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RE-containing magnesium alloys were prepared via molten-salt-mediated magnesiothermic reduction by using RE2O3 (RE=Y, Nd and Gd) and Mg metal as raw materials. The thermomechanical analysis of the magnesiothermic reduction reactions in molten salt was investigated. Then the molten-salt-mediated magnesiothermic reduction process was studied from three different perspectives. After that, the RE-containing magnesium alloy was characterized by using chemical analysis, XRD analysis and SEM analysis. The magnesiothermic reduction was a liquid-liquid reaction with relatively weak driving force. During the melting process and the magnesiothermic reduction process, magnesium metal and the obtained alloy went up and down as a whole in molten salt, which improved the process safety without introducing chloride inclusions. Meanwhile, the hydrolysis of the RECl3-containing molten salt occurred at elevated temperature, which severely impeded the magnesiothermic reduction process. After the magnesiothermic reduction at 750 °C for 2.0 h, the content of RE and the common impurity elements in the obtained RE-containing alloy met the both requirements of the commercial WE43A and WE43B.

The Ru-catalyzed carbonylation of alkenes with CO2 as a C1 surrogate and imidazole chlorides as the promotor is investigated by a combination of computational and experimental study. The conversion rate of CO2 to CO is positively correlated with the efficiency of both hydroesterification and hydroformylation, which is found facilitated in the presence of chloride additives with a decreasing order of BmimCl ∼ B3MimCl > BmmimCl ∼ LiCl. Taking the hydroesterification with MeOH as a representative example, BmimCl bearing C–H functionality at the C2 site of the cation assists the reduction of CO2 to CO as a hydrogen donor medium, with the anion and cation acting in a synergistic fashion. Subsequent insertion of CO2 into the formed Ru–H bond with the assistance of chloride anion produces the Ru–COOH species, which ultimately accelerates the activation of CO2.

The present study was undertaken from June 2015 to May 2017 in Tal Chhapar Wildlife Sanctuary (TWS), Churu, Rajasthan that represents one of the unique and important grassland ecosystems in the Thar desert of India but has not been assessed ecologically. In this work the water quality assessment of the area is carried out in terms of physicochemical parameters and water quality index to fill this gap. The surface water samples were collected from the water surface with two replicates per sampling occasion for the summer, monsoon, and post-monsoon seasons. The physicochemical analysis for eight parameters were carried out following prescribed methods, viz., pH-by pH meter, total dissolved solids (TDS) -gravimetric analysis and filtration, chloride- silver nitrate titration, sulphate- turbidimetric, phosphate-stannous chloride, nitrate-brucine, calcium- EDTA titration, and iron- calorimetric methods. The relationship between the parameters was analyzed using Pearson's correlation analysis, and the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment Water Quality Index (CCME WQI) was calculated from these parameters. The study revealed water to be slightly alkaline (7.27–7.63) in the area. Most of the physicochemical parameters of water were found to be within the acceptable limits of the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) except for TDS and phosphate. The TDS showed a very strong to moderate correlation with chloride (r = 0.97), iron (r = 0.79), sulphate (r = 0.58), and calcium (r = 0.52) that revealed these ions were the major components in the makeup of the dissolved solids in the water sample. The CCME WQI indicated the water quality was fair and suitable for drinking purposes for wildlife in the area. In absence of any such prior study in the area, the overall findings of the present work is highly significant that can be used by the management authorities for future environmental monitoring and holistic development of the area.

Corrosion behavior of AZ31 magnesium alloy in NH4+-bearing chloride solution with controlled pH was investigated by weight loss experiment, hydrogen collection, and electrochemical test combined with surface morphology and topography observation. The results show that NH4+ and pH of the solution can affect the corrosion of AZ31 magnesium alloy. The existence of NH4+ affects the formation and dissolution of corrosion products, which makes the protective effect of the corrosion product layer weaker. The change of pH value not only affects the corrosion mechanism of AZ31, but also alters the concentration of NH4+ ions in the solution, which further influences the corrosion product layer of AZ31, and finally makes the corrosion of AZ31 change significantly.

In this study, through experimental research and an investigation on large datasets of the durability parameters in ocean engineering, the values, ranges, and types of distribution of the durability parameters employed for the durability design in ocean engineering in northern China were confirmed. Based on a modified theoretical model of chloride diffusion and the reliability theory, the service lives of concrete structures exposed to the splash, tidal, and underwater zones were calculated. Mixed concrete proportions meeting the requirement of a service life of 100 or 120 years were designed, and a cover thickness requirement was proposed. In addition, the effects of the different time-varying relationships of the boundary condition (Cs) and diffusion coefficient (Df) on the service life were compared; the results showed that the time-varying relationships used in this study (i.e., Cs continuously increased and then remained stable, and Df continuously decreased and then remained stable) were beneficial for the durability design of concrete structures in marine environment.

To monitor the reaction between Ce4+ ion and Cl– ion at the electron level, an electrochemical experiment was designed in this work. Herein, the intermediate and final products that may be produced during the redox reaction are directly tracked by using cyclic voltammetry, and the influences of Ce4+ ion concentration, temperature and F– ion on the reduction peak potential of Ce4+ ion were investigated. The results show that Ce4+ ion reacts with Cl– ion through an irreversible reaction without any intermediate products, and the rate-determining step of the reaction is diffusion during the electrode reaction. The effects of temperature (20–40 °C) and Ce4+ ion concentration (0.04–0.12 mol/L) on the reduction peak potential of Ce4+ ion can be ignored, but the higher the molar ratio of F– to Ce4+ (0–3 mol/mol), the more easily the reduction of Ce4+ ion to Ce3+ ion occurs. Additionally, the Ce4+ ions are preferentially reduced by thiourea when thiourea is added in the HCl solution, and thiourea inhibits the oxidation of Cl– ions to Cl2 by forming a complex with Cl– ions. This work provides a theoretical basis for the role of thiourea in inhibiting Cl2 production and offers a new way to find new reductants.

Electrolytic manganese metal residue (EMMR) harmless treatment has always lacked a low-cost and quick processing technology. In this study, surfactants, namely tetradecyl trimethylammonium chloride (TTC), sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS), sodium lignin sulfonate (SLS), and octadecyl trimethylammonium chloride (OTC), were used in the solidification of Mn2+ and removal of NH4+-N from electrolytic manganese metal residue (EMMR). The Mn2+ and NH4+-N concentrations under different reaction conditions, Mn2+ solidification and NH4+-N removal mechanisms, and leaching behavior were studied. The results revealed that the surfactants could enhance the Mn2+ solidification and NH4+-N removal from EMMR, and the order of enhancement was as follows: TTC ＞ SDBS ＞ OTC ＞ SLS. The NH4+-N and Mn2+ concentrations were 12.3 and 0.05 mg/L with the use of 60.0 mg/kg TTC under optimum conditions (solid-liquid ratio of 1.5:1, EMMR to BRM mass ratio of 100:8, temperature of 20 ℃, and reaction duration of 12 h), which met the integrated wastewater discharge standard (GB8978-1996). Mn2+ was mainly solidified as Mn(OH)2, MnOOH and MnSiO3, and NH4+-N in EMMR was mostly removed in the form of ammonia. The results of this study could provide a new idea for cost-effective EMMR harmless treatment.

Electrolysis of seawater gets an attention to produce hydrogen for renewable energy technology. It significantly reduces the use of fresh water instead of seawater. Development of low temperature fabrication of electrocatalyst can explore seawater splitting by avoiding chloride reduction during the hydrogen production. In the present work, we fabricated low temperature hydrothermal growth of Cu2S electrocatalyst on Ni foam at constant temperature of 80 °C at different growth times of 1–3 h. The prepared Cu2S electrocatalyst grown for 1 h exhibited low overpotentials of 76 and 118 mV at 10 mA/cm2 (289 and 358 mV overpotentials at 100 mA/cm2) in 1 M KOH deionized water and seawater, respectively for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The Tafel plot of Cu2S catalyst grown for 1 h showed lesser Tafel slope value of 128 mVdec−1 than that of other growth times 2 h (136 mVdec−1) and 3 h (142 mV dec−1) indicating elevated electrocatalytic behaviour of Cu2S grown for 1 h. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) showed charge transfer resistance of 12.8Ω, 19.6 Ω and 25.7Ω, for Cu2S grown for 1, 2 and 3 h, respectively, this lower charge transfer resistance indicated higher charge transfer properties. The Cu2S electrocatalyst grown for 1 h sustained retention of 80% after 12 h continuous stability test. Therefore, the cost-effective and low temperature fabrication of Cu2S electrocatalyst proceeds for development of largescale seawater splitting for hydrogen production.

Three sets of experiments were performed to test the stability and geologic importance of ferric (FeIII) chloride complexes in acidic, Cl-rich solutions at 150–300 °C, p = psat. Experiment Set A used the change in solubility of AgCl(s) in the presence of FeCl3 or FeCl2 to determine the stoichiometry of Fe(III) and Fe(II) chloride complexes at ΣCl = 0.1–3.0 molal. Results show that FeCl4− and FeCl2(aq) are the dominant Fe(III) and Fe(II) species, respectively, at T > 200 °C and ΣCl ≥ 1 m. Set B experiments used the solubility of elemental gold as a redox sensor to determine the aO2 of the FeCl4−/FeCl2(aq) boundary and log K values of +6.56 and +7.19 for the following reaction at 250 and 300 °C, respectively: FeCl2(aq) + ¼O2(g) + 2Cl− + H+ = FeCl4− + ½H2O(l). Ferric chloride complexes are stable under conditions of aCl−, aO2, and pH where gold is soluble as AuCl2−. Set C experiments measured the solubility of hematite in NaCl-HCl solutions at 200–300 °C by preparing a series of silica tubes with identical matrix chemistry (0.9 m NaCl + 0.1 m HCl) and increasing concentration of FeCl3. Hematite saturation was constrained by the tube with the lowest FeCl3 concentration that precipitated hematite at high temperature. Set C results were used to compute log K values of +3.6, +5.2, and + 7.4 for the following reaction at 200, 250 and 300 °C, respectively: 0.5Fe2O3(s) + 4Cl− + 3H+ = FeCl4− + 1.5H2O. Hematite solubility as FeCl4− is independent of redox state, and increases quickly with an increase in temperature, increase in Cl− concentration (power of 4), and decrease in pH (power of 3). Concentrations in excess of 100 mg/L ΣFe are attainable under geologically realistic conditions. Once formed, FeCl4− is an extremely effective oxidizing agent, capable of destabilizing any sulfide mineral and dissolving Fe, Au, and other metals (e.g., Cu, Pt, Pd) as chloride complexes. In deep hydrothermal systems, FeCl4− is a more viable oxidant than dissolved O2 gas, although its presence requires a source area with abundant hematite and a lack of reductants such as organic carbon, sulfides, or silicate minerals containing ferrous iron. Dissolved ferric chloride could be an important and previously overlooked reactant in the formation of certain types of hematite-rich hydrothermal mineral deposits, including iron oxide-copper–gold (IOCG) deposits.

Propylene molecule owns two active sites, the direct epoxidation of propylene by dioxygen is still a challenge due to the limitation of selectivity. In this work, the direct liquid-phase propylene aerobic epoxidation protocol by chloride manganese meso-tetraphenylporphyrin (MnTPPCl) was developed. The conversion of propylene was 12.7%, and the selectivity towards PO (propylene oxide) reached up to 80.5%. The formation of PO was attributed to the mechanism via high-valent Mn species, which was confirmed by means of in situ UV-vis spectrum.

The solubilities of the rare earth chlorides REECl3, where REE = (La, Nd, Er), were measured in HCl bearing water vapor from 350 to 425 °C with water partial pressures ranging from 8 to 170 bar. Solubility data were fit to the Pitzer-Pabalan quasi-chemical model in order to extract thermodynamic parameters for the formation of the gaseous REE-chloride-water clusters REECl3(H2O)n. The data show that the solubility of the REE chlorides are orders of magnitude higher than salts such as NaCl or CuCl at low water fugacities, despite their sublimation energies being substantially higher. This enhanced solubility is likely due to the high enthalpy associated with binding a single water molecule to form the species REECl3(H2O), with derived enthalpies ranging from −378 to −465 kJ/mol. Addition of further water molecules to form higher order clusters (n > 1) involves enthalpy changes of ~−20 kJ/mol, and are in effect thermodynamically suppressed over the temperature range 350–425 °C. Despite the enhanced solubility of small REECl3 water clusters, simulations of boiling processes demonstrate that the REE show highly conservative behavior, partitioning strongly into the dense aqueous phase. Not surprisingly, the presence of phosphates in the system makes this effect even more pronounced, completely immobilizing the REE. This would reduce transport in both the vapor and aqueous phase to negligible levels. However, we suggest that vapor phase transport of the REE may play a significant role in systems having a relatively low partial pressure of water (below the saturation point), where the relatively high stability of the first hydrated REE chloride clusters (REECl3(H2O) and REECl3(H2O)2) will give a preference for gas transport of the REE relative to other elements. This can likely happen in systems involving a gas/melt exchange in fumarolic exhalations, where water vapor discharges at relatively low (close to atmospheric) pressures.

Two phosphorylcarboxylic acids, 3-((bis(2-ethylhexyloxy))phosphoryl)propanoic acid (PPA) and 3-((bis(2-ethylhexyloxy))phosphoryl)-3-phenylpropanoic acid (PPPA), were synthesized for separating yttrium from other rare earths in the chloride feed of ion-adsorption type rare earth concentrate. The effect of the factors such as pH1/2, temperature, saponification degree and phase modifiers was investigated. The separation efficiencies of PPA and PPPA are obviously better than the typical extractants such as sec-octylphenoxy acetic acid (CA-12) and naphthenic acid (NA). The extraction process of rare earths by PPA and PPPA is a cation exchanging reaction, which is similar to those of CA-12 and NA. The loaded rare earths in both PPA and PPPA systems can be effectively back-extracted by 0.5 mol/L HCl or higher concentration. A cascade extraction process for separating yttrium from other rare earths was developed using PPPA as the extractant. The yttrium product with the purity of 97.20 wt% was obtained by 35 stages of extraction and 12 stages of scrubbing.

Thin-film composite polyesteramide nanofiltration membrane prepared from carboxylated chitosan and trimesoyl chloride was carefully tailored during its fabrication process of interfacial polymerization. The effects of post-curing, mid-drying and the addition of phase transfer catalysts on the membrane properties were studied using single-factor experiment. Post-curing was found to be effective in improving the separation performance of the membrane containing high concentrations of carboxylated chitosan, and the optimal post-curing effect was achieved at a temperature of 40 °C and curing time range of 15−20 min. Mid-drying enhanced the permeation flux and salt rejection of the membrane containing low concentrations of carboxylated chitosan, and the optimum temperature range for the mid-drying process was obtained at 30−40 °C. Furthermore, the membrane properties were susceptible to the addition of phase transfer catalysts, and a uniformly distributed phase transfer catalyst is vital to its influence on membrane properties. The addition of 0.025 wt% benzyltriethylammonium chloride to the aqueous solution exhibited the best effect towards the improvement of the separation performance of the produced membrane.

In the titanium dioxide industry, there is a lack of a low-cost and high-efficiency treatment method for chloride containing tail gas. In this paper, the removal of HCl from the titanium dioxide industry by gas cyclone-liquid jet separator was studied, while Ca(OH)2, Na2CO3, NaOH solution, and water were used as absorbents. This paper investigated the influence of gas cyclone-liquid jet separator’s various process parameters on the removal rate of hydrogen chloride gas. The mechanism of mass transfer in the process of removing hydrogen chloride was discussed, and the effect and feasibility of HCl gas removal in the gas cyclone-liquid jet absorption separator were studied. The results showd that the removal efficiency of hydrogen chloride maintained above 95%, up to 99.9%, and the total mass transfer coefficient reached 0.28 mol·m-3·s-1·kPa-1. Under the same conditions, the absorption effect and total mass transfer coefficient of weak basic absorption liquid can be greatly improved by increasing the flow rate of absorption liquid, but the absorption effect and total mass transfer coefficient of strong alkaline absorption liquid can’t be improved obviously. The larger the inlet gas volume, the higher the gas concentration, the lower the absorption efficiency and the lower the total volumetric mass transfer coefficient.

Polystyrene (PS) is rich in plastic materials, but it produces a large amount of waste every year, causing a huge burden on the environment. Although PS plastic is the source of a common "white pollution" in daily life, it still has a high utilization value. At the same time, the flammability of PS material determines that it cannot be applicated in places where fire accidents occur frequently. As a result, its application has been greatly limited. In order to realize the efficient utilization of waste PS and broaden its scope of application, PS was modified by hyper-crosslinking in order to improve its fire-retardant performance. In this method, the PS solution with high purity was obtained by dissolving waste PS foam with 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE), and then the hyper-crosslinked polymer with high specific surface area was prepared by adding cross-linking agent formaldehyde dimethyl acetal (FDA) and a Lewis-acid catalyst ferric chloride (FeCl3). Further studies showed that the effects of the amount of cross-linking agent FDA, catalyst FeCl3 and PS on the reaction products were different. In addition, compared the as-prepared fire-retardant materials with PS foam from the aspects of flame retardancy and thermal insulation, it can be concluded that the fire-retardant performance of the materials prepared by this method has been significantly enhanced. And it is proved that this method is feasible towards the preparation of a large number of fire-retardant composite materials by using a scale-up experiment.

Chloride ion batteries (CIB) are considered to be one of the most promising energy storage devices. As cathode materials for CIBs, metal chlorides have many advantages, such as high theoretical energy density, abundant elemental resources and ideal discharge voltage plateau. However, the dissolution and huge volume change of metal chlorides during cycling lead to considerable short lifespan, which limits their potential application for CIBs. Herein, the bismuth chloride nanocrystal is confined in mesocellular carbon foam matrix by a new vacuum impregnation approach. The mesocellular carbon foam with large interconnected pores (15.7 or 23.2 nm) may buffer the large volume variation of bismuth chloride during charge and discharge, giving rise to significantly enhanced electrochemical performance. The as-prepared bismuth chloride@mesocellular carbon foam cathode delivered an initial discharge capacity of 298 mAh/g and a reversible capacity of 91 mAh/g after 60 cycles. In contrast, the pure bismuth chloride cathode almost cannot discharge after 30 cycles. This is the first report that the metal chloride cathode can achieve a prolonged cycling in CIBs.

Two-dimensional (2D)/quasi-2D perovskite solar cells (PSCs) incorporating organic spacer cations exhibit appealing ambient stability in comparison with their 3D analogs. Most reported organic spacer cations are based on ammonium, whereas formamidinium (FA+) has been seldom applied despite that FA has been extensively used in high-efficiency 3D PSCs. Herein, a novel FA-based organic spacer cation, 4-chloro-phenylformamidinium (CPFA+), is applied in quasi-2D Ruddlesden-Popper (RP) PSCs for the first time, and methylammonium chloride (MACl) is employed to promote crystal growth and orientation of perovskite film, resulting in high power conversion efficiency (PCE) with improved stability. Upon incorporating CPFA+ organic spacer cation and MACl additive, high-quality quasi-2D CPFA2MAn−1Pbn(I0.857Cl0.143)3n+1 (n = 9) perovskite film forms, exhibiting improved crystal orientation, reduced trap state density, prolonged carrier lifetime and optimized energy level alignment. Consequently, the CPFA2MAn−1Pbn(I0.857Cl0.143)3n+1 (n = 9) quasi-2D RP PSC devices deliver a highest PCE of 14.78%. Moreover, the un-encapsulated CPFA-based quasi-2D RP PSC devices maintain ∼ 80% of its original PCE after exceeding 2000 h storage under ambient condition, whereas the 3D MAPbI3 counterparts retain only ∼ 45% of its original PCE. Thus, the ambient stability of quasi-2D RP PSC devices is improved obviously relative to its 3D MAPbI3 counterpart.

Platinum anodes are widely used for metal oxides reduction in LiCl–Li2O, however high-cost and low-corrosion resistance hinder their implementation. NiO–Li2O ceramics is an alternative corrosion resistant anode material. Anode processes on platinum and NiO–Li2O ceramics were studied in (80 mol.%)LiCl-(20mol.%)KCl and (80 mol.%)LiCl-(20 mol.%)KCl–Li2O melts by cyclic voltammetry, potentiostatic and galvanostatic electrolysis. Experiments performed in the LiCl–KCl melt without Li2O illustrate that a Pt anode dissolution causes the Pt2+ ions formation at 3.14 V and 550°С and at 3.04 V and 650оС. A two-stage Pt oxidation was observed in the melts with the Li2O at 2.40 ÷ 2.43 V, which resulted in the Li2PtO3 formation. Oxygen current efficiency of the Pt anode at 2.8 V and 650°С reached about 96%. The anode process on the NiO–Li2O electrode in the LiCl–KCl melt without Li2O proceeds at the potentials more positive than 3.1 V and results in the electrochemical decomposition of ceramic electrode to NiO and O2. Oxygen current efficiency on NiO–Li2O is close to 100%. The NiO–Li2O ceramic anode demonstrated good electrochemical characteristics during the galvanostatic electrolysis at 0.25 A/cm2 for 35 h and may be successfully used for pyrochemical treating of spent nuclear fuel.

The semiconductor-based photocatalysts with local surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effect can extend light response to near-infrared region (NIR), as well as promote charge-carriers transfer, which provide a novel insight into designing light-driven photocatalyst with excellent photocatalytic performance. Here, we designed cost-effective wide-spectrum Zn2In2S5/W18O49 composite with enhanced photocatalytic performance based on a dual-channel charge transfer pathway. Benefiting from the synergistic effect of Z-scheme heterostructure and unique LSPR effect, the interfacial charge-carriers transfer rate and light-absorbing ability of Zn2In2S5/W18O49 were enhanced significantly under visible and NIR (vis-NIR) light irradiation. More reactive oxygen species (ROS) were formed by efficient molecular oxygen activation, which were the critical factors for both Escherichia coli (E. coli) photoinactivation and tetracycline (TC) photodegradation. The enhancement of molecular oxygen activation (MOA) ability was verified via quantitative analyses, which evaluated the amount of ROS through degrading nitrotetrazolium blue chloride (NBT) and p-phthalic acid (TA). By combining theoretical calculations with diverse experimental results, we proposed a credible photocatalytic reaction mechanism for antibiotic degradation and bacteria inactivation. This study develops a new insight into constructing promising photocatalysts with efficient photocatalytic activity in practical wastewater treatment.

The development of a conventional electrolyte, based on commercially available magnesium (Mg) salts in organic solvents, remains one of the most challenging quests for rechargeable Mg batteries. Conventional electrolytes typically form a passivation layer on Mg metal anode, necessitating the extensive use of inorganic chloride additives such as MgCl2. Herein, for the first time, we introduce an organic chloride, tetrabutylammonium chloride (TBAC), as a multifunctional electrolyte additive for conventional magnesium triflate (Mg(OTf)2)-based electrolytes. TBAC was found to perform three major roles: (1) enhance Mg(OTf)2 dissociation in aprotic solvent, (2) inhibit the reduction of triflate anions through surface-adsorbed TBA+, and (3) act as a chloride source to form Mg complexes and stabilize the Mg anode-electrolyte interface. The novel electrolyte combination of TBAC and Mg(OTf)2 in 1,2-dimethoxyethane exhibits excellent Mg plating/stripping with Coulombic efficiency of 97.7% over 200 cycles at 0.5 mA cm−2 and 0.5 mAh cm-2. Post-mortem analysis unveils uniform Mg deposition and stable solid electrolyte interphase formation on Mg anode, which enables reversible cycling with Mo6S8 cathode. Together with our findings on another organic chloride additive, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, and in combination with different electrolyte salts and solvents, we showcase the general promise of high-performance conventional electrolytes for rechargeable Mg batteries.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the impacts of leachate co-treatment on a full-scale municipal WWTP by comparing plant performance at varying levels of leachate contributions and hydraulic loadings. Leachate BOD:COD ratio was 0.08 ± 0.07 and indicated a stabilized, old matrix and concentrations of zinc, iron, aluminum, chloride and sulfate were 0.174, 38, 1.47, 1803 and 119.1 mg/L, respectively. The average volumetric leachate ratio (VLR%) was approximately 0.01% corresponding to a daily volume of 30 m3 but reaching a maximum of 270 m3 (VLR% = 0.1%) and fluctuating on a daily-basis. A cluster analysis revealed 5 VLR% groupings that were used for subsequent analyses: no leachate, 0

Solvent extraction is the most important method for rare earth extraction and separation. Currently, di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (HDEHP) and 2-ethylhexyl phosphonic acid mono-2-ethylhexyl ester (HEH/EHP) are widely used in industrial production, but there are still obvious deficiencies that require further research to resolve. In this paper, the unsaponification extraction of light rare earth ions in a hydrochloric acid medium by di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid-di(1-methyl-heptyl) methyl phosphonate (HDEHP-P350) system was studied. The results show that the addition of P350 reduces the extraction capacity of HDEHP, and also greatly reduces the concentration of acidity required for the back-extraction. It still has a good separation factor for light rare earths without saponification, and the extractant is not easy to emulsify. With an aqueous phase of pH = 2.85, and HDEHP mole fraction XHDEHP = 0.9 (compared with O/A = 2), the separation effect of light rare earth is the best, resulting in the separation coefficient βCe/La = 3.39, βPr/Ce = 1.67 and βNd/Pr = 1.45, respectively. The loaded light rare earth ions extracted by HDEHP-P350 can be easily stripped when 2 mol/L HCl is used as the stripping agent. Finally, the extraction mechanism is discussed using a slope method, and the final structure of the extracted complex is determined to be RECl[(DEHP)2]2P350(o), based on a combination of infrared spectra and 1H NMR and 31P NMR analyses.

Low cost processing of lignocellulosic biomass is of great importance for sustainable chemistry and engineering. Herein, a low cost system composed of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([C4C1im]Cl), HCl and formaldehyde (FA) were developed for the pretreatment of corn stalk at 80 °C. The efficiency of this technology was compared with that in dioxane system or without FA addition. Due to FA stabilization, the extent of acid-hydrolysis of carbohydrate fraction can be significantly decreased while 70% above of lignin was removed with the pretreatment of [C4C1im]Cl/HCl/FA system at 80 °C for 2 h. A maximum reducing sugar yield of 93.7% and glucose concentration of 7.0 mg/mL were subsequently obtained from enzymatic hydrolysis of the slurry. There were great differences in compositions of small molecule degraded products obtained with FA addition or not. The present [C4C1im]Cl based system exhibit great potential of substituting volatile organic solvents (i.e. dioxane) in developing low cost lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment at low temperature. Also, this work would gain insight into understanding on the roles of stabilization methods on the economic improvement of IL based biomass processing.

The aim of this study was to develop new low-cost synthesis routes to produce aluminum oxide ceramic fibers for high temperature insulation. The co-precipitation and sol gel chemistry provided the basic of the syntheses. The starting materials were varied from inorganic Al salts (nitrate and chloride) to organic Al compounds (acetate and isopropoxide). The influence of various chemical additives such as polymers, surfactants, basic and gelation agents has been determined on the fiber parameters. Important task was to find the appropriate and efficient fiber drawing technique and heat treatment. The solvent spinning technique has been proved to be an optimal device to produce fibers qualified for high temperature insulation. These fibers can be characterised by diameter of 10–20 μm and the length of 5–15 cm. The techniques as SEM, NMR spectroscopy, DLS, DTA, WAXS, the measurement of tensile strength, thermal conductivity, and heat resistance were aimed to characterise the fibers.

The quality of MAPbI3 film prepared by solvent engineering process highly depends on environment and antisolvent control. Here, we provided a simple methylamine chloride (MACl) solution treatment using a two-step process to enlarge the perovskite crystal grain sizes to more than 1 μm. Other than treatment on the film surface, the MACl solution diffuses into the MAPbI3 films to assist the recrystallization of small crystal at the bottom of perovskite film. The imitative contact between perovskite and substrate is formed. Meanwhile, the enlargement of grain size and ten times enhancement of crystalline reduce trap-assisted recombination of perovskite films. Thus, the significant improvement of cell efficiency of 20.89% as well as device stability is obtained with the MACl treatment.

It is highly important to design and develop appropriate insoluble anodes for industrial Cu electroplating to lower the amount of organic additives that this process consumes. Conventionally, this rapid consumption of additives (e.g., brighteners, suppressors, or levelers) is known to be due to the active radical species (e.g., OH) formed during oxygen evolution. In this study, we found that trace amounts of chloride ions present in the electroplating bath are the source of the active chlorine species that accelerate the breakdown at the insoluble anode. A sacrificial, perfluorinated polymer coating effectively decreased the emission of active chlorine species from the electrode, thereby lowering the consumption of the brightener. This study reveals that the suppression of chlorine evolution at the anode can be an effective approach for decreasing brightener consumption during Cu electrodeposition.

The preparation of amorphous pure organic room-temperature phosphorescence materials with high efficiency is still a challenging task. Herein, we introduce a CB[6] derivative-based supramolecular self-assembling strategy. A water soluble and ellipsoidal deformed CB[6] derivative is used to self-assemble with 4-(4-bromophenyl)-1-methylpyridin-1-ium chloride, bromide and hexafluorophosphate in water. After freeze-drying, the obtained amorphous complexes exhibit brilliant green phosphorescence emission under ambient conditions, with phosphorescence efficiency up to 59, 60 and 72%, respectively. This is the first report of amorphous non-polymeric pure organic room-temperature phosphorescence with such a high efficiency. In view of the dynamic self-assembling property, the complexes are responsive to water, which could enable information encryption.

Selective laser melting (SLM) is an additive manufacturing process in which layers of metallic powder are selectively melted and fused by a high-powered laser to form near-fully dense 3D components. The SS316L is an austenitic chromium-nickel stainless steel containing a deliberate amount of molybdenum which increases general corrosion resistance and especially improves its pitting resistance to chloride ion solutions. The importance of process parameter such as layer thickness and orientation of specimen on the hardness and microstructure are being explored. Hence, it is essential to carry out research in that direction. The aim of the study is to understand the effect of layer thickness and angle orientation on hardness of the material as it is one of the desirable properties for SS316 material. The excellent hardness (218.835 BHN) was attained at the angle orientation of 90° and layer thickness of 40 µm according to ANOVA analysis.

Efficient and reversible absorption of SO2 by deep eutectic solvents (DESs) has drawn much attention in recent years. In this work, a new type of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) were synthesized via pyridine derivatives, nicotinamide, aminopyridines and hydroxypyridines, as the hydrogen bond donors (HBDs) with common quaternary ammonium salt ionic liquids (ILs) as hydrogen bond acceptors (HBAs). The studied DESs exhibited an attractive absorption behavior for SO2, especially for low concentration SO2. The 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (AmimCl)/2-aminopyridine (2-NH2Py) (2:1) and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BmimCl)/3-aminopyridine (3-NH2Py) (2:1) could capture 0.273 and 0.223 g SO2/g DES at 293 K and 1.0 kPa, respectively, surpassing that of most DESs and ILs in the present literature. The influence of DES composition, temperature and pressure on SO2 absorption performance was systematically investigated. Moreover, the absorption mechanism studied by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopies indicated that the efficient absorption of SO2 was ascribed to the chemical interaction between the pyridine nitrogen atom and SO2.

International audience; Tungsten (VI) speciation in hydrothermal solutions is investigated through in-situ Raman spectroscopy coupled with the fused silica glass capillary technique at temperatures up to 400 °C. The effect of temperature, pH, chlorinity and carbonate speciation are evaluated. At all investigated temperatures, the tungstate ion WO4 2-(927 cm-1) is the only W species in solution at pH > 10. At a given pH, the presence of dissolved carbonates and chloride does not affect the tungsten speciation. Tungsten polymers remain stable up to 400 °C under acidic to circum-neutral pH conditions and total tungsten concentration above 0.01 mol kgH2O-1. Among the three observed polymers, namely [W7O24] 6-(paratungstate-A, ~ 960 cm-1), [W10O32] 4-(tungstate-Y, ~ 970 cm-1), and α-[H2W12O40] 6-(α-metatungstate, ~ 990 cm-1), only the hepta-and dodeca-tungstate are stable at elevated temperature. Combined with revised literature data, these results allow the thermodynamic stability constants of these W polymers to be constrained, enabling quantitative predictions of their relative abundance at temperatures up to 300 °C. These predictions suggest that W polymerization occurs under hydrothermal conditions even at low W concentration (down to 10-5 mol•kgH2O-1) under acidic conditions. These observations imply that the currently available geochemical models on W transport and deposition in deep and hot geological fluids need to be revised.

There have been 2 spectrophotometric techniques developed, validated to find out how much folic acid there is that is simple to use, sensitive to detect, and selective. One method reduces ferric chloride in a neutral medium while simultaneously adding folic acid, and the second method is to chelate iron (II) along with 1, 10-phenanthroline (method A) on one hand and Method B depends on the interaction of the primary amino group of folic acid with the amino group of Ninhydrin in an alkaline solution, On the other hand. In Method A, red chromogens with a wavelength of 505 nm are produced, whereas, in Method B, violet chromogens with a wavelength of 575 nm are produced, and so on. Beer's law holds under ideal conditions in molar absorptivity values of 2.331104 L.mol-1 cm-1 and 6.771104 L.mol-1 cm-1, respectively, for concentration ranges of 1.0–35.0 g ml-1 and 0.5–10.0 g ml-1. Sandell's sensitivity values of 1.944 × 10–6 µg cm-2 and 1.6728 × 10–6 µg cm-2, respectively, and Sandell Technically, technique A and method B had limits of detection (LODs) of 0.198 and 0.488, respectively, and limits of quantification (LOQs) of 0.600 and 1.479, respectively. The correlation coefficients (R2) for technique A and method B were both 0.9979 and 0.9988. A and B used stability constants of 5.6192 and 5.4633 kJ.mol-1, respectively, and Gibbs free energy change (ΔG) values of −25.6071 and −24.8963, respectively, in their calculations of the free energy change (ΔG). The proposed methodologies were successfully used to evaluate folic acid in both pure and tablet form, with no influence from common excipients found in pharmaceutical formulations, demonstrating their efficacy. According to the study, there were no statistically significant differences between the precision and accuracy of the suggested procedures and those produced using the reference approach.

The Present Study have investigated the effect of recycled aggregates as a partial replacement of coarse aggregates on durability properties of M30 grade of Self Compacting concrete. The sulphate tolerance of concrete is tested using a 40 g/l magnesium sulphate solution and the rapid chloride penetration tests were conducted for the varying proportions of Recycled aggregates. The RA were used in portions of 0, 10, 25 and 50 percent by weight of the coarse aggregates. The suitability of proposed hypothesis has been evident with the addition of recycled aggregates. In addition, from practical feasibility point of view, the improved durability properties can be particularly useful to local authorities, cement/concrete industries, and engineers across the world.

Sea sand is a widely available form of sand on comparing with the river sand. Sea sand is not used widely because it may contain chloride, sea shells in large numbers and other harmful chemicals like Fe2O3, V2O5, Cr2O3, Ga2O3, Br2O and Re2O7. The usage of sea- sand may either address the concrete’s existing problems in strength and durability or can be an excellent replacement material to river sand which is in great danger due to excessive excavation in almost all countries around the world. A large number of individual works have been done worldwide on sea sand as partial/full replacement of fine aggregates in concrete and this paper is aimed and compiling all the works and give an in depth understanding about how this material can be effectively utilized in concrete. The present work focuses on compiling and reporting various works on the general material properties of sea- sand, effect of chloride content in strength and workability, effect of rainfall on the chloride content, alkali – aggregate reaction. It also consists and understanding of the likely dangerous chemical components, effect of shell content on workability and strength, effect of size and uniformity of sea sand in concrete. Effect on compressive strength due to grading of the sea sand’s, curing with sea water and using washed the sea sand before use have also been reported. From the report it can be concluded that by understanding the material properties of sea- sand, it can be effectively utilized as fine aggregate in concrete.

Defects in the perovskite films impose a serious issue on the PCE and stability of the SnO2 based planar perovskite solar cells (SP–PSCs). So far, most researches have focused on regulating the SnO2/perovskite interface to improve performance. However, defect passivation of the perovskite/HTM interface is more significant and potential. Herein, the non-toxic and cheap choline chloride was performed to passivate multiple defects of the MAPbI3/HTM interface in ambient atmosphere. An optimal PCE of 19.93% (the average PCE was 18.60%) was obtained for the passivated device. Furthermore, the effect and mechanism of choline chloride on the humid and thermal stability of the SP-PSCs was investigated in detail. The passivated device without encapsulation retained 91% of its initial efficiency after 20 days in humid environment (20 ± 5 °C, 55 ± 5% RH) and 95% of the initial value under heating for 7 cycles (85 °C). Chloride ions with smaller radius and larger electronegativity formed stronger ionic bonding with Pb2+ to passivate I− vacancy defects, while choline ions passivated MA+ vacancies. This work not only provides guidance for fabrication of an efficient and stable device in air, but also opens an avenue to understanding of relation between stability and defects in the SP-PSCs.

This study aims to propose a set of time-dependent chloride transport models based on the measured data of 16 locations of monolithic concrete bridge decks under the attack of chloride ions in form of de-icing salts. This is carried out due to the shortcomings in the previous study which developed time-independent models containing two regression parameters. In this study, there are four regression parameters to be determined. They are simultaneously calculated using the finite difference formulation embedded with regression analysis. From the study, it is observed that the developed chloride transport model can predict the chloride content in most bridge decks. Although the prediction in some cases falls outside 50% margin of difference, they are on the conservative side. The regression parameters in the surface chloride function calculated here is higher than those in the previous study by two times. Seemingly, the diffusion coefficient in this study is comparable with that in Life-365 program. On the measurement or field survey date, if using the critical chloride value of 0.6 and 1.2 kg/m3, most and 5 of 16 bridge decks, respectively, would have rebar corrosion. However, there would be no concrete cracking if using the critical chloride value of 2.0 kg/m3.

A semi organic nonlinear optical single crystal of L-valine barium chloride was grown from an aqueous solution by the method of slow evaporation technique at room temperature. The grown crystal was characterized by powder X- ray diffraction confirms the presence of chloride. Single crystal X-ray diffraction studies confirm that the grown crystal belongs to the monoclinic system. The functional groups presented in the crystal were confirmed by FT-IR technique. The UV–vis-NIR spectrum indicates that the crystal has very good absorption in the entire visible and NIR region spectrum indicating the stability of the materials for NLO applications. The grown crystal was subjected to EDX to confirm the presence of the elements. The crystal was stable up to 260⁰C and fully decomposed at 907⁰C. Hence the thermal behaviour and the stability of crystal were studied by TGA, DTA and DSC. The second harmonic generation SHG efficiency was studied by Kurtz-Perry powder technique. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the crystal for antibacterial activity was studied using micro dilution bioassay as described by ELOFF.

Innovative approaches are under research to study the resistance of chloride ion penetration in concrete containing chloride ions, to minimize the impact of chloride ion penetration test errors in coastal reinforced concrete (RC), which is helpful to the design of coastal RC structures. In this study, the diffusion depth, free ion concentration and diffusion coefficient of chloride, iodide ions with different curing ages and GGBFS content were measured by the Rapid Chloride Migration Test (RCM) and Rapid Iodide Migration tests (RIM). The SEM-EDS and MIP were used to analyze the microstructures, pore size distribution and the hydrated products. The results show that the performance of GGBFS concrete against the diffusion of corrosive ions is affected by the curing age and the content of GGBFS. With the increase of GGBFS content, especially concrete with 60% GGBFS, the influence of chloride, iodide ion penetrating into concrete gradually becomes smaller. The long-age curing system is more conducive to the concrete resistance to the migration and diffusion of chloride, iodine ions. Compared with the ordinary concrete, the total porosity of concrete mixed with GGBFS is lower, the internal microstructures have fewer cracks and defects, the density is better, and the diffusion coefficient of chloride and iodide ions is also lower. In addition, using the concept of corrosive ion adjustment coefficient (conversion coefficient of diffusion between chloride ion and iodide ion) and applying the data regression analysis (DRA), it is found that there is a good quadratic parabolic function relationship between the GGBFS content and the ions adjustment coefficient.

We performed experiments to determine the solubility of Au and Pd in magmatic aqueous fluids as a function of oxygen fugacity (ƒO2), temperature (T), pH and total chloride concentration (Cltotal). Experiments were conducted at 800–1000 °C and 200 MPa in an externally-heated rapid-quench Molybdenum-Hafnium Carbide (MHC) cold-seal pressure vessel assembly. We employed a synthetic fluid inclusion (SFI) technique to entrap equilibrated, hydrothermal fluids in response to in situ fracturing of quartz cylinders at experimental run conditions. The solubility of Au and Pd both have positive relationships with ƒO2, temperature, acidity and chlorinity. Concentrated aqueous brines containing 63 wt.% NaCl can dissolve wt.% levels of Au (∼1.2 wt.%) and Pd (∼1.7 wt.%) at metal saturation in relatively oxidized conditions, 1.44 log units above the Ni-NiO oxygen buffer (NNO+1.44), and mildly acidic pH at 900 °C and 200 MPa. Thermodynamic modeling of experimental results suggests that Au is mainly transported as AuCl(aq) at high pH and low Cltotal conditions, whereas HAuCl2(aq) and potentially AuCl2(aq)− predominates at low pH and high Cltotal conditions. Results from thermodynamic modeling also suggest Pd is mobilized in significant contributions by both PdCl2(aq) and PdCl3(aq)− with the latter gaining predominance in response to increasing Cltotal. Calculated fluid/melt partition coefficients for Au and Pd in low-density, magmatic vapors at 1000 °C and 200 MPa suggest that Pd may experience fractionation from Au in porphyry Au-Cu (±Pd, Pt) systems due to the restricted compatibility of Pd in the fluid phase (requiring strongly acidic and substantially high ƒO2 conditions). Moreover, high-density, concentrated aqueous brines facilitate the compatibility of Pd in the fluid phase which may be important with respect to the formation of platinum-group element (PGE)-enriched horizons in layered mafic intrusions (e.g., J-M Reef, Stillwater Complex, U.S.A.). The potential for magmatic, near-neutral pH, high-salinity brines to dissolve significant amounts of Pd as Pd(II)-chloride complexes (∼400 to ∼900 µg/g) well below the NNO buffer suggests that such fluids may be responsible for late-stage hydrothermal remobilization of Pd within mafic-ultramafic igneous environments (e.g., Cu-Ni-PGE footwall deposits and low-sulfide PGE deposits in the Sudbury Igneous Complex, Canada).

Several field-based studies have proposed that late-stage magmatic aqueous brines may be responsible for the transportation and redistribution of platinum-group elements (PGE) in mafic–ultramafic igneous systems. We experimentally studied the solubility of Pt in high-temperature aqueous brines as a function of oxygen fugacity (ƒO2), temperature (T), pH and total chloride concentration (Cltotal) in a S-free system. Experiments were conducted at 800–1000 °C and 200 MPa in an externally-heated rapid-quench Molybdenum-Hafnium Carbide (MHC) pressure vessel assembly. We employed the synthetic fluid inclusion (SFI) technique to trap and sample pre-equilibrated, high-salinity brines in quartz cylinders subjected to in situ fracturing during experimental run conditions. Platinum solubility was observed to have a positive correlation with ƒO2, temperature, fluid acidity and Cltotal (salinity). A log Pt versus log ƒO2 diagram derives a weighted-error linear regression slope (m) = 0.48 ± 0.04 which demonstrates that Pt is present in the 2+ oxidation state over the studied ƒO2 range. At relatively oxidizing conditions, 1.44 log units above the Ni-NiO oxygen buffer (NNO+1.44), aqueous brines (containing 63 NaCl eq. wt.%) with a mildly acidic fluid composition (pH = 6.03) can dissolve up to ∼100 µg/g Pt at 900 °C and 200 MPa. Aqueous brines with identical fluid compositions yield a solubility of 4–13 µg/g Pt under more reducing conditions (NNO–0.41 to NNO–1.42). Thermodynamic model calculations suggest that both PtCl2 and PtCl3− are the dominant Pt(II)-chloride complexes which facilitate the transport of Pt in high-temperature aqueous vapors and brines. In fluid compositions with Cltotal >32 m (mol/kg H2O), PtCl3− complex is expected to be the dominant Pt species. In natural mafic–ultramafic systems, high-salinity, orthomagmatic aqueous brines may be important transporting agents if such magmatic fluids can participate in the dissolution of Pt-enriched base-metal sulfides or react with discrete insoluble Pt phases imposing a relatively high activity of Pt (i.e., Pt3Fe). Furthermore, precipitation of Pt from aqueous brines is promoted by a decrease in ƒO2, temperature, acidity and Cltotal.

This study proposes an innovative carbon fibre reinforced polymer composite-geopolymer concrete (CFRP-GPC) system to improve the durability and structural performance of existing deteriorated reinforced concrete (RC) bridges. A rigorous experimental program is designed to investigate the transport mechanism of corrosive agents such as acids and chloride in the constituents via mechanical and microstructural analysis and to develop diffusion models for CFRP-GPC systems considering synergistic effects of temperature and pH fluctuations. Experimental results show that tensile strength of CFRP and epoxy resin reduces by up to 25% and the failure of composite mainly occurs at the fibre-epoxy interface after exposure to acid. The compressive strength of geopolymer concrete decreases by 66% and 61.3% while the mass loss reduces by 5.3% and 3.7% for samples after exposure to the 10% and 32% hydrochloric acid solution, respectively. The diffusion coefficients of the constituent materials vary from 10-8 to 10-6 mm2/s whilst the diffusion rate within the CFRP is the lowest due to the presence of carbon fibres. Furthermore, a computational model is established to evaluate the performance of the proposed hybrid system in improving long term durability performance of a roadway geopolymer concrete bridge in Australia. The numerical results indicate that the proposed CFRP-confined GPC can substantially impede the acid diffusion into the bridge column, and reduce the level of diffusion and thereby improve the service-life. Parametric study shows that the diffusion rate in CFRP-GPC columns increases up to 58% and 394% for epoxy and CFRP when temperature elevates from 23 °C to 80 °C. In addition, elevation in the exposure temperature from 23 °C to 80 °C increases the mass loss to 22% and 25% under pH = 1 and 7. The findings of this research provide a framework for durability design of hybrid CFRP-GPC systems.

In recent years, bio fibers (such as jute, hemp, flax, nettle, etc) are gaining more attention due their light weight, high specific strength, biodegradability, etc in various applications. Along with this, environmental issue is also an important aspect for maintaining sustainability of the bio fiber based composites. Failure occurs in bio fiber based polymer composites when they are applied to severe loading conditions and the material start degrading. To sustain the lifetime of the bio fiber composites, chemical treatment of the bio fiber is done to enhance the mechanical strength between the bonds so that the amount of stress transferability in the composites is equalized. The most important chemicals sources for the treatments are alkaline, silane, acetylation, benzoylation, acrylation, maleated coupling agents, permanganate, peroxide, isocyanate, stearic acid, sodium chlorite, triazine, derivatives of fatty acids (oleoyl chloride). The present study summarises the studies carried out on the environmental impact and various chemical treatments that were applied to bio fibers for enhancing their properties.

The exposure of humans to Cd exerts adverse human health effects at low chronic exposure doses, but the underlying biomolecular mechanisms are incompletely understood. To gain insight into the toxicologically relevant chemistry of Cd2+ in the bloodstream, we employed an anion-exchange HPLC coupled to a flame atomic absorption spectrometer (FAAS) using a mobile phase of 100 mM NaCl with 5 mM Tris-buffer (pH 7.4) to resemble protein-free blood plasma. The injection of Cd2+ onto this HPLC-FAAS system was associated with the elution of a Cd peak that corresponded to [CdCl3]−/[CdCl4]2− complexes. The addition of 0.1–10 mM L-cysteine (Cys) to the mobile phase significantly affected the retention behavior of Cd2+, which was rationalized by the on-column formation of mixed CdCysxCly complexes. From a toxicological point of view, the results obtained with 0.1 and 0.2 mM Cys were the most relevant because they resembled plasma concentrations. The corresponding Cd-containing (~30 μM) fractions were analyzed by X-ray absorption spectroscopy and revealed an increased sulfur coordination to Cd2+ when the Cys concentration was increased from 0.1 to 0.2 mM. The putative formation of these toxicologically relevant Cd species in blood plasma was implicated in the Cd uptake into target organs and underscores the notion that a better understanding of the metabolism of Cd in the bloodstream is critical to causally link human exposure with organ-based toxicological effects.

Salt separation experiments are selectively conducted for the high-salt wastewater of lead-acid batteries. Two useful products, sodium sulfate and sodium chloride, are obtained by evaporation crystallization. The experiment investigates the effect of different temperatures and concentration ratios on the precipitation content and purity of sodium sulfate and sodium chloride during the evaporation and concentration of wastewater, and explores the optimal concentration ratio and temperature for the separation and purification of sodium sulfate. Moreover, the experimental data are fitted with the mathematical model. The results show that for wastewater with 0.5 L chloride ion concentration of 17.9 g/L and sulfate ion concentration of 188.4 g/L, sodium sulfate with 98% purity can be obtained when the concentration ratio is 1.66. When the concentration ratio is in the range of 1.66–2, the precipitation of sodium sulfate is more than 25.76 g in the range of 50 °C–90 °C. When the evaporation temperature is stable at 60 °C and the concentration ratio is from 1.46 to 3.5, both the yield and purity of sodium sulfate crystals are improved, the precipitation of sodium sulfate is up to 88.63 g and the purity is up to 98%.

The effect of the modification of an alumina support with chloride on the structure and the catalytic performance of Ag/Al2O3 catalysts (SA) was investigated for the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO using C3H6 or H2/C3H6 as reductants. The Ag/Al2O3 catalyst and Cl−-modified Ag/Al2O3 catalysts (SA-Cl) were prepared by a conventional impregnation method and characterized by X-ray diffraction, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller isotherm analysis, electron probe microanalysis, transmission electron microscopy, UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and hydrogen temperature-programmed reduction. The catalytic activities in the C3H6-SCR and H2/C3H6-SCR reactions were evaluated, and the reaction mechanism was studied using in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy and synchrotron vacuum ultraviolet photoionization mass spectroscopy (SVUV-PIMS). We found that Cl− modification of the alumina-supported Ag/Al2O3 catalysts facilitated the formation of oxidized silver species (Agnδ+) that catalyze the moderate-temperature oxidation of hydrocarbons into partial oxidation products (mainly acetate species) capable of participating in the SCR reaction. The low-temperature promoting effect of H2 on the C3H6-SCR (“hydrogen effect”) was found to originate from the enhanced decomposition of strongly adsorbed nitrates on the catalyst surface and the conversion of these adsorbed species to –NCO and –CN species. This “H2 effect” occurs in the presence of Agnδ+ species rather than the metallic Ag0 species. A gaseous intermediate, acrylonitrile (CH2CHCN), was also identified in the H2/C3H6-SCR reaction using SVUV-PIMS. These findings provide novel insights in the structure-activity relationship and reaction mechanisms of the SA-catalyzed HC-SCR reaction of NO.

The service life of reinforced concrete structures is significantly affected by the chloride-induced corrosion of reinforcing steel. This paper presents a comprehensive study on the influence of the corrosion environment and other parameters on the corrosion rate of reinforcing steel in concrete. Comparative tests were carried out on concrete block and beam specimens subjected to accelerated corrosion in indoor and outdoor environments for a period of 1.5 years. The experimental variables considered included the chloride content, depth of concrete cover, type of reinforcing steel and water-to-cement (w/c) ratio. The test results indicated that the corrosion rate of the reinforcing steel increases with the increase in the w/c ratio, chloride content, temperature and relative humidity, while it is reduced when the thickness of the concrete cover increases. Furthermore, an empirical model for predicting the corrosion rate of reinforcing steel in concrete is proposed using the experimental data, which offers a good prediction of the corrosion rate.

The increasing burden of heart failure (HF) and emerging knowledge regarding chloride as a prognostic marker in HF have increased the interest in the pathophysiology and interactions of chloride abnormalities with HF-related factors and treatments. Chloride is among the major electrolytes that play a unique role in fluid homeostasis and is associated with cardiorenal and neurohormonal systems. This review elucidates the role of chloride in the pathophysiology of HF, evaluates the effects of treatment on chloride (eg, diuretic agents cause higher urinary chloride excretion and consequently serum hypochloremia), and discusses recent evidence for the association between chloride levels and mortality.

Diffusion-ordered nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (DOSY), dubbed chromatographic NMR spectroscopy, can be used to simultaneously distinguish and identify the structures of components in a mixture according to their different diffusion coefficients. In order to improve the resolution of DOSY on the diffusion dimension, a lot of matrices have been developed to expand the application of this technique in mixture analysis. However, there is no matrix to detect the mixture of ionic liquids (ILs). Herein, we introduced a new matrix, poly(sodium-p-styrenesulfonate) (PSSNa), which can be used to fully separate the signals of a mixture of different ILs. The mixture of three imidazolium ILs of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide, 1-allyl-3-vinylimidazolium bromide and 1-carboxymethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride could be fully distinguished by virtue of their different interactions with PSSNa. We also investigated the influences of PSSNa amount, IL concentration and solution pH value on the signal resolution of mixtures. This work provides a scientific reference for the analysis of the other IL analytes.

Lead acetate (PbAc2) offers exceptional advantages as lead (Pb2+) source for solution processing of homogeneous and pinholes-free MAPbX3 perovskite films over large areas at low temperatures for photovoltaic applications. However, PbAc2-derived MAPbI3 films usually exhibit small crystallites (

Rechargeable Mg/S batteries suffer from fast capacity decay because of the difficult re-oxidation of MgS. To tackle this problem, we used Ag catalyst in Mg/S cells with Cl− containing electrolyte, and achieved a greatly improved specific capacity of ∼1200 mAh•g−1 and a long cycling life of 100 cycles. To understand the mechanism behind this improvement, we employed in-situ synchrotron radiation X-ray diffraction and in-situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy tools to study the reversible phase transitions during charge/discharge cycling. The in-situ experiment results revealed that, at deeply charged state, Ag reacted with Cl− in the electrolyte to form the AgCl interfacial layer which prevented the physical contact of Ag with elemental S and avoided the formation of Ag2S; at early discharged state, AgCl transformed back to metallic Ag, which guaranteed its catalytic effectiveness for MgS decomposition. This reversible function switching mechanism of Ag catalyst is completely different from that in Mg/S cells using other catalysts or electrolytes.