Search

Cerium, an abundant lanthanide element, is widely used in human industry. The accumulation of Ce4+ ion, however, will damage the environment and biological organism. Therefore, its facile detection is highly needed. Herein, we design a hybrid sensing platform consisting of carbon dots (C-dots) and bathophenanthroline-disulfonate-Fe2+ complex (Bphen-Fe2+) for trace-level determination of Ce4+. Based on inner filter effect (IFE), the red-colored Bphen-Fe2+ complex severely quenches the fluorescence of C-dots. After addition of Ce4+, Fe2+ is oxidized to Fe3+, and the colorless Bphen-Fe3+ complex generates, which weakens the IFE efficiency and leads to the fluorescence recovery of C-dots. Meanwhile, due to the decreasing amount of Bphen-Fe2+ upon Ce4+ addition, the red color of the solution gradually fades, which enables visual detection of Ce4+ by the naked eyes. Under the optimized conditions, the C-dots/Bphen-Fe2+ system realizes the fluorometric and colorimetric sensing of Ce4+ in the range of 0.5–100 and 1.9–80 μM, with the limits of detection as low as 0.5 and 1.9 μM, respectively. This method also shows high selectivity over other common ions, and has an excellent applicability for monitoring of Ce4+ in real water samples.

Background Free, non-protein bound, Fe(II), which can catalyse the formation of the toxic highly-reactive oxygen species (hROS), has been implicated in several neurodegenerative conditions. The determination of free Fe(II) and Fe(III) in samples obtained from microdialysis experiments has been limited by the small amounts of sample available. New method This work describes the development of a HPLC, with absorbance detection, method, based on the complexation of Fe(II) with bathophenanthroline disulfonate (BS), which allows a complete extracellular iron analysis with the small sample amounts that are available from in vivo microdialysis in rat brain. Results Microdialysis experiments using 6-hydroxydopamine stimulation, showed that basal-as well as evoked levels of extracellular Fe(II) and total iron could be determined in parallel with measurements of hROS formation. Comparison with existing methods Although a spectrophotometric BS-based assay has been reported for use in microdialysis samples from large animals, the present procedure is applicable to the small sample sizes available from studies in rat brain. It is simpler than the alternative, involving inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Conclusions The procedure described is simple and sensitive, giving a linear response in the Fe(II) concentration range of 50 −2000 nM. A 20 min microdialysis sample (flow-rate 3 μl/min) yields sufficient material for triplicate determinations of the evoked release of Fe(II) and total iron whilst leaving sufficient sample volume for determining hROS and amine or amino-acid neurotransmitter release.