a narrow sense, but stands in the way of competition in a broader sense. Moreover, after a century of sharpening the pencil its enforcement criteria remain as ambiguous as ever, giving rise to substantial legal uncertainty. The problem with competition itself is that it does not always work the way it should. What makes competition often ineffective is economies of scale, particularly mass production. Unfortunately, mass production is far more effective than competition itself in both lowering prices and enhancing efficiency. What makes it worse is that the main adversary of competition policy, big business, happens to be the main ally of mass production. In that respect, competition policy may be winning some battles now and then, but is waging a lost war.

Nowadays the great stage of the Russian economy reforming and the transitional period is behind. The solution of urgent social questions, which includes the poverty combating, the demographic situation improving, the science assistance, the educational and medical level rise is beginning. The world crisis of 2008 and the current situation of 2014 changed the progressive advance of Russian economy and put on the forefront the solution of the urgent questions, which are connected with the repercussions negotiation. However, the crisis and political problems pass away in spite of their complication (and the history demonstrates it to us).

Volatile markets and global and inter-industrial networks are creating a radically more dynamic market environment which calls for considerably greater on-demand flexibility in resource deployment. Today's businesses have to respond to evolving trends. As well as increasing flexibility, this also means taking action in two further areas, namely increasing transformability and responding to demographic change. Furthermore the global change towards a fully networked society is in progress, in Germany, in Europe, and of course in the United States – actually more or less all over the world. In this context one significant topic is the “Internet of things and services”. The digital transformation changes business and private life likewise – in a radically and sustainable way. The economic potential is enormous. Topics related to the networking of the internet by far have the most economical potential worldwide. The world becomes more and more digital. This is the Big Business of the future. Digitally networked and data-intensive are the main attributes of a smarter production, the so called industry 4.0. But not only in technology many things are changing, humans and the society transforms, too. To achieve a positive influence on key performance indicators, organizational approaches to enterprise architecture should not be restricted to purely technical aspects but should instead put the focus firmly on employees. The study examines initial design approaches in the areas of qualifications, leadership and demography-resistant work architectures.

Pearce reviews Will Big Business Destroy our Planet? by Peter Dauvergne and Earth at Risk: Natural capital and the quest for sustainability by Claude Henry and Laurence Tubiana.

A previous paper (Part 1) rejected the conventional wisdom that America was ‘born capitalist’ and the historians’ consensus that it had become capitalist by the early-19th century; another (Part 2) rejected Chandler's thesis that the ‘modern business enterprise’ brought a ‘new form of capitalism’ to America from the 1840s. The accounting evidence suggests that America began to make the transition to capitalism around 1900 in a period of intense conflict between ‘capital and labour’ generated by ‘big business’ from the 1880s, a process not completed until the 1920s. This paper (Part 3) examines the consequences for America's political ideology and financial accounting theory. America's exceptional transition, it argues, explains the history of its political ideology, and this history explains Irving Fisher's theory of accounting. Section A argues that America lagged behind Britain because it started from a society of simple commodity producers and semi-capitalists, which created an exceptional ideological problem for its ruling elite. Big business generated hostility from workers, farmers and small employers – expressed in labour movements, ‘populism’, socialism, and ‘progressivism’ – and created an ideological problem by contradicting the ‘independent producer’ ideology of workers and farmers, and the ‘individual liberalism’ of small manufacturers and merchants, both underwritten by Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations. The paper argues that Smith's theory of price articulates as semi-capitalist accounting, which explains his popularity in America until the appearance of big business in the 1880s. Socialism and progressivism became political forces in America from 1900 to around 1920. Progressivism produced ‘corporate liberalism’, the ideological counter to socialism that corporations could be made ‘socially responsible’ by government regulation and ‘publicity’ to ensure they earned only ‘fair’ returns, but this left two problems. First, socialists argued that no profit was ‘fair’, and second, fear of the ‘labour danger’ made American financial reports secretive and conservative. Section B argues that Irving Fisher responded to these problems with a theory of accounting, which he developed as a refutation of Marx and the American brand of socialism advocated by Eugene Debs, the threateningly successful presidential candidate of the Socialist Party of America. An important but neglected reason for socialism's abrupt collapse around 1920, it argues, was that the socialists lost the intellectual argument with the middle classes, and that Fisher's theory played an important role in this defeat. Fisher was a vigorous self-publicist, strongly influenced the teaching of economics and accounting in the universities and, the paper argues, changed the language of American accounting. Fisher claimed that accounting practice supported his theory of ‘capital’ and ‘income’, but the paper shows he did not understand double-entry bookkeeping or the accountants’ ‘cost theory of value’, and therefore divorced accounting from the reality of business transactions. As his theory underlies the FASB's framework, the paper concludes that Fisher's legacy to the world is a pathological theory of financial accounting.

Since the beginning of the last two decades of the past centuries, technology, more specifically computers, has advanced at an impressive rate, so fast and so drastically that almost all aspects of human life have been deeply affected. Concepts known for centuries have taken new meaning, and human behavior has become radically different from what it used to be only a few years ago. Not least of these human endeavors to be so much affected is education. Pedagogy has undergone so many changes that for a while one might start to think that the focus of education has shifted to technological improvements and innovations rather than remaining on the learner in the classroom. A huge industry has been built and marketing it has become big business worldwide. This paper, however, will try to show that the main purpose of education is the learner, regardless of the tools used towards the learning process. The paper will attempt to show that no matter how advanced and glorified technological advances can be, they will not replace the inventiveness and creativity of the teacher. The cyber world may have taken over many aspects of human life, but the classroom, with its human interaction between teacher and learner and among learners themselves, remains the main concern of the educator, regardless of the tools available.

A large body of qualitative studies on the positive role played by big businesses in promoting economic growth is widely available. However, any rigorous attempt to measure this impact has yet to be made. In this paper, we attempt to fill this gap by utilizing new and internationally comparable databases such as those of the Global Fortune 500, the Business Week 1000, and the Forbes 2000 publications, and by using rigorous quantitative methods. We measure big businesses by both the number of these firms and by their sales volumes in each country. The empirical results of all models consistently show four major patterns. First, big businesses have a significant and positive effect on economic growth. Second, such businesses in each nation are positively associated with stability in economic growth. Third, the significant and positive effect of big businesses on economic growth remains even with the inclusion in the estimations of the share of SME employment and the control for possible endogeneity in big businesses and SMEs. Fourth, in considering both the absolute and the relative presence of big businesses within each country, their absolute presence is positively linked to economic growth, whereas the relative presence of big businesses within the national economy is negatively linked to economic growth.

This working paper contributes to the burgeoning historical literature which has transformed our understanding about the relationship between big business and the environmental regulation. It used to be believed that corporate managers resisted the extra costs imposed by environmental regulation from the 1960s. This argument was primarily based on empirical evidence from the United States. It has now been established by a new generation of researchers that corporate responses were not homogeneous. There were major variations between individual managers, companies, industrial sectors and national business systems. This working paper supports this re-interpretation by examining the case of Sweden, where the relationship between big business and government turns out to be different from that in the United States. It shows that big business emerged as a constructive player in environmental policy in the 1960s, when it persuaded the government to establish a joint research institute known as the IVL and a closely connected consulting company to address pollution. IVL developed an important role as knowledge producer and as an intermediary of environmental knowledge between the late 1960s and the 1980s. The proactive response of Swedish big business is shown to have been based on a belief that efficient pollution control policies and regulations needed to be based on hard science and engineering knowledge. To achieve this, collaboration with the Swedish government was seen as instrumental and joint R & D was regarded as a means to share knowledge and costs. The study ends by noting that in the 1980s the pivotal role of IVL transitioned as environmental challenges evolved, Swedish universities assumed leadership in creating environmental knowledge, while conventional management consultancies entered the market of environmental management.

The world of intercollegiate sports today is characterized by an insatiable desire for money and winning. Universities are in an arms race to outspend one another on lavish facilities and coaching contracts in order to gain the upper hand in recruitment. The commercialization of college sports has created tension between the NCAA’s defense of amateurism and antitrust litigation. This Article seeks to provide a way to de-escalate the arms race while also providing a way for the NCAA to reinvest in its principle of amateurism. Specifically, this Article proposes the NCAA adopt a budgetary allocation for its member institutions’ athletic departments. This Article advocates that funds be split 50/50 between revenue programs and non-revenue programs. This will enable the NCAA and its member institutions to focus on emphasizing education and playing sports for recreation. By adopting a budgetary allocation, the NCAA will be able to balance its goals of supporting education and student athleticism while also remaining antitrust compliant. Part I of the Article focuses on the intercollegiate athletics arms race problem. Part II discusses how difficult it is to chill the arms race without violating antirust law. Part III lays out the budgetary allocation model. Part IV provides reasons why the proposed budgetary allocation works as a viable method for the NCAA. The section discusses how this Article’s proposal (1) reinforces the application of Title IX; (2) is viable under antitrust law; and (3) alleviates the pressure on the intercollegiate arms race.

Transfers are big business in association football. This paper develops a generalized additive mixed model that aids managers in predicting how a football player is expected to perform in a new team. It does so by using event-level data from the Spanish and the Colombian football leagues. Using passes as a performance proxy, the model exploits the richness of the data to account for the difficulty of each pass attempt performed by each player over an entire season. The model estimates are then used to determine how a player transferred from the Colombian league should perform in the Spanish league, taking into account that teammates and rivals’ abilities are different in the latter.

Internationalization can be beneficial for firms of all sizes. While it is usually large companies which are studied, there is a host of smaller firms that have successfully tapped into international opportunities and whose experiences are worthy of investigation. Usually overlooked by academics, practitioners, researchers and journalists, mid-sized companies receive less attention than they deserve, especially those coming from emerging markets. At the same time, firms of this sort often exhibit a remarkable degree of resourcefulness and versatility. Their international trajectories can be instructive for companies from emerging and developed markets alike. This study looks at the internationalization of a selection of Russian and Chinese mid-sized firms. As a business school in Russia, we embarked on this project with the specific goal of complementing contemporary strategic thinking derived from the experience of Western multinationals by introducing the experience of smaller firms from emerging economies. Case studies of fifteen mid-sized, private businesses from the manufacturing and IT sectors form the basis of this report. The way companies approach internationalization varies considerably, and often depends on how they build their businesses at home. Self-identification is one of the underlying factors. Russian companies often see their medium size as an inherent characteristic and adapt their strategy accordingly. Chinese companies, on the other hand, tend to treat their current size as an intermediate step in their progression to big business. The environments from which the companies emerge also dictate differences in optimal competitive configurations. Russian mid-sized firms bypass competition by delivering high performance products and targeting narrow market segments. In-house integration of diverse competencies allows them to control quality and cost. Chinese mid-sized companies win markets through scale and speed. Supported by a flexible supplier network, these companies concentrate their efforts on downstream capabilities such as production and distribution. The underlying proposition of this report is that internationalization means much more than selling to foreign markets. It is about a firm’s ability to connect with the outside world in multiple areas: manufacturing, access to technology, foreign capital, the talent pool, strategic alliances and informal networks. Each area presents opportunities which can be used to a firm’s advantage. Russian mid-sized firms approach internationalization in a classical way. It is a step-by-step process whereby a company starts probing foreign markets and, as it gains more knowledge, it feels more comfortable exploring other opportunities such as localizing production, hiring local staff and building partnerships. The global niche strategy adopted by Russian mid-sized companies has many similarities with that of the German Mittelstand. The Chinese approach internationalization quite differently. Unlike Russian firms, which treat it is a separate dedicated project, Chinese mid-sized companies seem to blur the boundaries between the domestic and the foreign and exploit international opportunities more arbitrarily. Their fundamental goal is to grow and become stronger contenders, especially in the massive and fiercely competitive Chinese market. Growing in size through international sales, accessing technology through acquisitions, sourcing foreign capital or enlisting the support of stakeholders through international alliances are strategies which are deployed by the Chinese mid-sized firms in their pursuit of market dominance. Altogether, no matter what underpins a firm’s ability to connect with the outside world, it is a strategic skill which should not be ignored. This is particularly so today as the world is becoming more fragmented. The ability to discern and tap into international opportunities can be a strategic response to an increasingly uncertain environment. After all, fragmentation does not mean disconnectedness; rather it implies the changing nature of connectivity between regions, countries and companies. There is no one-directional movement. As some countries close, others eagerly open up. While the shifting patterns of global trade present companies with completely new sets of challenges and opportunities, what is clear is that these will need to be tackled with more sophisticated strategies. Internationalization is one of the range of possible answers.

In enacting the antitrust laws, Congress sought to prevent big businesses from maintaining and augmenting their power through collusion, mergers, and exclusionary and predatory practices and also aimed to preserve the ability of workers to act in concert. At times, the antitrust laws have significantly benefited ordinary Americans. Antitrust achievements include the restructuring of the oil industry in 1911, the creation of competitive market structures in the mid-twentieth century, and the termination of AT&T’s telecommunications monopoly in 1984. Yet, the history of antitrust in the United States is not one of uninterrupted successes. Over two multi-decade periods, the executive branch and federal courts, in enforcing and interpreting the antitrust laws, have failed to advance Congress’ vision and indeed inverted Congressional intent. During the original and current Gilded Ages, the antitrust laws were and have been used to protect the power of large-scale business and also to limit the autonomy of workers to organize and seek higher wages and better working conditions. Through this anti-labor application, the federal government has employed antitrust to aid big business, rather than restrain its power. Despite this history of accommodating capital and policing labor, the antitrust laws can still be reinterpreted and redeemed. Executive and judicial action can remake these laws to control the power of large corporations through competitive market structures and also protect the freedom of all workers to organize for higher wages and better working conditions. A renewal of antitrust, in accordance with the expressed purposes of Congress, would help remedy the inequities of the New Gilded Age and create a more just society.

Illicit trade in tobacco products (ITTP) is big business in the United States and creates many harms including reduced tax revenues; damages to the economic interests of legitimate actors; funding for organized-crime and terrorist groups; negative effects of participation in illicit markets, such as violence and incarceration; and reduced effectiveness of smoking-reduction policies, leading to increased damage to health. To improve data availability for study in this area, we describe and make available a large, novel set of data from empty discarded pack (EDP) studies. In EDP studies, teams of researchers collect all cigarette packs discarded (either in trash receptacles or as litter) in the public spaces of selected neighborhoods. Packs are examined for the absence of local tax stamps, signs of non-authentic packaging or stamps, and other indications of potential tax evasion or counterfeit product. We describe the data and analyze the prevalence of ITTP. Data from 23 collections in 10 U.S. cities from 2010 to 2014 are available, yielding 106,500 observations (by far the largest dataset of its kind available for academic study). Each observation includes dozens of variables covering the brand, location to the ZIP code level, tax status, counterfeit status, and other information about the pack. There is significant evidence of tax avoidance (up to 74% of packs in New York City). In some markets there is also a significant amount of illicit trade (up to over half the market in New York City), which includes bootlegging, counterfeits, cigarettes produced for illicit-market sales, and cigarettes without any tax stamps. These data will be highly useful for research in illicit markets and organized crime.

This article elaborates on the argument that the history of U.S. public relations has been distorted by the emphasis on corporate functions of public relations. The dominant corporate-centric view of U.S. public relations history often claim that public relations developed as a response to activists who attempted to interfere with business operations. That myopic, corporate-centric view has perpetuated a negative view of public relations as merely a tool of “big business”. In the past as well as the present, corporations have been learning from and co-opting activists’ innovative public relations techniques. By alternatively grounding U.S. public relations history in the works of activists, we open possibilities for re-imagining the field and legitimizing activists’ works as a positive, central component in public relations theory and research. We end by providing resources educators can utilize to teach a more balanced view of public relations history in the U.S.

This paper examines the association between ownership and director interlocks in Swedish big business during the period 1990–2005. By analyses of the 3-mode network of owners, firms, and directors, multiple director assignments are shown to be highly dependent on owner interlocks. The findings provide a new understanding of the mechanisms behind the formation of director interlocks. Furthermore, the association between the interlock types suggests that the ownership network may potentially (co-)produce some of the phenomena that have been attributed to the director network. Future analyses of director interlocks have to bring the owners back in.

When Russia transitioned to a democratic institutional system in 1991, some of its regions remained under control of old Communist Party elites, while some fell into the hands of political newcomers (“new elites”). Using a new panel dataset spanning 71 of the Russian regions over the years 1994–2006, I show that regions with new-elite governors whose rise to power was influenced by Putin ended up with significantly fewer small and medium enterprises (SMEs) than otherwise similar regions governed by old elites. One interpretation of this result is that Putin, in alliance with the oligarchs, sought to extend his power to the distant resource-abundant regions by promoting relatively inexperienced new elites to govern those regions. As the oligarchs of big business were allowed to monopolize the resources of the new-elite regions, entrepreneurial activity remained at depressed levels. The newcomers’ lack of leadership experience may have also contributed to this result.

Over the past decade, gaming has become a mainstream form of entertainment. It is one of the fastest growing forms of entertainment and has become a big business, easily rivaling the film industry in terms of consumer spending. However, due to the rapid growth of technology and competitiveness in the industry, game designers are increasingly faced with the challenge of making their games attractive and engaging to its intended users. Over the years, practitioners and researchers in the human-computer interaction (HCI) community have placed a lot of effort in developing processes and methods for use in interdisciplinary fields. An effective user-centered gaming interface plays an important role in the gaming industry and provides valuable contribution in the HCI practice. This is because it supports the mental communication and emotional response of its audiences that is the gamers, thus improving the interaction modes between the user and product. Hence, designing games in a manner that provides the same user experience to all players, irrespective of player motivation, experience or skill is becoming the focus of modern game research. This paper will attempt to address and review the literature on affective design elements, principles and methodologies that are suitable for the video games industry.

This survey of marketing managers compares small business firms with large ones in relation to explicit and implicit ethics institutionalization, quality of work life (QWL), job satisfaction, esprit de corps, and organizational commitment. The results reveal that large firms tend to have a higher degree of explicit ethics institutionalization than smaller firms but not in relation to implicit ethics institutionalization. The results also reveal that marketing managers in small firms report higher levels of job satisfaction, esprit de corps, and organizational commitment compared to marketing managers in large firms. The study findings also show that marketing managers in small firms report higher levels of overall QWL, particularly higher-order QWL than managers in large firms.

This paper aims to explore the unevenness of spatial development under the rule of the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) of Taiwan, after the collapse of the one-party dominance of the Kuomintang (KMT) in the 2000 presidential election. In the late 1980s the KMT engineered the rise of big business groups and consortia with the introduction of its neoliberalization project. To remain in power, the DPP regime continued to implement this neoliberalization project to win the political loyalties and donations from emerging business groups and show a dedication to economic development, while resorting to the populist practice of transferring resources to the local society, particularly winning precincts, to consolidate its advantage and further crumble the KMT bastions. Consequently, Taiwan was a ‘‘vacillated state’’, pulled and dragged between the pro-growth neoliberalization project and calls for a populist redistribution of resources. This resulted in a new political dynamic in which the urban regions were tied closely with the global economic growth while the rural regions were closely tied to domestic resource allocation. As the developmental model of state would predict, this contradictory co-existence of neoliberalism and populism led to a decline in state policy effectiveness.

Encryption has always been big business, but recently new legislations have acted as a catalyst for organisations to invest in the technology. Ben Chai examines the challenges surrounding PKI and organisations today

What is good for big business need not generally advance a country%u2019s overall economy. Big business turnover correlates with rising income, productivity, and (in high income countries) faster capital accumulation; consistent with Schumpeter%u2019s (1912) creative destruction and recent formalizations like Aghion and Howitt (1992). Turnover appears to %u201Ccause%u201D growth; and disappearing behemoths, more than rising stars, drive our results. Stronger findings suggest more intense creative destruction in countries with higher incomes, as well as those with smaller governments, Common Law courts, smaller banking systems, stronger shareholder rights, and more open economies. Only the last matters more in lower income countries.

In this article I summarise twenty-five years of international feminist resistance to reproductive and genetic engineering. Drawing on the work of FINRRAGE (Feminist International Network of Resistance to Reproductive and Genetic Engineering) I list the main objections of feminist critics to the global commodification of women. Under the guise of ‘doing good’ and the catch cry ‘women want it’ (i.e. allegedly to alleviate the suffering of infertility/too much fertility, or eliminate genetic imperfection), reproductive and genetic engineers have reduced women — and their babies — to a series of body parts and tissues that can be traded, screened and eliminated at will. Discussions include the many physiological as well as psychological dangers inherent in the medicalisation of in/fertile women's lives and their children through the Big Business of in vitro fertilisation (IVF) and related genetic technologies in a global context. I also critically examine the pro-technology position of liberal feminists including their much touted concept of ‘choice’. Lastly, I ask where the recent opening of the door to embryonic stem cell research via commercial and ‘altruistic’ egg cell ‘donation’ is taking society and how long it will be before cloning of human beings is justified as ‘for our own good’ and women's alienation to their own body (parts) will lead to their annihilation.

This is a PPT presentation that discusses what is coming next on corporate governance (CG) and in which ways the successful business of the 21st century will differ from its successful 20th century counterpart. The presentation is divided into five key messages: 1) This is a moment of lower trust in big business around the world due to successive financial crises, CG misconducts, and politically-related corruption scandals; 2) There is an increasingly criticism on the standard narrative for CG based on shareholder value maximization; 3) One of the few consensuses in this changing world is that stakeholders have increasingly higher expectations about the role of companies in society; 4) There is a new approach for CG and the successful business of the 21st century based on: ethical culture & intrinsic values, stakeholder orientation, and conscious capitalism; and,5) There is growing evidence that adopting this new approach to CG pays off.

Sharks are fish, big fish that are apex predators; yet, people and smaller fish still swim in the sea. “As the most powerful type of nongovernmental organization in the United States today and as the most dynamic form of organization in the world, the large corporation has enormous potential to affect communities for better or for worse.” What does this mean for small communities when a large company comes to town? The common dialogue when a large company comes to a small town involves a cost benefit analysis regarding their presence. The introduction of a big superstore or big company headquarters implicates questions regarding: the impact of having the business as a community member (a neighbor, so to speak); the effect on local people (merchants, employees, children, etc.); the repercussions for local businesses, the changes to local law, rules, and regulations; the influence on the use of local resources (including environmental); managing allocation of funding; and the list continues. “Big box stores can be a blessing in that they often act as an anchor for further commercial development. However, some planners also criticize them for diminishing the unique feel of small towns.” These considerations are all important, and as meaningful aspects of local business governance decisions, this article addresses the issues. So often local governments and private-sector decision makers do not factor in the benefits of establishing a development plan to respond to economic, social, and environmental concerns. Acting individually or as a united guild in this planning process improves outcomes. This article addresses the benefits of stakeholders making the governance decision to work together, and proactively recognizing the importance of the employees and consumers working in concert and making a proactive plan. Similarly, local government actors may have a narrowed vision, focusing only on concerns of appearance, aesthetics, and generating taxes. When these types of development plans are analyzed, the analysis usually does not include reference to more than the power of the community at large or the individual local businesses. This article will provide information about big businesses and the impacts they have on small communities, with an emphasis on the Wal-Mart effect and makes recommendations for governance decisions from the perspective of the small business owner in the small community. Most notably, this article emphasizes that one key governance tool that has been ignored, and should be an integral part of management’s and the board’s informed decision making, is the power of the employees who will work in the large company and the consumers who will shop there. From this perspective, this article digs into the relevant details of the Market Basket Supermarket events from summer 2013. These events clearly, and some say shockingly, demonstrate the power flexed by the non-unionized employees and its customers. In light of the strength of the impact of the actions of the other stakeholders, including employees, customers, and the community, this article will conclude with an examination of the inter-related interests of these various stakeholder actions in a small community.

Ram Shetty started his business in 2005 in a small way which grew up to be a big business. He was into the business of bidding through contracts for nationalised banks to erect ATM structures. His business turnover grew from a humble Rs 20 Lakh to be a 6 00Lakh business within a span of 6 years by 2012. Although his business grew he faced a problem which most start ups face. He was having a cash crunch in managing his say to day operations. This is normally an issue of working capital management. Dr Ramesh a consultant was roped in and he was from academia and had done a few consulting projects ,but he was not able to identify the issue and provide a solution to Mr Shetty, although he had recognised that things were not moving in the right direction. Dr Ramesh had been a consultant for the firm for almost three long years. My assistance was sought to probe the whole issue and provide a solution.